# Daidal > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Daidal > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Daidal.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidal > Source revision: 1354690865 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Extinct genus of mantis shrimp}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Mississippian|Early Pennsylvanian}} | image = †Tyrannophontes acanthocercus Unt Karbon Bear Gulch Montana USA Ar886a.jpg | image_caption = Fossil of ''D. acanthocercus'' |parent_authority = Schram, 2007 | taxon = Daidal | authority= Schram, 2007 | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''[Tyrannophontes](/source/Tyrannophontes) acanthocercus''''' | type_species_authority = Jenner ''et al.'', 1998 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = *{{extinct}}'''''D. acanthocercus'''''
Jenner ''et al.'', 1998 *{{extinct}}'''''D. pattoni'''''
Peach, 1908 *{{extinct}}'''''D. schoellmanni'''''
Schram, 2007 | synonyms = '''''D. acanthocercus''''' *''Tyrannophontes acanthocercus'' {{small|Jenner ''et al.'', 1998}} '''''D. pattoni''''' *''[Perimecturus](/source/Perimecturus) pattoni'' {{small|Peach, 1908}} *''Tyrannophontes pattoni'' {{small|Clark, 1989}} }} '''''Daidal''''' (named after a spirit in [Takelma](/source/Takelma) mythology) is an extinct [genus](/source/genus) of [mantis shrimp](/source/mantis_shrimp) that lived during the [Carboniferous](/source/Carboniferous) period. It is the only genus in the family '''Daidalidae'''. Three species are currently placed within the genus. Fossils of the [type species](/source/type_species), '''''D. acanthocercus''''', have been found in the [Bear Gulch Limestone](/source/Bear_Gulch_Limestone) of [Montana](/source/Montana). A second species, '''''D. pattoni''''', is known from the [Lower Limestone Formation](/source/Lower_Limestone_Formation) of [Scotland](/source/Scotland), and the third species, '''''D. schoellmanni''''', was discovered in [Westphalia](/source/Westphalia), Germany. The genus has been proposed to be [polyphyletic](/source/polyphyletic), with ''D. pattoni'' possibly being an earlier diverging lineage, though more specimens and research are needed to confirm this. ==Taxonomic history== thumb|Holotype of ''Daidal pattoni'' as illustrated in 1908, originally labelled as ''Perimecturus pattoni'' Fossilized remains of ''Daidal'' were first described almost a century before the [genus](/source/genus) was named. In 1908, [Ben Peach](/source/Ben_Peach) studied several [crustacean](/source/crustacean) fossils from the [Carboniferous](/source/Carboniferous) deposits in [Scotland](/source/Scotland), and erected the species ''[Perimecturus](/source/Perimecturus) pattoni'' based on a single specimen (G 1887.25.1059) collected from the Top Hosie Limestone of the [Lower Limestone Formation](/source/Lower_Limestone_Formation) near [East Kilbride](/source/East_Kilbride), believing it belonged in the genus ''Perimecturus''. The [specific name](/source/Specific_name_(zoology)) honors Andrew Patton, manager of the Calderwood Cement Works, who collected this fossil.{{Cite book |last=Peach |first=B. N. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41415 |title=Monograph on the higher Crustacea of the Carboniferous rocks of Scotland |date=1908 |publisher=Printed for H.M. Stationery off., by J. Hedderwick & sons, ltd |location=Glasgow}} Clark (1989) would report on additional material of this species and move it into the genus ''[Tyrannophontes](/source/Tyrannophontes)'' as ''Tyrannophontes pattoni'', though Lothar Schöllman placed it back into ''Perimecturus'' in 2004.{{Cite thesis |title=A Study of a Namurian Crustacean-Bearing Shale From the Western Midland Valley of Scotland |url=https://theses.gla.ac.uk/77926/ |date=1989 |place=Ann Arbor |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Neil Donald Lewis |last=Clark}}{{Cite journal |last=Schöllman |first=Lothar |date=2004 |title=Archaeostomatopodea (Malacostraca, Hoplocarida) aus dem Namur B (höheres Marsdenium, Karbon) von Hagen-Vorhalle (NRW, Deutschland) und eine Neudefinition einiger Arten der Familie Tyrannophontidae |journal=Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen |volume=62 |pages=111–141}} Jenner ''et al.'' (1998) analysed numerous [stomatopod](/source/stomatopod) specimens from the [Bear Gulch Limestone](/source/Bear_Gulch_Limestone). They recognized that some of these specimens, formerly thought to represent ''[Bairdops](/source/Bairdops) beargulchensis'' or ''[Tyrannophontes](/source/Tyrannophontes)'' ''theridion'', represent a new species which they named ''Tyrannophontes acanthocercus''. The specimen CM 34453 was selected as the [holotype](/source/holotype) of this species. The specific name is combined from the Greek ''akanthos'' (meaning "thorn") and ''kerkos'' (meaning "tail"), in reference to the spines on the [telson](/source/telson).{{Cite journal |last1=Jenner |first1=Ronald A. |last2=Hof |first2=Cees H. J. |last3=Schram |first3=Frederick R. |date=1998 |title=Palaeo- and archaeostomatopods (Hoplocarida, Crustacea) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Mississippian (Namurian), of central Montana |url=https://www.academia.edu/56829561 |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=67 |issue=3 |page=155 |doi=10.1163/18759866-06703001 |issn=1383-4517|doi-access=free }} Lothar Schöllman studied the remains of another stomatopod species collected from Hagen-Vorhalle, [Westphalia](/source/Westphalia), [Germany](/source/Germany), and in 2004 he concluded they were mostly similar to ''[Gorgonophontes](/source/Gorgonophontes)'', assigning them to ''Gorgonophontes'' cf. ''fraiponti''. Other authors before him had tentatively assigned the specimens to ''Perimecturus'' or ''Tyrannophontes''.{{Cite journal |last1=Brauckmann |first1=Carsten |last2=Koch |first2=Lutz |date=1983 |title=''Prothelyphonus naufragus'' n. sp., ein neuer Geißelskorpion aus dem Namurium (unteres Ober-Karbon) von West- Deutschland |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259867905 |journal=Entomologia Generalis |volume=9 |issue=1/2 |pages=63–73|doi=10.1127/entom.gen/9/1983/63 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Brauckmann |first1=Carsten |last2=Koch |first2=Lutz |last3=Kemper |first3=Michael |date=January 1985 |title=Spinnentiere (Arachnida) und Insekten aus den Vorhalle-Schichten (Namurium B, Ober-Karbon) von Hagen-Vorhalle (West-Deutschland) |url=https://www.academia.edu/28823552 |journal=Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen |volume=3 |pages=1–132}} In 2007, [Frederick Schram](/source/Frederick_Schram) conducted a study revising the classification of [Paleozoic](/source/Paleozoic) [stomatopod](/source/stomatopod)s. He found that the fossils assigned to ''Tyrannophontes acanthocercus'' differed significantly from the holotype of ''Tyrannophontes'', and that the species should be placed in a separate genus. The genus ''Daidal'' was thus erected, with ''T. acanthocercus'' (now renamed ''Daidal acanthocercus'') as the [type species](/source/type_species). The [generic name](/source/Generic_name_(biology)) references a spirit in [Takelma](/source/Takelma) mythology of the same name. Schram also found ''Perimecturus pattoni'' to be similar to ''D. acanthocercus'' in features of the [pleon](/source/pleon) and telson, therefore reclassifying it as a second species of ''Daidal'' now named ''Daidal pattoni''. In addition, the German remains assigned to ''Gorgonophontes'' cf. ''fraiponti'' were also discovered by Schram to be similar to specimens of ''Daidal'', so the species ''Daidal schoellmanni'' was erected based on them. The specific name honors Lothar Schöllman for his earlier work on this species.{{Cite journal |last=Schram |first=Frederick R. |date=2007 |title=Paleozoic Proto-Mantis Shrimp Revisited |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=895–916 |doi=10.1666/pleo05-075.1 |jstor=4498847 |bibcode=2007JPal...81..895S |s2cid=85606671 |issn=0022-3360}} ==Description== ''Daidal'' is an [invertebrate](/source/invertebrate) of moderate size, with the type species ''D. acanthocercus'' reaching a body length of {{convert|20|-|80|mm|abbr=on|in}}. Each [antennule](/source/antennule) has three [flagella](/source/flagella)e of around equal length. The [mandibles](/source/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)) are large and heavily [sclerotised](/source/sclerotised), located around three fifths the length of the [carapace](/source/carapace) from the posterior edge of the carapace. The carapace is only slightly longer than it is tall, enveloping the front of the [thorax](/source/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)) (apart from its underside), with a subtriangular shape in side view and subrectangular shape in top view. The top of the carapace extends towards the front margin of the fifth thorax segment, while wing-like extensions on its sides extend to the front margins of the sixth thorax segment, and a furrow stretches along the carapace margins. thumb|3D reconstruction of ''D. schoellmanni'' The second to fifth thorax segments each possess a pair of [maxilliped](/source/maxilliped)s (appendages which function as mouthparts), which are similar in shape and size. These are enlarged and served as [raptorial](/source/raptorial) appendages for catching prey. The propodi (penultimate segment) of the maxillipeds are large and subrectangular, with two parallel rows of spines: a row of moveable large spines on the outer side and a row of small spines on the inner side. The [dactyli](/source/Dactylus) (final segment) of the maxillipeds are thin and blade-like, curving towards the body. The [pleon](/source/pleon) is around a third longer than the [cephalothorax](/source/cephalothorax), with each segment being slightly larger than the one in front of it. The segments are non-overlapping and have rounded corners, with furrows and ridges on the margins. The [pleopod](/source/pleopod)s are heavily sclerotized, with the terminal segment being greatly enlarged. In ''D. acanthocercus'' and ''D. schoellmanni'' the [tergite](/source/tergite)s are undecorated, whereas those of ''D. pattoni'' have rippled decoration. The segment of the [uropod](/source/uropod) closest to the body has two backwards-pointing spines. Paired [keel](/source/keel)s are present on the subrectangular and tapering [telson](/source/telson), as are four movable spines on the margins of its underside. ==Classification== The species now assigned to ''Daidal'' have been placed in various other [genera](/source/genera) in the past, and thus have also been positioned in different [families](/source/Family_(taxonomy)). ''D. acanthocercus'' was initially described as a species of ''[Tyrannophontes](/source/Tyrannophontes),'' while ''D. pattoni'' was first named as a species of ''[Perimecturus](/source/Perimecturus)'', and therefore were assigned to the families [Tyrannophontidae](/source/Tyrannophontidae) and [Perimecturidae](/source/Perimecturidae) respectively. The specimens of ''D. schoellmanni'' were at one point associated with the genus ''[Gorgonophontes](/source/Gorgonophontes)'' and by extension the family [Gorgonophontidae](/source/Gorgonophontidae). [Frederick Schram](/source/Frederick_Schram) was the first to recognize these species as members of the genus he named ''Daidal'' in 2007, and erected the family Daidalidae for this genus. The family belongs to the suborder [Archaeostomatopodea](/source/Archaeostomatopodea) and is [monotypic](/source/Monotypic_taxon), with ''Daidal'' being the type and only genus. Smith ''et al.'' (2023) conducted a [phylogenetic analysis](/source/phylogenetic_analysis) to determine the relations between fossil mantis shrimps, which recovered the genus ''Daidal'' to be [polyphyletic](/source/polyphyletic). While ''D. acanthocercus'' and ''D. schoellmanni'' were recovered as sister taxa, these two species were also recovered to be more closely related to ''Gorgonophontes'' than to the earlier-diverging ''D. pattoni''. However, it was noted that this result may be due to a lack of data on the [thoracic](/source/thoracic) appendages of ''D. pattoni''. The results of the analysis are displayed in the [cladogram](/source/cladogram) below:{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=C.P.A. |last2=Aubier |first2=P. |last3=Charbonnier |first3=S. |last4=Laville |first4=T. |last5=Olivier |first5=N. |last6=Escarguel |first6=G. |last7=Jenks |first7=J.F. |last8=Bylund |first8=K.G. |last9=Fara |first9=E. |last10=Brayard |first10=A. |date=2023-03-31 |title=Closing a major gap in mantis shrimp evolution - first fossils of Stomatopoda from the Triassic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369959650 |journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |language=en |pages=95–110 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1864 |issn=1802-8225|doi-access=free }} {{Cladogram of fossil mantis shrimp genera}} ==Palaeobiology== thumb|Restoration of ''D. acanthocercus'' Based on the diet of other [mantis shrimp](/source/mantis_shrimp)s and the fact that it has enlarged [raptorial](/source/raptorial) appendages, ''Daidal'' is believed to have been a [carnivore](/source/carnivore). In extant [unipeltata](/source/unipeltata)n mantis shrimps, the raptorial appendages (the second pair of [thoracopod](/source/thoracopod)s) have a specialized joint associated with a set of muscles to form a click-joint mechanism, allowing the appendages to rapidly extend and capture prey.{{Cite journal |last=Kunze |first=Janet C. |date=1981 |title=The Functional Morphology of Stomatopod Crustacea |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=292 |issue=1059 |pages=255–328 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1981.0032 |jstor=2395431 |bibcode=1981RSPTB.292..255K |issn=0080-4622}} However, ''Daidal'' probably lacked this mechanism, instead having raptorial appendages that more closely resemble the smaller, third to fifth thoracopods of unipeltatans used to manipulate prey after capture. It has thus been suggested by Jenner ''et al.'' (1998) that basal [stomatopod](/source/stomatopod)s like ''Daidal'' were opportunistic [scavenger](/source/scavenger)s which primarily handled dead food. On the other hand, Haug & Haug (2021) theorized that early mantis shrimps were [benthopelagic](/source/benthopelagic) [predator](/source/predator)s, swimming above the seabed while they hunted, possibly by grabbing their prey from above. This was supported by the appendage morphology in ''[Tyrannosculda](/source/Tyrannosculda)'', ''[Tyrannophontes](/source/Tyrannophontes)'' and ''[Gorgonophontes](/source/Gorgonophontes)'', showing these early forms could not attack prey from the seabed.{{Cite journal |last1=Haug |first1=Carolin |last2=Haug |first2=Joachim T. |date=2021-04-16 |title=A new fossil mantis shrimp and the convergent evolution of a lobster-like morphotype |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e11124 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11124 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8054755 |pmid=33959413 |doi-access=free }} This method of hunting is also observed in the [larva](/source/larva)e of extant mantis shrimps, and studying them may help increase our understanding of early stomatopod ecology.{{Cite journal |last=Pyne |first=Rex R. |date=1972 |title=Larval development and behaviour of the mantis shrimp, Squilla armata Milne Edwards (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=121–146 |doi=10.1080/03036758.1972.10429369 |bibcode=1972JRSNZ...2..121P |issn=0303-6758|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Haug |first1=Joachim T. |last2=Haug |first2=Carolin |last3=Maas |first3=Andreas |last4=Kutschera |first4=Verena |last5=Waloszek |first5=Dieter |date=2010-09-21 |title=Evolution of mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda, Malacostraca) in the light of new Mesozoic fossils |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=290 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-290 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=2955030 |pmid=20858249 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..290H |doi-access=free }} ==References== {{Commons category|position=left|Daidal}} {{Wikispecies|position=left|Daidal}} {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q123409912}} Category:Carboniferous animals of North America Category:Carboniferous arthropods of Europe Category:Stomatopoda Category:Fossil taxa described in 2007 Category:Prehistoric crustacean genera Category:Prehistoric mantis shrimps --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Daidal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidal) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidal?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.