# Czech Texans

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Texas residents of Czech ancestry

Welcome to [Praha, Texas](/source/Praha%2C_Texas), "Czech Capital of Texas"

Part of a series on Ethnicity in Texas African Americans Chinese Czechs Germans Hispanics and Latinos History of Mexican Americans Japanese Jews Native Americans Romani Wends v t e

**Czech Texans** ([Czech](/source/Czech_language): *Texaňané*), often informally called **Czexans**, are residents of the state of Texas who are of [Czech](/source/Czech_Republic) ancestry. Large scale Czech immigration to Texas began after the [Revolutions of 1848](/source/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire) changed the political climate in Central Europe, and after a brief interruption during the U.S. Civil War, continued until the First World War.[1] Concentrated in Central Texas, Czech Texans have preserved their identity through the Czexan style of music, the Painted Churches of Texas, regular Czech dances and festivals, bakeries specializing in Czech pastries, and Czech and Czexan fusion cuisine.

As of the [2020 United States census](/source/2020_United_States_census), there are 193,058 [Czech-Americans](/source/Czech_American) living in [Texas](/source/Texas), the largest number of any state.[2]

## History

Dancers at the [National Polka Festival](/source/National_Polka_Festival) in [Ennis](/source/Ennis%2C_Texas), TX

[Czech Stop and Little Czech Bakery](/source/Czech_Stop_and_Little_Czech_Bakery)

Czech Museum in [Caldwell](/source/Caldwell%2C_Texas)

Historically, Czech [Moravian](/source/Moravians) settlements were founded in Central Texas. "Czechs first settled in Texas in the 1840s, traveling from [Bohemia](/source/Bohemia), [Moravia](/source/Moravia), and [Austrian Silesia](/source/Austrian_Silesia) ... Czech settlers usually identified themselves as [Austrian](/source/Austrians), [German](/source/Germans), [Bohemian](/source/Bohemia), [Slovak](/source/Slovaks) or [Moravian](/source/Moravians)."[3]

Czech immigration to Texas began as early as the 1820s, but most immigrants made the journey as individuals. Large-scale and family immigration began with the immigration of Rev. Josef Arnost Bergmann, described as the "father" of Czech immigration to Texas by some sources, and his family in 1850. Once settled in Texas, Bergmann wrote letters to families in Europe, encouraging them to come to Texas.[1][4]

Czech immigration was driven by the availability of land in Texas and by events in Europe. In the 1840s, the [Austrian Empire](/source/Austrian_Empire), which included Czech lands, was still run by a feudal system, despite the wave of democratic ideals permeating western Europe. This led to the Revolutions of 1848, which did little to improve the economic status of peasants who still found it difficult to gain wealth.[4] The revolutions, together with factors such as religious persecution and mandatory military service, fueled a wave of emigration from Austria beginning in 1852.[4][5] Immigrants to America were unfamiliar with the concept of American democracy due to their lack of experience with democratic ideals. The concepts of states' rights and slavery were equally foreign to the immigrants.[5][6]

Josef Lidumil Lesikar (1806-1887) was instrumental in organizing two groups of about 160 Czechs to immigrate to Texas in 1851 and 1853. Although about half of the first group died, Lesikar, his wife, and their four sons reached Galveston with the second group on board the *Suwa* in late December 1853. The family bought farmland in New Bremen, Austin County. The men felled trees and built a log house that still stands, with a Texas historical marker before it. Lesikar wrote articles for periodicals published in various parts of the United States as well as in his native land, and his writings encouraged many Czechs to come to America. As one of the founders of *Národní noviny*, a Czech newspaper published in St. Louis, he helped to lay the foundation for Czech journalism in America. In his writing he opposed secession. He died on October 21, 1887, near New Ulm and is buried in the New Ulm Cemetery.[7]

In January 1861, as tensions between northern and southern states over slavery reached a breaking point, a convention was called in Austin, TX to draft a secession document, which was then approved by a vote of the citizens in February. The recency of the Czech immigration meant that most Czechs living in Texas were not naturalized citizens, and were therefore unable to vote in the decision for secession. Texas became a member of the Confederacy in March 1861, and in April 1861, the first battle of the Civil War took place at Fort Sumter, SC. In July 1861, a Union blockade of the Southern coast reached Texas and stopped all immigration, Czech or otherwise. By the time of the blockade, the Czech population in Texas had grown from 74 in 1852 to over 700.[5][6]

In 1861, as the war was beginning, more than 600 men in Fayette County and 160 men in Austin County volunteered for either active duty or military reserve service. Of those enrolled, only nine in Fayette County and zero in Austin County were definitively Czech. This changed in 1862, when conscription laws for military service were established and enforced. Under the Confederate Constitution, military service was a legal method of obtaining Confederate citizenship for those who were not formerly American citizens, but aliens, unlike citizens, were not required to serve in the regular military. The exemptions for aliens were determined by the Confederate War Department to apply only to aliens who were not permanent settlers and had not renounced their native allegiance. This did not apply to the majority of Czechs because they were permanent settlers. As a result, Czechs were conscripted to serve in the Confederate Army. To avoid conscription, some chose to leave Texas and join the Union Army; others went into hiding. For many Czechs, an alternative to conscription was to carry cotton to Mexican markets as a revenue source for the Confederacy. Another alternative that arose in Fayette County was to form a stay-at-home company of troops; most were unofficial and served only to allow members to avoid official conscription.[5][6]

The experience of Anthony M. Dignowity provides an example of Czech resistance to the Confederacy. Dignowity was a Czech immigrant who traveled to Texas in 1835 and worked in many professions before becoming a physician in San Antonio.[4][5] He opposed the [Texas Revolution](/source/Texas_Revolution), viewing it as a means to increase the power of slave states in the United States, and thus did not settle in Texas until after it was admitted to the US. During the Civil War, his anti-slavery views made him a target for lynching parties, causing him to flee Texas and travel to Washington, D.C., where he stayed for the rest of the war working for the Department of the Interior. While in D.C., Dignowity proposed a plan to Congress detailing the capture and reinstatement of Texas based on the support of immigrant groups, such as the Czechs and Germans, who opposed slavery, but Congress did not act upon it. Meanwhile, Dignowity's son, Anthony Francis Dignowity, was conscripted into the Confederate Army and given the task of painting the personal carriage of General Hamilton Bee, which he completed before escaping and enlisting in the Union Army.[5]

Czech women, already familiar with the hard work of farming, managed to keep their farms and homes running during the war while their husbands were serving in the military or in hiding. In addition to the regular farm responsibilities, families also had to produce homemade commodities to substitute for increasingly expensive goods such as coffee and sugar.[5]

## Culture

Decoration on a West, TX overpass that serves as a memorial to the Czech culture of the city.

Czexan culture is shaped by the unique adaptation of Czech culture to a Texas environment, and Czech dances, celebrations, and events are held on a regular basis.[8]

The [National Polka Festival](/source/National_Polka_Festival) is an annual parade and festival held in [Ennis, Texas](/source/Ennis%2C_Texas) celebrating the [Czech](/source/Czechs) heritage in the city. The 3-day festival is held every [Memorial Day](/source/Memorial_Day) weekend. Most of the dance halls offer a lunch or dinner with Czech foods such as [klobása](/source/Kielbasa#Elsewhere) (sausage), [sauerkraut](/source/Sauerkraut), and [koláče](/source/Kolache), as well as live entertainment with Czexan [polka music](/source/Polka_music) and dancing. Ennis also holds the annual Czech Music Festival focussing on Czexan music and dancing.[9]

[Temple](/source/Temple%2C_Texas) is home to the Czech Heritage Museum. A [Fayetteville](/source/Fayetteville%2C_Texas) museum celebrates Texas's Czech settlement. In [Caldwell](/source/Caldwell%2C_Texas) is the Burleson County Czech Heritage Museum. In 2004, the Texas Czech Heritage and Cultural Center was opened in [LaGrange](/source/La_Grange%2C_Texas). [Houston](/source/Houston)'s [Czech Center Museum Houston](/source/Czech_Center_Museum_Houston) features Czech and Slovak culture, art, and history. [Praha](/source/Praha%2C_Texas) hosts the Praha Church Picnic, also known as the Pražská Pouť, which is celebrated with Catholic mass, food, Czexan music, and dancing. The city of [West](/source/West%2C_Texas) hosts Westfest every Labor Day, which includes a [Koláče](/source/Kolache) baking contest and a [Taroky](/source/Tarot_card_games#Tarot_card_games) tournament. [Crosby](/source/Crosby%2C_Texas), northeast of [Houston](/source/Houston), hosts a Czech Fest and a [Koláče](/source/Kolache) Bake. The Czech Heritage Society of Texas has developed 14 chapters throughout the state.[3][10]

The available literature about Texas Czechs and their history has expanded with advent of self-publishing, which has made it possible for amateur historians to distribute their works. One author has declared Mr. Albert Blaha of Houston "the Father of Texas Czech History", saying that "He is our own [František Palacký](/source/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD)."[11] *Naše Dějiny*, "a magazine of Texas Czech genealogy, history and culture" was founded in 1983.[11] The Library of the SPJST (Slavonic Benevolent Order of the State of Texas), founded in Temple in 1963, has holdings which "include over 20,000 volumes, the vast majority of which deal with Czech or Texas Czech topics."[11]

In 2013, The Texas Czech Genealogical Society hosted the "From Generation to Generation Research Conference" for those interested in exploring Czech ancestry.[12]

In 2017 HR1229[13] was submitted in the [Texas Legislature](/source/Texas_Legislature) by State Representative [James White](/source/James_White_(Texas_politician)) and it stated "That the House of Representatives of the 85th Texas Legislature here by recognize September 30, 2017, as Czech Heritage Day in Texas and honor the contributions of Czechs and people of Czech descent to this state."

## Texas Czech dialect

12,805 [Texans](/source/Demographics_of_Texas) can speak the [Czech language](/source/Czech_language).[14]

Drawing on Boas's model for interviewing speakers of the language and digitally cataloging the dialects, John Tomecek founded and Lida Cope of East Carolina University developed the Texas Czech Legacy Project at the University of Texas at Austin to document and preserve the dwindling language.[15][16][17]

Because the majority of Texas immigrants came from Moravia, the Czech spoken in Texas is largely characterized by Moravian dialects ([Lachian](/source/Lach_dialects) and [Moravian Wallachian](/source/Moravian_dialects#Eastern_Moravian)) which vary to some extent from the Bohemian dialects spoken by most Czech-Americans. Czech-language journalism has been very active in the state over the years. Thirty-three newspapers and periodicals have been published. As of 1993 one weekly newspaper, *Našinec*, published at [Granger](/source/Granger%2C_Texas), and one monthly, *Hospodář*, published at [West](/source/West%2C_Texas), were still being published entirely in Czech. Other periodicals such as *Věstník* and the *Brethren Journal* contained sections printed in Czech.[1]

## Notable Czech Texans

- [John E. Blaha](/source/John_E._Blaha), [NASA](/source/NASA) astronaut

- [Hunter Cervenka](/source/Hunter_Cervenka), baseball player

- [Mel Deutsch](/source/Mel_Deutsch), baseball player

- [Leopold Karpeles](/source/Leopold_Karpeles), Civil War [Medal of Honor](/source/Medal_of_Honor) recipient (Czech-Jewish immigrant)

- [Madison Kocian](/source/Madison_Kocian), Olympic gymnast

- [Randal Grichuk](/source/Randal_Grichuk), baseball player

- [Frank Malina](/source/Frank_Malina), aeronautical engineer

- [Mark Matejka](/source/Mark_Matejka), [Lynyrd Skynyrd](/source/Lynyrd_Skynyrd) guitarist

- [Logan Ondrusek](/source/Logan_Ondrusek), baseball player

- [Scott Podsednik](/source/Scott_Podsednik), baseball player

- [Paxton Pomykal](/source/Paxton_Pomykal), soccer player

- [Sissy Spacek](/source/Sissy_Spacek), actress

- [Bill Svoboda](/source/Bill_Svoboda), football player

- [Rip Torn](/source/Rip_Torn), actor

- [Kim Zmeskal](/source/Kim_Zmeskal), Olympic gymnast

- [Patrick Zurek](/source/Patrick_Zurek), Catholic bishop

## See also

- [Czech Republic portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic)
- [Texas portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas)

- [Czech Stop and Little Czech Bakery](/source/Czech_Stop_and_Little_Czech_Bakery)

- [National Polka Festival](/source/National_Polka_Festival)

- [Tejano music](/source/Tejano_music)

- [Texas German](/source/Texas_German)

- [Texas Silesian](/source/Texas_Silesian)

- [Wends of Texas](/source/Wends_of_Texas)

- [Czech Americans](/source/Czech_Americans)

- [Austrian Americans](/source/Austrian_Americans)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:2_1-2) Machann, Clinton. ["CZECHS"](http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/plc02). *The Handbook of Texas Online*. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). Retrieved 2013-06-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ancestry_2-0)** ["People Reporting Ancestry"](https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B04006%3A%20PEOPLE%20REPORTING%20ANCESTRY&g=0400000US48&y=2020&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006). census.gov. Retrieved September 5, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-houstonculture_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-houstonculture_3-1) Oommen, Sheena. ["The Czech Texans - Texas Czechs - Vìtáme Vás Na Texas"](http://www.houstonculture.org/cr/czechs.html). *Cultural Crossroads, regional and historical perspectives. Houston Institute for Culture*. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_4-3) Machann, Clinton (1983). *Krasna Amerika*. Eakin Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0890153914](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890153914). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [777414712](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777414712).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:0_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:0_5-6) Hewitt, William Phillip (1978). *The Czechs in Texas : a study of the immigration and the development of Czech ethnicity, 1850-1920*. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [6458439](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6458439).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:3_6-2) Barber, Marian Jean. *How the Irish, Germans, and Czechs became Anglo : race and identity in the Texas-Mexico borderlands* (Thesis). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [957180229](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957180229).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Hanak, Miroslav John; Machann, Clinton; Mendl, James W. (1985). "Krasna Amerika: A Study of the Texas Czechs, 1851-1939". *MELUS*. **12** (3): 113. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/467125](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F467125). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0163-755X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-755X). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [467125](https://www.jstor.org/stable/467125).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Dutkova-Cope, Lida (2003). "Texas Czech Ethnic Identity: So How Czech Are You, Really?". *The Slavic and East European Journal*. **47** (4 (Winter, 2003)): 648–676. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3220250](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3220250). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3220250](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3220250).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1a_9-0)** ["National Polka Festival"](http://www.nationalpolkafestival.com/). National Polka Festival. Retrieved 2012-05-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["The Czech Heritage Society of Texas"](http://www.czechheritage.org/home.html). Retrieved 2013-06-02.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-janaks_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-janaks_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-janaks_11-2) "[From the Historiography of Czech Texas](http://www.janakstexasczecharticlesandphotos.com/articles/from-the-historiography-of-czech-texas/)," Czechoslovak and Central European Journal, published by the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, Summer/Winter 1990, pp. 134-143.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Texas Czech Genealogical Society](http://www.txczgs.org/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Resolution"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214200/http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/85R/billtext/pdf/HR01229I.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/85R/billtext/pdf/HR01229I.pdf#navpanes=0) (PDF) on 2017-04-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-usefoundation_14-0)** ["Czech language"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120304193742/http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/Languages/czech.pdf) (PDF). [U.S. English](/source/U.S._English_(organization)). Archived from [the original](http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/Languages/czech.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2013-05-11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-utaustin2010_15-0)** ["Vanishing Voices: Linguists work with remaining speakers of dying languages to preserve cultural memories"](https://www.utexas.edu/features/2010/01/11/dying_languages/). *University of Texas at Austin*. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["2006 KJT Website Homepage"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120113065845/http://www.kjtnet.org/Culture.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.kjtnet.org/Culture.htm) on January 13, 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Cope, Lida. [*Creating a Digital Archive of Texas Czech: Applied Documentation for the Community, Education, and Research*](http://www.aatseel.org/100111/pdf/4b9_2_cope.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-02.

## Relevant literature

- Barton, Frances & John K. Novak. *Czech Songs in Texas*. University of Oklahoma Press. 2021

- Dutkova, Lida (1998) *Texas Czech: An ethnolinguistic study*. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Arizona at Tucson.

- Dutkova-Cope, Lida. 2001. The Language of the Czech Moravians: Do you know what "Párknu kára u hauza" means? *Southwest Journal of Linguistics* 20.2:51-84.

- Eckert, E. (1993) [Language change: The testimony of Czech tombstone inscriptions in Praha, Texas](https://archive.today/20130703052255/http://www.eotwonline.net/2011/09/01/ethnography-of-czech-moravians/). In E. Eckert (ed.), Varieties in Czech. Atlanta: Rodopi, 189–215.

## External links

- [Czechs](http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/plc02), [Texas State Historical Association](/source/Texas_State_Historical_Association)

- ["Czech Texans"](http://www.texasalmanac.com/topics/culture/czech/czech-texans). *Texas Almanac*. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

- ["The Czech Heritage Society of Texas"](http://www.czechheritage.org/home.html). Retrieved 2013-06-02.

- ["Welcome Czechs of Texas and Czechs worldwide!"](http://www.texasczechs.com/). *texasczechs.com*. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

- ["The Czech Educational Foundation of Texas"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331183144/http://www.ceft.us/history.htm). Archived from [the original](http://ceft.us/history.htm) on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2013-06-02.

- [A Guide to the Henry R. Maresh Papers](http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/03075/cah-03075.html), Essays and articles on Czech history, particularly their settlement in Texas, biographies of notable Czech-Texans, and a copy of "The Czechs in Texas"

- [Czech Texas](http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=czech+texas&fq=dt%3Abks) books at WorldCat

- "[From the Historiography of Czech Texas](http://www.janakstexasczecharticlesandphotos.com/articles/from-the-historiography-of-czech-texas/)," Czechoslovak and Central European Journal, published by the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, Summer/Winter 1990, pp. 134–143. Extensive bibliography.

- [Czech Center Museum Houston](https://www.czechcenter.org)

- [Texas Czech Heritage and Cultural Center](http://www.czechtexas.org/)

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National Missionary Baptist Convention of America New England Evangelical Baptist Fellowship North American Baptist Conference[e] Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia Progressive National Baptist Convention[a] Separate Baptists in Christ Southern Baptist Convention Baptist General Association of Virginia Baptist General Convention of Texas Southwide Baptist Fellowship Transformation Ministries[e] Union Baptists Venture Church Network Fundamentalist Baptist Bible Fellowship International Foundations Baptist Fellowship International Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Wisconsin Fellowship of Baptist Churches World Baptist Fellowship General General Association of General Baptists Free Will National Association of Free Will Baptists Original Free Will Baptist Convention United American Free Will Baptist Church United American Free Will Baptist Conference Calvinistic subgroup Confessional Baptist Association Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals Regular General Association of Regular Baptist Churches Old Regular Baptists Primitive National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists Holiness Holiness Baptist Association Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God Independent Those are independent congregations with no denominational structure Quakers (Main article) Beanite Quakerism Central Yearly Meeting of Friends Conservative Friends Evangelical Friends Church International[e] Free Quakers Friends General Conference Friends United Meeting[a] Methodist (Main article) African Methodist Episcopal Church[a] African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church[a] Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection Association of Independent Methodists Bethel Methodist Church Bible Methodist Connection of Churches Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee Bible Missionary Church Christian Methodist Episcopal Church[a] Church of God (Holiness) Church of Daniel's Band Church of the Nazarene[e] Congregational Methodist Church Emmanuel Association of Churches Evangelical Association Evangelical Church (ECNA)[e] Evangelical Methodist Church Evangelical Methodist Church of America Evangelical Wesleyan Church First Congregational Methodist Church Free Methodist Church[e] Fundamental Methodist Conference Immanuel Missionary Church Global Methodist Church Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association Liberation Methodist Connexion Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church Methodist Protestant Church Missionary Methodist Church National Association of Wesleyan Evangelicals Pilgrim Holiness Church Pillar of Fire Church Primitive Methodist Church[e] Salvation Army[e] Southern Congregational Methodist Church Southern Methodist Church United Methodist Church[a] Wesleyan Church[e] Adventist (Main article) Trinitarian Sabbatarian Church of God (Seventh-Day) International Missionary Society of Seventh-Day Adventist Church Reform Movement Seventh-day Adventist Church Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement Shepherd's Rod United Seventh-Day Brethren First-day Advent Christian Church[e] Primitive Advent Christian Church Nontrinitarian Sabbatarian Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church First-day Christadelphians Church of God General Conference Church of the Blessed Hope Pentecostal Trinitarian Holiness Apostolic Faith Church The Church of God (Alexander Jackson Sr. General Overseer) The Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee) Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)[e] Church of God in Christ Church of God Mountain Assembly Church of God of the Original Mountain Assembly Church of God of Prophecy Congregational Holiness Church[e] Free Gospel Church International Pentecostal Church of Christ[e] International Pentecostal Holiness Church[e] Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church[e] United Holy Church of America Finished Work Assemblies of God USA[e] Elim Fellowship[e] The Foursquare Church[e] Independent Assemblies of God, International International Fellowship of Christian Assemblies Open Bible Churches[e] Pentecostal Church of God Oneness Apostolic Assemblies of Christ Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus Apostolic Gospel Church of Jesus Christ Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith Pentecostal Assemblies of the World Pentecostal Churches of Christ United Pentecostal Church International Neocharismatic Association of Vineyard Churches[e] Calvary Chapel Non- denominational Great Commission Churches[e] Community Churches International Council of Community Churches[a] Other[j] Church of the United Brethren in Christ[e] IFCA International Metropolitan Community Church Missionary Church[e] Restorationism[k] Swedenborgian Swedenborgian Church of North America[a] Lord's New Church General Church of the New Jerusalem Stone-Campbell Disciples Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)[a] Churches of Christ Churches of Christ[i] Churches of Christ (non-institutional)[i] International Churches of Christ[i] Independents Christian churches and churches of Christ[i] Holiness[l] Christian Union[e] Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner) Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma) Church of God (Restoration) Higher Life Alliance World Fellowship[e] Irvingism New Apostolic Church Latter Day Saint/ Mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints House of Aaron Reorganized Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff Church of Christ (Fettingite) Church of Christ (Restored) Church of Christ (Temple Lot) Church of Christ With the Elijah Message Church of Christ with the Elijah Message - The Assured Way of the Lord Church of Israel The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) Church of Jesus Christ (Drewite) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830 Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch) Community of Christ[a] Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Remnant fellowships Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Restored Church of Jesus Christ Fundamentalist Apostolic United Brethren Centennial Park group Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Latter Day Church of Christ Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days Zion's Order, Inc. Bible Student Free Bible Students Jehovah's Witnesses Armstrongism Church of God International (United States) Church of God Preparing for the Kingdom of God Church of the Great God Grace Communion International[e] House of Yahweh Intercontinental Church of God Living Church of God Philadelphia Church of God Restored Church of God United Church of God Syncretic Christianity Evangelical Orthodox Church Orthodox-Catholic Church of America ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Part of the National Council of Churches ^ a b Not in communion with the rest of the Catholic Church ^ Those are traditions and denominations that trace their history back to the Protestant Reformation or otherwise heavily borrow from the practices and beliefs of the Protestant Reformers. ^ This denomination is the result of a merger between Lutheran, German Reformed, Congregational and Restorationist churches. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Part of the National Association of Evangelicals ^ a b c d This refers to the denomination's heritage and not necessarily to the language in which the services are conducted in. ^ This is a reformed synod within the United Church of Christ that is distinct in heritage, doctrine and practice from the rest of the denomination. ^ a b Outside the Anglican Communion ^ a b c d e f This is more of a movement then an institutionalized denomination. ^ Denominations that don't fit in the subsets mentioned above. ^ Those are traditions and denominations that trace their origin back to the Great Awakenings and/or are joined together by a common belief that Christianity should be restored along the lines of what is known about the apostolic early church. ^ The Holiness movement is an interdenominational movement that spreads over multiple traditions (Methodist, Quakers, Anabaptist, Baptist, etc.). However, here are mentioned only those denominations that are part of Restorationism as well as the Holiness movement, but are not part of any other Protestant tradition. Judaism Messianic Judaism Humanistic Judaism Reconstructionist Judaism Other Abrahamic Islam Ahmadiyya Baháʼí Faith Druze Zoroastrianism Dharmic Hinduism American Buddhism Sikhism Jainism Native Religions v t e Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians Achomawi Atsugewi Cahuilla Chemehuevi Chimariko Chumash Coast Miwok Cupeño Eel River Athapaskans (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) Gabrielino (Tongva) Halchidhoma Hupa (Chilula, Whilkut) Karuk Kato Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Kumeyaay (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) Lake Miwok Luiseño Maidu Mattole (Bear River) Modoc (Klamath) Mohave Mono (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) Northern Paiute Ohlone (Costanoan) Patwin Plains Miwok Pomo Quechan (Yuma) Salinan Serrano Shasta (Konomihu, Okwanuchu) Sierra Miwok Tolowa Tubatulabal Wappo Washoe Western Shoshone Wintu-Nomlaki Wiyot Yana Yokuts Yuki Yurok Pomo religion Blackfoot religion Lakota religion Crow religion Pawnee mythology Anishinaabe traditional beliefs Ojibwe religion Iroquois mythology Longhouse 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v t e Czech Americans by location Illinois (Chicago) Maryland (Baltimore) Nebraska (Omaha) South Dakota Texas

v t e Czech diaspora Asia Israel Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Mexico United States Baltimore Nebraska South Dakota Texas Venezuela Europe Austria Vienna Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Italy Poland Romania Serbia Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand

v t e Ethnic groups in Texas Groups African Americans Chinese Americans Czechs Filipinos Germans Hispanics and Latinos Mexicans Spaniards Tejanos Japanese Jews Native Americans Romani Texians Wends (Sorbs)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Czech Texans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Texans) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Texans?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.