# Cytisus scoparius

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Ornamental broom shrub

Cytisus scoparius Common broom Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Genus: Cytisus Species: C. scoparius Binomial name Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Synonyms[1] List Sarothamnus bourgaei Boiss. Sarothamnus oxyphyllus Boiss. Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) W.D.J.Koch Sarothamnus vulgaris Wimm. Spartium scoparium L.

***Cytisus scoparius*** ([syn.](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) *Sarothamnus scoparius*), the **common broom** or **Scotch broom**, is a [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) [leguminous](/source/Leguminous) [shrub](/source/Shrub) native to [western](/source/Western_Europe) and [central Europe](/source/Central_Europe).[2] In Great Britain and Ireland, the [standard name](/source/Common_name) is **broom**;[3][4][5] this name is also used for other members of the [Genisteae](/source/Genisteae) tribe, such as [French broom](/source/Genista_monspessulana) or [Spanish broom](/source/Spartium); and the term *common broom* is sometimes used for clarification.[6][7] In other English-speaking countries, the most common name is "Scotch broom" (or **Scots broom**);[8] however, it is known as **English broom** in Australia.[9]

Though this plant is native to Europe, it has spread to many other parts of the world with human introduction. Scotch broom is now common in certain areas of North America and South America, and is considered an invasive species. In North America, Scotch broom was frequently planted in gardens, and was later used for erosion control along highway cuts and fills.[10] Scotch broom is slightly toxic and unpalatable to livestock,[10] and its seeds are viable for up to ten years, allowing them to regrow many years later, after extermination of the plant.

## Description

Illustration of *C. scoparius* from *[Köhler's Medicinal Plants](/source/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plants)* (1887)

Plants of *C. scoparius* typically grow to 1–3 metres (3+1⁄2–10 feet) tall, rarely to 4 m (13 ft), with main stems up to 5 centimetres (2 inches) thick, rarely 10 cm (4 in). Stems are ridged and green.[10] The shrubs have green shoots with small deciduous trifoliate [leaves](/source/Leaf) 5–15 millimetres (1⁄4–5⁄8 in) long, and in spring and summer are covered in profuse golden yellow [flowers](/source/Flower) 20–30 mm (3⁄4–1+1⁄8 in) from top to bottom and 15–20 mm wide. Flowering occurs after 50–80 [growing degree-days](/source/Growing_degree-day). The seed pods have long hairs only along their seams.[10] In late summer, its [legumes](/source/Legume) ([seed pods](/source/Seed_pod)) mature black, 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long, 8 mm (3⁄8 in) broad and 2–3 mm thick; they burst open, often with an audible crack, forcibly throwing seed from the parent plant. This species is adapted to [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean) and coastal climates, and its range is limited by cold winter temperatures. It also adapts to windy [oceanic climates](/source/Oceanic_climate). The seeds, seedlings, and young shoots are sensitive to frost; adult plants are hardier, and branches affected by freezing temperatures regenerate quickly.[3][5][11] *C. scoparius* contains toxic alkaloids that depress the heart and nervous system.[12]

As a [legume](/source/Legume), this shrub can [fix nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen_fixation) in the soil through a [symbiotic](/source/Symbiosis) relationship with *[Rhizobium](/source/Rhizobium)* bacteria.

### Phytochemicals

Broom near [Frederikshavn](/source/Frederikshavn), [Denmark](/source/Denmark) during winter. Note that the seed pods turn black

One of the main [alkaloids](/source/Alkaloid) of this plant is [cytisine](/source/Cytisine). The characteristic constituents are [biogenic](/source/Biogenic) [amines](/source/Amine) (mostly [tyramine](/source/Tyramine) in the young shoots), [flavonoids](/source/Flavonoid) ([spiraeoside](/source/Spiraeoside) and scoparoside), [isoflavones](/source/Isoflavone) and their [glycosides](/source/Glycoside) ([genistin](/source/Genistin)), as well as [allelopathic](/source/Allelopathic) [quinolizidine alkaloids](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quinolizidine_alkaloid&action=edit&redlink=1) (mostly [sparteine](/source/Sparteine), lupanine, scoparin and hydroxy-derivatives), which defend the plant against insect infestation and [herbivores](/source/Herbivore) (with the exception of the resistant [aphid](/source/Aphid) species *Aphis cytisorum*).[13][14]

## Classification

There are two [subspecies](/source/Subspecies) of *Cytisus scoparius*:[2][3]

- *Cytisus scoparius* subsp. *scoparius* - throughout the species' range.

- *Cytisus scoparius* subsp. *maritimus* (Rouy) Heywood - [Western European](/source/Western_Europe) maritime cliffs and associated environments; differs with prostrate growth; not over 0.4 m tall; downy young shoots.

## Distribution and habitat

*Cytisus scoparius* is native to [western](/source/Western_Europe) and [central Europe](/source/Central_Europe),[2] being common in [Great Britain](/source/Great_Britain) and [Republic of Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland).[15][16] It is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils at low altitudes, tolerating very acidic soil conditions.[3]

Outside of its native range, it is an ecologically destructive [colonizing](/source/Colonisation_(biology)) [invasive species](/source/Invasive_species) in [grassland](/source/Grassland), [shrub and woodland](/source/California_chaparral_and_woodlands), and other [habitats](/source/Habitat).[17][18]

## Ecology

### As an invasive species

Broom is an invasive species in North America.

*Cytisus scoparius* has been introduced into several other countries and continents, outside of its native range, and is commonly classified as a [noxious](/source/Noxious_weed) [invasive species](/source/Invasive_species) in western [North America](/source/North_America), mainly in [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia) (including on [Vancouver Island](/source/Vancouver_Island)), [California](/source/California), [Oregon](/source/Oregon), [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)) (west of the [Cascades](/source/Cascade_Range)), the [Sierra Nevada](/source/Sierra_Nevada) range,[19] fragmented areas of North America's [eastern seaboard](/source/East_Coast_of_the_United_States),[17] as well as [Australia](/source/Australia) (where it is highly invasive and an environmental weed),[20][21][22][23][New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand),[24] and in [India](/source/India).[25] These shrubs are sometimes utilized for civic and public landscaping projects in the American west due to their hardiness, and will seasonally reseed themselves, growing in disturbed areas, and along utility and transportation [rights-of-way](/source/Right-of-way_(transportation)). The prolific growth of the plants after timber harvest or wildfire events clearly inhibits reforestation efforts, the sprouts competing with native plant seedlings and trees.[26] It is estimated that broom is responsible for US$47 million in lost timber production each year in the state of Oregon.[27] In New Zealand, broom is estimated to cost the forestry industry NZ$90 million, and to cost farmers an additional NZ$10 million in losses.[28]

[Biological control](/source/Biological_pest_control) for broom has been investigated since the mid-1980s, with a number of insect species being tested. Some of the tested invertebrates include the broom twig miner (*[Leucoptera spartifoliella](/source/Leucoptera_spartifoliella)*), broom seed beetles (*[Bruchidius villosus](/source/Bruchidius_villosus)*), broom gall mites (*[Aceria genistae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aceria_genistae&action=edit&redlink=1)*), sap-sucking broom psyllids (*[Arytainilla spartiophila](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arytainilla_spartiophila&action=edit&redlink=1)*), the Scotch broom seed weevil (*[Exapion fuscirostre](/source/Exapion_fuscirostre)*) and recently, the broom leaf beetle (*[Gonioctena olivacea](/source/Gonioctena_olivacea)*) and broom shoot moths (*[Agonopterix assimilella](/source/Agonopterix_assimilella)*).[29][30]

#### Eradication

The method used to remove broom is dependent on its prolific seed cycle. Care should be taken to avoid disturbing (aerating, loosening, etc.) the adjacent ground due to seed activation. The most effective method for eradication is cutting flowering plants just below the soil with loppers; late fall through winter (possibly to mid-spring) are preferred times to pull small plants.[31] There are several methods, cutting, pulling, burning, herbicide or introducing chickens and goats.[32] Drought areas respond well to cutting while the [seed pods](/source/Seed_pods) are young and still green. In cooler, wetter areas pulling is the preferred method, and hand-operated broom pullers are available.[33] Low temperature fires, such as a grass fire, will increase seed germination and new sprouts may form on the burned stumps of mature broom. A spring fire followed by drought conditions will reduce seedling survival.[34] Often new plants will grow from roots or seed, requiring repeated treatments.

## Cultivation

*Cytisus scoparius* is widely cultivated as an [ornamental plant](/source/Ornamental_plant), with several [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) selected for variation in flower colour, including "Moonlight" with deep yellow flowers, "Andreanus" and "Firefly" with dark orange-red flowers, and growth habit, including "Pendula" with pendulous branchlets.[11]

## Uses

Broom contains scoparin, which is a [diuretic](/source/Diuretic). The plant also is used as a [cathartic](/source/Cathartic) and as a [cardiac stimulant](/source/Cardiac_stimulant), which is credited to the presence of sparteine.[35] A decoction or infusion of broom can be used to treat [dropsy](/source/Dropsy) due to its diuretic action.[36] An ointment can be made from the flowers to treat [gout](/source/Gout).[37] Oxysparteine, produced from the action of acid on the sparteine, is useful as a cardiac stimulant and has the advantage over digoxin that it does not accumulate in the body.[35] A medicinal beer was brewed from this herb, called broom ale, as a remedy for dropsy.[38]

## Culture

In [Welsh mythology](/source/Welsh_mythology), [Blodeuwedd](/source/Blodeuwedd) is the name of a woman made from the flowers of broom, [meadowsweet](/source/Filipendula_ulmaria) (*Filipendula ulmaria*) and the [oak](/source/Oak) by [Math fab Mathonwy](/source/Math_fab_Mathonwy) and [Gwydion](/source/Gwydion) to be the wife of [Lleu Llaw Gyffes](/source/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes). Her story is part of the [Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi](/source/Four_Branches_of_the_Mabinogi), the tale of *[Math son of Mathonwy](/source/Math_son_of_Mathonwy)*.[37]

Broom was considered a sign of plenty when it bore many flowers.[39] However a traditional rhyme from [Sussex](/source/Sussex) warns: "Sweep the house with blossomed broom in May/sweep the head of the household away."[37] Broom was also used in a decorated bundle of broom at weddings in place of rosemary when that was scarce,[39] and its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs.[40]

In Italy, the shrub was burnt with the intent of stopping witches.[37]

### Royal symbols

The name of the [House of Plantagenet](/source/House_of_Plantagenet), rulers of England in the Middle Ages, may have been derived from common broom, which was then known as ***planta genista*** in Latin.[41]: 9[42]: 1 The plant was used as a [heraldic badge](/source/Heraldic_badge) by [Geoffrey V of Anjou](/source/Geoffrey_V_of_Anjou) and five Plantagenet kings of England as a [royal emblem](/source/Royal_Badges_of_England).[43] The *broomscod*, or [seed-pod](/source/Seed-pod), was the personal [emblem](/source/Emblem) of [Charles VI of France](/source/Charles_VI_of_France).

## See also

- [Broom of the Cowdenknowes](/source/Broom_of_the_Cowdenknowes)

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Broombusters"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150527040645/http://www.broombusters.org/howtocutbroom.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.broombusters.org/howtocutbroom.html) on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Cytisus scoparius, C. striatus"](https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/cytspp/all.html#FIRE+ECOLOGY). *Fs.fed.us*. Retrieved 15 August 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-A_Modern_Herbal_p127_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-A_Modern_Herbal_p127_35-1) *A Modern Herbal*, Grieve, Maude, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780486227986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486227986), p. 127

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** *A Modern Herbal*, Grieve, Maude, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780486227986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486227986), pp 126–127

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Watts_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Watts_37-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Watts_37-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Watts_37-3) D.C. Watts *[Dictionary of Plant Lore](https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC&pg=PA47)*, p. 47, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Lightbody, James (1695). [*Every Man His Own Gauger*](https://books.google.com/books?id=46hKngEACAAJ). London: Printed for Hugh Newman. p. [100](https://books.google.com/books?id=46hKngEACAAJ&pg=PA100).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-A_Modern_Herbal_p126_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-A_Modern_Herbal_p126_39-1) *A Modern Herbal*, Grieve, Maude, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780486227986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486227986), p. 126

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Roberto Dainotto *[The Mafia: A Cultural History](https://books.google.com/books?id=YvOsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106)*, p. 106, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Costain_41-0)** Costain, Thomas B (1962). [*The Conquering Family*](https://archive.org/details/conqueringfamily00cost). New York: Popular Library.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: publisher location ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_publisher_location))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-JonesP_42-0)** Jones, Dan (2013). *The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England*. Viking. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780670026654](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670026654).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** J. Bernard Burke *[The Heraldic Register](https://books.google.com/books?id=18KhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65)*, p. 65, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

## Further reading

- ["Scotch Broom"](https://sites.google.com/ucsc.edu/parker-lab/info-for-practitioners/scotch-broom?authuser=0). *Ingrid Parker's Lab • Ecology and Evolutionary Biology • UC Santa Cruz*. Joint Base Lewis-McChord.

## External links

- Media related to [Cytisus scoparius](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius) at Wikimedia Commons

- Data related to [Cytisus scoparius](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius) at Wikispecies

- [Bioimages – numerous photos](http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/r151074.htm)

- [Garry Oak ecosystems: Invasive species](http://www.goert.ca/about/invasive_species.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190821171117/http://www.goert.ca/about/invasive_species.php) 2019-08-21 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Species Profile - Scotch Broom(*Cytisus scoparius*)](https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/scotch-broom), National Invasive Species Information Center, [United States National Agricultural Library](/source/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library).

- [*Cytisus scoparius*](https://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-taxon=Cytisus+scoparius) in the [CalPhotos](/source/CalPhotos) photo database, [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley)

Taxon identifiers Cytisus scoparius Wikidata: Q145781 Wikispecies: Cytisus scoparius APA: 1916 APDB: 65883 APNI: 100521 BioLib: 39874 Calflora: 2601 Cal-IPC: cytisus-scoparius CoL: 33S3C eFloraSA: Cytisus_scoparius EoL: 703895 EPPO: SAOSC EUNIS: 171757 FloraBase: 43141 FNA: 242316730 GBIF: 5354656 GISD: 441 GRIN: 13019 iNaturalist: 48538 IPA: 4408 IPNI: 489963-1 IRMNG: 10174033 ISC: 17610 ITIS: 501966 MichiganFlora: 1284 MoBotPF: 280453 NatureServe: 2.138657 NBN: NBNSYS0000003214 NCBI: 3835 NSWFlora: Cytisus~scoparius NZOR: 21d804eb-4ece-4737-b7f6-9326233faf7d NZPCN: 3839 Observation.org: 6678 Open Tree of Life: 91393 PfaF: Cytisus scoparius Plant List: ild-8778 PLANTS: CYSC4 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:489963-1 RHS: 5254 SANBI: 360-4 Tropicos: 13029962 VASCAN: 5709 VicFlora: 11d1bfa8-ddf9-4676-9f46-9a70ff5979d2 WFO: wfo-0000213711 WoRMS: 594765 Spartium scoparium Wikidata: Q21877510 APDB: 126238 APNI: 161060 CoL: 4YF5Z GBIF: 5354657 GRIN: 35194 iNaturalist: 406104 IPNI: 519098-1 IRMNG: 10178171 NZOR: a5fb9f99-e103-4cc0-b6cf-33018a44818c Tropicos: 13033146 WFO: wfo-0000192893

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cytisus scoparius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.