# Cystopteris

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***Cystopteris*** is a genus of [ferns](/source/Fern) in the family [Cystopteridaceae](/source/Cystopteridaceae).[1][2] These are known generally as **bladderferns** or **fragile ferns**. They grow in temperate areas worldwide. This is a very diverse genus and within a species individuals can look quite different, especially in harsh environments where stress stunts their growth. They hybridize easily with each other and identifying an individual can be challenging. In general these are [rhizomatous](/source/Rhizome) perennials which grow in rocks or soil. Their leaves are multiply pinnate, in that each leaflet is divided into smaller parts. The [sori](/source/Sorus) are usually rounded and covered in an inflated bladder-like indusium.

## Phylogeny

This genus includes the following species:[3][4]

Phylogeny from Fern Tree of Life[5][6] Other species include: style="vertical-align:top| C. apiiformis Gand. C. deqinensis Wang C. dickieana (Dickie's bladderfern) †C. fumariacea Wessel & Weber "C. hemifragilis" (an undiscovered or extinct diploid) C. ulei Christ 1900 (Ules bladderfern)

## Hybrids

The [hybrid](/source/Hybrid_(biology)) species include:

- *[C. fragilis](/source/Cystopteris_fragilis)* (*C. "hemifragilis"* × *C. reevesiana*; allotetraploid)
- *[C. laurentiana](/source/Cystopteris_laurentiana)* (*C. bulbifera* × *C. fragilis*; allohexaploid)
- *[C. tennesseensis](/source/Cystopteris_tennesseensis)* (*C. bulbifera* × *C. protrusa*; allotetraploid)
- *[C. tenuis](/source/Cystopteris_tenuis)* (*C. "hemifragilis"* × *C. protrusa*; allotetraploid)
- *[C. utahensis](/source/Cystopteris_utahensis)* (*C. reevesiana* × *C. bulbifera*; allotetraploid)

Non-species hybrids include:

- *Cystopteris × christii* Hahne 1904 (*C. fragilis* × *C. montana*)
- *Cystopteris × illinoensis* Moran 1982 (*C. bulbifera* × *C. tenuis*; allotriploid)
- *Cystopteris × montserratii* Prada & Salvo 1985 (*C. dickieana* × *C. fragilis*)
- *Cystopteris × vidae* Fraser-Jenkins & Parris 2021 (*C. alpina* × *C. fragilis*)
- *Cystopteris × wagneri* Moran 1983 (*C. tennesseensis* × *C. tenuis*; allo-allotetraploid)
- *Cystopteris fragilis* × *Cystopteris tenuis* (allo-allotetraploid)
- *Cystopteris protrusa* × *Cystopteris tennesseensis* (allotriploid)

## References

1. PPG I (2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns", *Journal of Systematics and Evolution*. **54** (6): 563–603, [doi:10.1111/jse.12229](https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229). [S2CID 39980610](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39980610)

1. Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang & Harald Schneider (2011). ["A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"](http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf). *[Phytotaxa](/source/Phytotaxa)*. **19**: 7–54. [doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2](https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2)

1. [*Cystopteris* Bernh.](http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40020898) Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 29 Feb 2012

1. Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019), ["Aleuritopteris"](https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/), "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World", Vol. 8, no. 2, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/) 2 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2019-08-14

1. Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". *Frontiers in Plant Science*. **13**. [doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.909768). [PMC 9449725](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9449725). [PMID 36092417](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36092417)

1. ["Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"](https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html). FTOL v1.7.0 ([GenBank](/source/GenBank) release 261). 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2025.

- [Lellinger, David B.](/source/David_B._Lellinger) *A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada*. [Smithsonian Institution](/source/Smithsonian_Institution), [Washington, DC](/source/Washington,_DC). 1985.

## External links

- [Jepson Manual Treatment](http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?19,25)
- [USDA Plants Profile](https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CYSTO)
- [Flora of North America](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=109134)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cystopteris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystopteris) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystopteris?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.