# Cyprus

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Island country in the Mediterranean Sea

This article is about the country. For other uses, see [Cyprus (disambiguation)](/source/Cyprus_(disambiguation)).

Not to be confused with [Cypress](/source/Cypress).

Republic of Cyprus Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Greek) Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti (Turkish) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν[a] (English: "Hymn to Liberty") Cyprus Territory claimed but not controlled (Northern Cyprus) Rest of the European Union Territory administered by the Republic of Cyprus Capital Nicosia 35°10′N 33°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367 Official languages Greek Turkish Minority languages Armenian Cypriot Arabic Vernaculars Cypriot Greek Cypriot Turkish Ethnic groups Greek Cypriots Turkish Cypriots Armenian Cypriots Maronite Cypriots Religion (2020; including Northern Cyprus) 72.3% Christianity 25.0% Islam 1.9% no religion 0.8% other[2] Demonym Cypriot Government Unitary presidential republic • President Nikos Christodoulides • Vice-President Vacant[b] • President of the House of Representatives Annita Demetriou Legislature House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom • London-Zürich Agreements 19 February 1959 • Independence proclaimed 16 August 1960 • Independence Day 1 October 1960 Area • Total[c] 9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi) (162nd) • Water (%) 0.11[3] Population • 2021 census 923,272[d][4] • Density 123.4[c][5]/km2 (319.6/sq mi) (82nd) GDP (PPP) 2026 estimate • Total $67.441 billion[6] (122nd) • Per capita $67,796[6] (29th) GDP (nominal) 2026 estimate • Total $45.171 billion[6] (100th) • Per capita $45,409[6] (28th) Gini (2025) 31.2[7] medium inequality HDI (2023) 0.913[8] very high (32nd) Currency Euro (€) (EUR) Time zone UTC+02:00 (EET) • Summer (DST) UTC+03:00 (EEST) Calling code +357 ISO 3166 code CY Internet TLD .cy[e]

**Cyprus**,[f] officially the **Republic of Cyprus**,[g] is an island country in the eastern [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea), located off the coast of the [Levant](/source/Levant) mainland in [West Asia](/source/West_Asia). The [island of Cyprus](/source/Geography_of_Cyprus), which is the [third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean](/source/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean), is divided along the [United Nations Buffer Zone](/source/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus) between the internationally recognised Republic of Cyprus and the [Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus](/source/Northern_Cyprus), which is recognised only by [Turkey](/source/Turkey). The south of the island also hosts the [British sovereign military bases](/source/British_Overseas_Territories) of [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](/source/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia). The capital and largest city of Cyprus is [Nicosia](/source/Nicosia).[9][10]

Cyprus was first settled by [hunter-gatherers](/source/Hunter-gatherer) around 13,000 years ago, with farming communities emerging by 8500 BC. The late [Bronze Age](/source/Bronze_Age) saw the emergence of [Alashiya](/source/Alashiya), an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world. Cyprus experienced waves of settlement by [Mycenaean Greeks](/source/Mycenaean_Greece) at the end of the [2nd millennium BC](/source/2nd_millennium_BC). Owing to its rich natural resources (particularly copper) and strategic position at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia, the island was subsequently contested and occupied by several empires, including the [Assyrians](/source/Neo-Assyrian_Empire), [Egyptians](/source/Ancient_Egyptians), and [Persians](/source/Achaemenid_Empire), from whom it was seized in 333 BC by [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great). Successive rule by the [Ptolemaic Empire](/source/Ptolemaic_Empire), the [Classical](/source/Roman_Empire) and [Eastern Roman Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire), [Arab caliphates](/source/Caliphate), the [French Lusignans](/source/Lusignan_dynasty), and the [Venetians](/source/Republic_of_Venice) was followed by over [three centuries of Ottoman dominion](/source/Ottoman_Cyprus) (1571–1878).[11][h] Cyprus was placed under [British administration](/source/British_Cyprus) in 1878 pursuant to the [Cyprus Convention](/source/Cyprus_Convention) and formally annexed by the United Kingdom in 1914.

The island's future became contested by its [Greek](/source/Greek_Cypriots) and [Turkish](/source/Turkish_Cypriots) communities. Greek Cypriots sought *[enosis](/source/Enosis),* or union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.[12][13] Turkish Cypriots initially advocated for continued British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, with which they established the policy of *[taksim](/source/Taksim_(politics)):* partitioning Cyprus and creating a Turkish [polity](/source/Polity) in the north.[14] Following [nationalist violence in the 1950s](/source/Cyprus_Emergency), Cyprus was [granted independence in 1960](/source/London_and_Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements).[15] The [crisis of 1963–64](/source/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)) brought further [intercommunal violence between the two communities](/source/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence), displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into [enclaves](/source/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves),[16]: 56–59[17] and ended Turkish Cypriot political representation. On 15 July 1974, [a coup d'état](/source/1974_Cypriot_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) was staged by [Greek Cypriot nationalists](/source/EOKA_B)[18][19] and elements of the [Greek military junta](/source/Greek_military_junta).[20] This action precipitated the [Turkish invasion of Cyprus](/source/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus) on 20 July,[21] which captured the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and [displaced](/source/Cypriot_refugees) over 150,000 Greek Cypriots[22][23] and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots.[24] A separate [Turkish Cypriot state](/source/Northern_Cyprus) in the north was [established by unilateral declaration in 1983](/source/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus), which was widely condemned by the [international community](/source/International_community) and remains recognised only by Turkey. These events and the resulting political situation remain subject to [an ongoing dispute](/source/Cyprus_problem).

Cyprus is a [developed country](/source/Developed_country), with a [representative democracy](/source/Representative_democracy), advanced [high-income economy](/source/High_income_economy) and very high [human development](/source/Human_Development_Index).[25][26][27] The island's intense [Mediterranean climate](/source/Mediterranean_climate) and rich cultural heritage, which features both Greek and Turkish elements,[28] make it a major [tourist destination](/source/Tourism_in_Cyprus).[29] Cyprus is a member of the [Commonwealth of Nations](/source/Commonwealth_of_Nations) and a [founding member](/source/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) of the [Non-Aligned Movement](/source/Non-Aligned_Movement) until it [joined the European Union](/source/Cyprus_and_the_European_Union) in 2004;[30] it joined the [eurozone](/source/Eurozone) in 2008.[31] Cyprus has long maintained [good relations](/source/Cyprus%E2%80%93NATO_relations) with [NATO](/source/NATO) and announced in 2024 its intention to officially join.[32]

## Etymology

A copper mine in Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major source of copper.

The earliest attested reference to *Cyprus* is the 15th century BC [Mycenaean Greek](/source/Mycenaean_Greek) 𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍, *ku-pi-ri-jo*,[33] meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: Κύπριος), written in [Linear B](/source/Linear_B) syllabic script.[34] The classical Greek form of the name is Κύπρος (*Kýpros*).

The etymology of the name is unknown. Suggestions include:

- the Greek word for the [Mediterranean cypress tree](/source/Cupressus) (*[Cupressus sempervirens](/source/Cupressus_sempervirens)*), κυπάρισσος (*kypárissos*)

- the Greek name of the [henna tree](/source/Lawsonia_inermis) (*Lawsonia alba*), κύπρος (*kýpros*)

- an [Eteocypriot](/source/Eteocypriot) word for copper. It has been suggested, for example, that it has roots in the [Sumerian](/source/Sumerian_language) word for copper (*zubar*) or for [bronze](/source/Bronze) (*kubar*), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.[35]

Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the [Classical Latin](/source/Classical_Latin) word for copper through the phrase *aes Cyprium*, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to *Cuprum*.[35][36]

The standard [demonym](/source/Demonym) relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is *[Cypriot](/source/Cypriot_(disambiguation))*. The terms *Cypriote* and *Cyprian* (later [a personal name](/source/Cyprian_(disambiguation))) are also used, though less frequently.

The state's official name in [Greek](/source/Greek_language) literally translates to "Cypriot Republic" in English, but this translation is not used officially; "Republic of Cyprus" is used instead.

## History

Main article: [History of Cyprus](/source/History_of_Cyprus)

For a chronological guide, see [Timeline of Cypriot history](/source/Timeline_of_Cypriot_history).

Archaeological site of [Khirokitia](/source/Khirokitia) with early remains of human habitation during the Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)

### Prehistoric and ancient period

Main articles: [Prehistoric Cyprus](/source/Prehistoric_Cyprus) and [Ancient history of Cyprus](/source/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus)

Hunter-gatherers first arrived on Cyprus around 13–12,000 years ago (11,000 to 10,000 BC), based on dating of sites like [Aetokremnos](/source/Aetokremnos) on the south coast and the inland site of Vretsia Roudias.[37] The arrival of the first humans coincides with the extinction of the 75 cm (2.46 ft) high [Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus](/source/Cypriot_pygmy_hippopotamus) and 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall [Cyprus dwarf elephant](/source/Cyprus_Dwarf_Elephant), the only large mammals native to the island.[38] [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) farming communities emerged on the island by around 10,500 years ago (8500 BC).[39]

Remains of an eight-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) site in Cyprus.[40] The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating [ancient Egyptian](/source/Ancient_Egypt) civilisation and pushing back the [earliest known feline-human association](/source/Domestication_of_the_cat) significantly.[41] The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of [Khirokitia](/source/Khirokitia) is a UNESCO [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site), dating to approximately 6800 BC.[42]

During the Late [Bronze Age](/source/Bronze_Age), from around 1650 BC Cyprus (identified in whole or part as [Alashiya](/source/Alashiya) in contemporary texts) became more connected to the wider Mediterranean world driven by the trade in [copper](/source/Copper) extracted from the Troodos Mountains, which stimulated the development of urbanised settlements across the island, with records suggesting that Cyprus at this time was ruled by "kings" who corresponded with the leaders of other Mediterranean states (like the [pharaohs](/source/Pharaoh) of the [New Kingdom of Egypt](/source/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt), as documented in the [Amarna letters](/source/Amarna_letters)).[43] The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is *Kushmeshusha*, as appears on letters sent to [Ugarit](/source/Ugarit) in the 13th century BC.[44]

At the end of the Bronze Age, the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement.[45] The first wave consisted of [Mycenaean Greek](/source/Mycenaean_Greece) traders, who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC.[46][47][48] A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the [Late Bronze Age collapse](/source/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse) of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period.[48][49] Cyprus occupies an important role in [Greek mythology](/source/Greek_mythology), being the birthplace of [Aphrodite](/source/Aphrodite) and [Adonis](/source/Adonis), and home to [King Cinyras](/source/Cinyras), [Teucer](/source/Teucer) and [Pygmalion](/source/Pygmalion_(mythology)).[50] Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at [Kition](/source/Kition), which was under [Tyrian](/source/Tyre%2C_Lebanon) rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC.[51] Some [Phoenician](/source/Phoenicia) merchants who were believed to come from [Tyre](/source/Tyre%2C_Lebanon) [colonised](/source/Colony) the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC, the Phoenicians rebuilt and reused the sanctuaries [at the Kathari site].

Zeus Keraunios, 500–480 BC, Nicosia museum

Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean.[52][53][54] It was ruled by the [Neo-Assyrian Empire](/source/Neo-Assyrian_Empire) for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually [Achaemenid](/source/Achaemenid_Empire) rule in 545 BC.[48] The Cypriots, led by [Onesilus](/source/Onesilus), king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the [Ionian](/source/Ionia) cities during the unsuccessful [Ionian Revolt](/source/Ionian_Revolt) in 499 BC against the Achaemenids. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world.[48]

During the whole period of the Persian rule, there is a continuity in the reign of the Cypriot kings, and during their rebellions they were crushed by Persian rulers from Asia Minor, which is an indication that the Cypriots were ruling the island with directly regulated relations with the Great King and there was not a Persian [satrap](/source/Satrap).[55] The Kingdoms of Cyprus enjoyed special privileges and a semi-autonomous status, but they were still considered vassal subjects of the Great King.[55]

The island was conquered by [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) in 333 BC, and Cypriot navy helped Alexander during the [siege of Tyre (332 BC)](/source/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)). The Cypriot fleet was also sent to help [Amphoterus](/source/Amphoterus_(admiral)).[56] In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals [Stasander](/source/Stasander) and [Stasanor](/source/Stasanor) both from the [Soli](/source/Soli%2C_Cyprus) and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire. Following Alexander's death, the [division of his empire](/source/Partition_of_Babylon), and the subsequent [Wars of the Diadochi](/source/Wars_of_the_Diadochi), Cyprus became part of the [Hellenistic empire](/source/Hellenistic_civilization) of [Ptolemaic Egypt](/source/Ptolemaic_Kingdom). It was during this period that the island was fully [Hellenised](/source/Hellenization). In 58 BC Cyprus was acquired by the [Roman Republic](/source/Roman_Republic) and became [Roman Cyprus](/source/Roman_Cyprus) in 22 BC.[48]

### Middle Ages

Main articles: [Cyprus in the Middle Ages](/source/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages) and [Kingdom of Cyprus](/source/Kingdom_of_Cyprus)

The [Walls of Nicosia](/source/Walls_of_Nicosia) were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack.

[Kyrenia Castle](/source/Kyrenia_Castle) was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians.

When the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the East Roman Empire (also called the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire)); the island would remain part of the empire for some 900 years. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.[57]

Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured repeated attacks and raids launched by [Umayyad Caliphate](/source/Umayyad_Caliphate). Many were quick raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were killed and great wealth carried off or destroyed.[57] The city of [Salamis](/source/Salamis%2C_Cyprus) was destroyed and never rebuilt.[48] Byzantine control remained stronger in the northern coast, the Arabs exerted more influence in the south. In 688, Emperor [Justinian II](/source/Justinian_II) and Caliph [Abd al-Malik](/source/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan) signed a treaty whereby Cyprus would be paying an equal amount of tribute to the Caliphate and tax to the Empire, but would remain politically neutral to both while being retained as a province administered by the Empire. There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period, and the island entered a period of impoverishment.[58] Full Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor [Nikephoros II Phokas](/source/Nikephoros_II_Phokas) scored decisive victories on land and sea.[48]

In 1156, [Raynald of Châtillon](/source/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon) and [Thoros II of Armenia](/source/Thoros_II) conducted a three-week military occupation and systematic sack of Cyprus. They extracted extensive tribute and captured prominent citizens for ransom, causing widespread devastation that critically hindered the island's economy for decades. Several Greek priests were mutilated and sent away to Constantinople.[59]

In 1185, [Isaac Komnenos](/source/Isaac_Komnenos_of_Cyprus), a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire. In 1191, during the [Third Crusade](/source/Third_Crusade), [Richard I of England](/source/Richard_I_of_England) captured the island from Isaac.[60] He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the [Saracens](/source/Saracen). A year later Richard sold the island to the [Knights Templar](/source/Knights_Templar), who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to [Guy of Lusignan](/source/Guy_of_Lusignan). His brother and successor [Aimery](/source/Aimery_of_Cyprus) was recognised as [King of Cyprus](/source/Kingdom_of_Cyprus) by [Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor).[48]

Following the death in 1473 of [James II](/source/James_II_of_Cyprus), the last Lusignan king, the [Republic of Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice) assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen [Catherine Cornaro](/source/Catherine_Cornaro), reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the [Kingdom of Cyprus](/source/Kingdom_of_Cyprus) in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.[48] The Venetians fortified [Nicosia](/source/Nicosia) by building the [Walls of Nicosia](/source/Walls_of_Nicosia), and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed [Limassol](/source/Limassol) and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified [Famagusta](/source/Famagusta) and [Kyrenia](/source/Kyrenia).[48]

Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island[48] is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of Greek Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek [middle ranks](/source/Middle_class),[61] and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King [John II of Cyprus](/source/John_II_of_Cyprus) who married [Helena Palaiologina](/source/Helena_Palaiologina).[62]

### Ottoman Cyprus

Main article: [Ottoman Cyprus](/source/Ottoman_Cyprus)

*Cypri insvlae nova descript. 1573*, Ioannes à Deutecum f[ecit]. "Map of the island of Cyprus, newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom in 1573."

In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus [massacred](/source/Cyprus_massacre) many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.[63] The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community.[64] Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia).[65] This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.[66]

[Büyük Han](/source/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Han), a [caravanserai](/source/Caravanserai) in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.

The Ottomans abolished the [feudal](/source/Feudal) system previously in place and applied the [millet system](/source/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)) to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the [Church of Cyprus](/source/Church_of_Cyprus) was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church)'s constant expansion efforts on the island.[67] Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.[68]

The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.[69] By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.[70] The Muslim population included numerous [crypto-Christians](/source/Crypto-Christians),[71] including the [Linobambaki](/source/Linobambaki), a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities;[71][72] this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.[73]

As soon as the [Greek War of Independence](/source/Greek_War_of_Independence) broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, [Kyprianos](/source/Kyprianos_of_Cyprus), and four other bishops.[74] In 1828, modern Greece's first president [Ioannis Kapodistrias](/source/Ioannis_Kapodistrias) called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.[75] Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of *[union](/source/Enosis)* with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.[68]

Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.[76]

### British Cyprus

Main articles: [British Cyprus](/source/British_Cyprus), [Modern history of Cyprus](/source/Modern_history_of_Cyprus), and [Cyprus Emergency](/source/Cyprus_Emergency)

Hoisting the British flag at Nicosia

In the aftermath of the [Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)) and the [Congress of Berlin](/source/Congress_of_Berlin), Cyprus was [leased](/source/Cyprus_Convention) to the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire) which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a *[de jure](/source/De_jure)* Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with [Egypt and Sudan](/source/Khedivate_of_Egypt))[11] in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.[48]

[Greek Cypriot](/source/Greek_Cypriots) demonstrations for [Enosis](/source/Enosis) (union with Greece) in 1930

The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal), the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the [First World War](/source/First_World_War) and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the [Central Powers](/source/Central_Powers), on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman *[Khedivate](/source/Khedive)* of [Egypt and Sudan](/source/Khedivate_of_Egypt) a [*Sultanate* and British protectorate](/source/Sultanate_of_Egypt).[11][48]

In October 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King [Constantine I of Greece](/source/Constantine_I_of_Greece), on the condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British and went to [Serbia](/source/Kingdom_of_Serbia)'s assistance, in order to fulfill her Treaty obligations under the [Serbo-Greek pact](/source/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913) of May 1913.[77] It gave Greece a "golden opportunity" in achieving *[enosis](/source/Enosis)* with Cyprus.[77] Alternatively it was a "lost opportunity" when the [Zaimis](/source/Alexandros_Zaimis) administration declined the British proposal.[77]

In 1923, under the [Treaty of Lausanne](/source/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)), the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus,[78] and in 1925 it was declared a British [crown colony](/source/Crown_colony).[48] During the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War), many Greek and Turkish Cypriots enlisted in the [Cyprus Regiment](/source/Cyprus_Regiment).

The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to *enosis*. The idea of *enosis* was historically part of the *[Megali Idea](/source/Megali_Idea)*, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with large Greek populations in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and [Asia Minor](/source/Asia_Minor) with a capital in [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople), and was actively pursued by the [Cypriot Orthodox Church](/source/Cypriot_Orthodox_Church), which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the *Megali Idea*, would later found the guerrilla organisation [EOKA](/source/EOKA) *(Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston* or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).[79][80] The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right.[81] In the 1950s, the pursuit of *enosis* became a part of the Greek national policy.[82]

A British soldier facing a crowd of Greek Cypriot demonstrators in Nicosia (1956)

Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule.[83] However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for *enosis*, as they saw the union of [Crete](/source/Cretan_State) with Greece, which led to the exodus of [Cretan Turks](/source/Cretan_Turks), as a precedent to be avoided,[84][85] and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA.[86] The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to [self-determination](/source/Self-determination) from Greek Cypriots.[81] Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader [Menderes](/source/Adnan_Menderes) considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising that the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.[87][88]

In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a [referendum](/source/Cypriot_enosis_referendum%2C_1950) under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation,[89] where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of *enosis*.[90][91][16]: 9 The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island's population at the time ([census 1946](/source/Demographics_of_Cyprus)). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the [Turkish Resistance Organisation](/source/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation) (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.[92] British officials tolerated TMT's creation, fearing that enforcing the law against TMT would harm British relations with the Turkish government.[88]

### Independence and inter-communal violence

Main article: [Cyprus crisis of 1963–64](/source/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963%E2%80%9364)

The first president of Cyprus, [Makarios III](/source/Makarios_III) (left), and the first vice-president of Cyprus, [Fazıl Küçük](/source/Faz%C4%B1l_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk) (right)

During British rule, the future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, [Greek Cypriots](/source/Greek_Cypriots), who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and [Turkish Cypriots](/source/Turkish_Cypriots), who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued *[enosis](/source/Enosis)*, union with [Greece](/source/Greece), which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.[93][94] The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of *[taksim](/source/Taksim_(politics))*, the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.[95]

Ethnic map of Cyprus according to the 1960 census

Cyprus was [granted independence](/source/London_and_Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements) in 1960, following an armed campaign spearheaded by EOKA.[15] As per the [Zürich and London Agreement](/source/Z%C3%BCrich_and_London_Agreement), Cyprus officially attained independence on 16 August 1960, and at the time had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.[96] The UK retained the two [Sovereign Base Areas](/source/Sovereign_Base_Areas) of [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](/source/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia), while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the [Akritas plan](/source/Akritas_plan), which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan.[97] Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop [Makarios III](/source/Makarios_III) called for [constitutional changes](/source/Z%C3%BCrich_and_London_Agreement#13_Amendments_proposed_by_Makarios_III), which were rejected by Turkey[16]: 17–20 and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.[97]

Intercommunal violence [erupted](/source/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)) on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots,[98] destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis ended the government's legitimacy to Turkish Cypriots and began their withdrawal from the administration;[16]: 56–59 the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew in response to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration.[99] Turkish Cypriots started living in [enclaves](/source/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves). The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the [Green Line](/source/Green_Line_(Cyprus)), with the deployment of [UNFICYP](/source/UNFICYP) troops.[16]: 56–59

In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus[100] in response to the continuing [Cypriot intercommunal violence](/source/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence), but a strongly worded telegram from US President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/source/Lyndon_B._Johnson) on 5 June halted them, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory.[101] Meanwhile, by 1964, *enosis* was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister [Georgios Papandreou](/source/Georgios_Papandreou) agreed that *enosis* should be the ultimate aim and King [Constantine](/source/Constantine_II_of_Greece) wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.[102]

The [crisis of 1963–64](/source/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)) had brought further [intercommunal violence](/source/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence) between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into [enclaves](/source/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves)[16]: 56–59[17] and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.

### 1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division

Main articles: [1974 Cypriot coup d'état](/source/1974_Cypriot_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) and [Turkish invasion of Cyprus](/source/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus)

[Varosha (Maraş)](/source/Varosha%2C_Famagusta), a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control.

On 15 July 1974, the [Greek military junta](/source/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974) under [Dimitrios Ioannides](/source/Dimitrios_Ioannides) carried out a [coup d'état](/source/1974_Cypriot_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) in Cyprus, to [unite the island with Greece](/source/Enosis).[103][104][105] The coup ousted president [Makarios III](/source/Makarios_III) and replaced him with pro-[enosis](/source/Enosis) nationalist [Nikos Sampson](/source/Nikos_Sampson).[106] In response to the coup,[i] five days later, on 20 July 1974, the [Turkish army invaded](/source/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus) the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 [Treaty of Guarantee](/source/Treaty_of_Guarantee_(1960)). This justification has been rejected by the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations) and the international community.[112]

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of [paratroopers](/source/Paratroopers) were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.[113][114]

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,[115] Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself.[115] The junta in [Athens](/source/Athens), and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, [Glafkos Clerides](/source/Glafkos_Clerides) temporarily assumed the presidency.[115] But after the peace negotiations in [Geneva](/source/Geneva), the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August.[116] The invasion resulted in [Morphou](/source/Morphou), [Karpass](/source/Karpass_Peninsula), Famagusta and the [Mesaoria](/source/Mesaoria) coming under Turkish control.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.[117] At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the [Turkish invasion of Cyprus](/source/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus) in 1974.[118] There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots[119] and 502 Turkish Cypriots[120] missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974.

The Republic of Cyprus has *[de jure](/source/De_jure)* [sovereignty](/source/Sovereignty) over the entire island, including its [territorial waters](/source/Territorial_waters) and [exclusive economic zone](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone), with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](/source/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia), which remain under the UK's control according to the [London and Zürich Agreements](/source/London-Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements). However, the island is *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north,[121] administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the [UN buffer zone](/source/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus). The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces.[j] The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the [European Union](/source/European_Union).[127]

### Post-division

A map showing the division of Cyprus

After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop [Makarios III](/source/Makarios_III) to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the [Turkish Cypriot parliament](/source/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Northern_Cyprus)), led by the Turkish Cypriot leader [Rauf Denktaş](/source/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F), [proclaimed](/source/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus) the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey.[3]

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the [politics](/source/Cyprus_dispute) on the island, as well as [Greco-Turkish relations](/source/Greco-Turkish_relations). [Turkish settlers](/source/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus) have been settled in the north with the encouragement of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot states. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the [Geneva Convention](/source/Geneva_Convention),[16]: 56–59 whilst many Turkish settlers have since severed their ties to Turkey and their second generation considers Cyprus to be their homeland.[128]

Foreign Ministers of the European Union countries in Limassol during Cyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012

The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence by the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.[129]

### 21st century

Street in the divided capital of Nicosia

Attempts to resolve the Cyprus dispute have continued. In 2004, the [Annan Plan](/source/Annan_Plan), drafted by then UN Secretary General [Kofi Annan](/source/Kofi_Annan), was put to a [referendum](/source/Cypriot_Annan_Plan_referendums%2C_2004) in both Cypriot administrations. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, saying that it disproportionately favoured Turkish Cypriots and gave unreasonable influence over the nation to Turkey.[130] In total, 66.7% of the voters [rejected the Annan Plan](/source/Cypriot_Annan_Plan_referendum%2C_2004).

On 1 May 2004, Cyprus joined the [European Union](/source/European_Union), together with nine other countries.[131] Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in Northern Cyprus until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem.

Efforts have been made to enhance freedom of movement between the two sides. In April 2003, Northern Cyprus unilaterally eased checkpoint restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the two sides for the first time in 30 years.[132] In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the [UN buffer zone](/source/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus) was demolished.[133] The wall had cut across [Ledra Street](/source/Ledra_Street) in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.[134] The two sides relaunched reunification talks in 2015,[135] but these collapsed in 2017.[136]

The [European Union](/source/European_Union) warned in February 2019 that Cyprus was selling [EU passports](/source/Passports_of_the_European_Union) to [Russian oligarchs](/source/Russian_oligarchs), and thus would allow [organised crime](/source/Organized_crime) syndicates to infiltrate the EU.[137] In 2020, leaked documents revealed a wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship prior to a change of the law in July 2019.[138][139] Since 2020 Cyprus and Turkey have been [engaged in a dispute](/source/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute) over the extent of their [exclusive economic zones](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone), ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.[140]

In November 2023, the [Cyprus Confidential](/source/Cyprus_Confidential) data leak published by the [International Consortium of Investigative Journalists](/source/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists) showed the country's financial network entertaining strong links with Russian oligarchs and high-up figures in the Kremlin, supporting the regime of [Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin).[141]

In July 2024, on the 50th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus, Turkish President Erdoğan rejected a United Nations-endorsed plan for a federal government and supported the idea of having two separate states within Cyprus. Greek Cypriots immediately rejected Erdoğan's two-state proposal, calling it a "non-starter".[142]

## Geography

Main article: [Geography of Cyprus](/source/Geography_of_Cyprus)

A [Sentinel-2](/source/Sentinel-2) image of Cyprus taken in 2022

Sea caves at [Cape Greco](/source/Cape_Greco)

Landscape of Cyprus

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the [Italian islands](/source/List_of_islands_of_Italy) of [Sicily](/source/Sicily) and [Sardinia](/source/Sardinia), both in terms of area and population.[3] It is also the [world's 80th largest by area](/source/List_of_islands_by_area) and [world's 51st largest by population](/source/List_of_islands_by_population). It measures 240 kilometres (149 mi) long from end to end and 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide at its widest point. It lies between latitudes [34°](/source/34th_parallel_north) and [36° N](/source/36th_parallel_north), and longitudes [32°](/source/32nd_meridian_east) and [35° E](/source/35th_meridian_east).

Neighbouring territories include [Turkey](/source/Turkey) 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north, [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon) and [Syria](/source/Syria) to the northeast (105 and 108 kilometres (65 and 67 mi), respectively), [Israel](/source/Israel) 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the southeast, [Egypt](/source/Egypt) 380 kilometres (236 mi) to the south, and [Greece](/source/Greece) to the west: 280 kilometres (174 mi) to the small [Dodecanesian](/source/Dodecanese) island of [Kastellorizo](/source/Kastellorizo), 400 kilometres (249 mi) to [Rhodes](/source/Rhodes) and 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the Greek mainland. Cyprus is at the crossroads of three continents, with some sources placing Cyprus in Europe,[143][144][145] and some sources placing Cyprus in Western Asia and the Middle East.[146][3]

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the [Troodos Mountains](/source/Troodos_Mountains) and the smaller [Kyrenia Range](/source/Kyrenia_Mountains), and the central plain they encompass, the [Mesaoria](/source/Mesaoria). The Mesaoria plain is drained by the [Pedieos River](/source/Pedieos_River), the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is [Mount Olympus](/source/Mount_Olympus_(Cyprus)) at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the [Anatolian Plate](/source/Anatolian_Plate).[147]

Cyprus contains the [Cyprus Mediterranean forests](/source/Cyprus_Mediterranean_forests) ecoregion.[148] It had a 2018 [Forest Landscape Integrity Index](/source/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th globally out of 172 countries.[149]

[Geopolitically](/source/Geopolitics), the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled [Green Line](/source/Green_Line_(Cyprus)) provides a [buffer zone](/source/Buffer_zone) that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, there are [two bases under British sovereignty](/source/Sovereign_Base_Areas) on the island: [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](/source/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia), covering the remaining 2.74%.

UN tower in the buffer zone

### Climate

Main article: [Climate of Cyprus](/source/Climate_of_Cyprus)

The [Troodos Mountains](/source/Troodos_Mountains) experience heavy snowfall in winter.

Cyprus has a [subtropical climate](/source/Subtropics) – [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_climate) and [semi-arid](/source/Semi-arid_climate) type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – [Köppen climate classifications](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) *Csa* and *BSh*,[150][151] with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.

Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.[152] The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 14 °C (57 °F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of 21–23 °C (70–73 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C (68 °F).[153]

Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.[154] This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year.[155] In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine[155] while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London).

### Water supply

[Kouris Dam](/source/Kouris_Dam) overflow in April 2012

Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased.[156] Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts[156] ([2006 European heat wave](/source/2006_European_heat_wave), [2018 European heat wave](/source/2018_European_heat_wave), [2019 European heat waves](/source/2019_European_heat_waves), [2022 European heat waves](/source/2022_European_heat_waves)).

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 108 dams and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft).[157] Water [desalination](/source/Desalination) plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought.

The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.[158]

Turkey has built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from [Anamur](/source/Anamur) on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water *(see [Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project](/source/Northern_Cyprus_Water_Supply_Project))*.

### Flora and fauna

Main article: [Cyprus Mediterranean forests](/source/Cyprus_Mediterranean_forests)

See also: [List of endemic plants of Cyprus](/source/List_of_endemic_plants_of_Cyprus)

Cyprus is home to a number of [endemic](/source/Endemism) species, including the [Cypriot mouse](/source/Cypriot_mouse), the [golden oak](/source/Quercus_alnifolia) and the [Cyprus cedar](/source/Cedrus_brevifolia).

## Government and politics

Main article: [Politics of Cyprus](/source/Politics_of_Cyprus)

[Nikos Christodoulides](/source/Nikos_Christodoulides), [President of Cyprus](/source/President_of_Cyprus) since February 2023

Cyprus is a [presidential republic](/source/Presidential_republic). The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of [universal suffrage](/source/Universal_suffrage) for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the [House of Representatives](/source/House_of_Representatives_(Cyprus)) whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.

The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.

[Presidential Palace, Nicosia](/source/Presidential_Palace%2C_Nicosia)

Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the [Turkish Cypriot](/source/Turkish_Cypriot) seats in the House have remained vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.

As of 2007, the [House of Representatives](/source/House_of_Representatives_(Cyprus)) had 56 members elected for a five-year term by [proportional representation](/source/Proportional_representation), and three observer members representing the [Armenian](/source/Armenians_in_Cyprus), [Latin](/source/Roman_Catholicism_in_Cyprus) and [Maronite](/source/Maronites_in_Cyprus) minorities. Twenty-four seats were allocated to the [Turkish](/source/Turkish_people) community but have remained vacant since 1964. The political environment was dominated by the communist [AKEL](/source/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People), the liberal conservative [Democratic Rally](/source/Democratic_Rally), the [centrist](/source/Centrism)[159] [Democratic Party](/source/Democratic_Party_(Cyprus)), and the [social-democratic](/source/Social_democracy) [EDEK](/source/Movement_for_Social_Democracy).

In 2008, [Dimitris Christofias](/source/Dimitris_Christofias) became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the [2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis](/source/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis), Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in [Democratic Rally](/source/Democratic_Rally) candidate [Nicos Anastasiades](/source/Nicos_Anastasiades) winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the [2018 presidential election](/source/Cypriot_presidential_election%2C_2018).[160][161] On 28 February 2023, [Nikos Christodoulides](/source/Nikos_Christodoulides), the winner of the 2023 presidential [election](/source/2023_Cypriot_presidential_election) run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.[162]

### Administrative divisions

Main articles: [Districts of Cyprus](/source/Districts_of_Cyprus) and [List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus](/source/List_of_cities%2C_towns_and_villages_in_Cyprus)

The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: [Nicosia](/source/Nicosia_District), [Famagusta](/source/Famagusta_District), [Kyrenia](/source/Kyrenia_District), [Larnaca](/source/Larnaca_District), [Limassol](/source/Limassol_District) and [Paphos](/source/Paphos_District).[163]

[Nicosia](/source/Nicosia_District)

[Limassol](/source/Limassol_District)

[Larnaca](/source/Larnaca_District)

[Paphos](/source/Paphos_District)

[Famagusta](/source/Famagusta_District)

[Kyrenia](/source/Kyrenia_District)

### Exclaves and enclaves

[Dhekelia Power Station](/source/Dhekelia_Power_Station)

Cyprus has four [exclaves](/source/Exclave), all in territory that belongs to the [British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia](/source/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia). The first two are the villages of [Ormidhia](/source/Ormidhia) and [Xylotymvou](/source/Xylotymvou). The third is the [Dhekelia Power Station](/source/Dhekelia_Power_Station), which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is the [EAC](/source/Electricity_Authority_of_Cyprus) refugee settlement. The southern part, even though located by the sea, is also an exclave because it has no [territorial waters](/source/Territorial_waters) of its own, those being UK waters.[164]

The [UN buffer zone](/source/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus) runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off [Ayios Nikolaos](/source/Ayios_Nikolaos%2C_SBA) and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the [Paralimni](/source/Paralimni) area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not [de jure](/source/De_jure), exclave.

### Foreign relations

Main article: [Foreign relations of Cyprus](/source/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus)

The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: [Australia Group](/source/Australia_Group), [CN](/source/Commonwealth_of_Nations), [CE](/source/Council_of_Europe), [CFSP](/source/CFSP), [EBRD](/source/EBRD), [EIB](/source/European_Investment_Bank), [EU](/source/EU), [FAO](/source/FAO), [IAEA](/source/IAEA), [IBRD](/source/IBRD), [ICAO](/source/ICAO), [ICC](/source/International_Chamber_of_Commerce), [ICCt](/source/International_Criminal_Court), [ITUC](/source/International_Trade_Union_Confederation), [IDA](/source/International_Development_Association), [IFAD](/source/IFAD), [IFC](/source/International_Finance_Corporation), [IHO](/source/IHO), [ILO](/source/International_Labour_Organization), [IMF](/source/International_Monetary_Fund), [IMO](/source/International_Meteorological_Organization), [Interpol](/source/Interpol), [IOC](/source/IOC), [IOM](/source/International_Organization_for_Migration), [IPU](/source/Inter-Parliamentary_Union), [ITU](/source/ITU), [MIGA](/source/MIGA), [NAM](/source/Non-Aligned_Movement), [NSG](/source/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group), [OPCW](/source/OPCW), [OSCE](/source/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe), [PCA](/source/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration), UN, [UNCTAD](/source/UNCTAD), [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO), [UNHCR](/source/UNHCR), [UNIDO](/source/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization), [UPU](/source/UPU), [WCL](/source/World_Confederation_of_Labour), [WCO](/source/World_Customs_Organization), [WFTU](/source/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions), [WHO](/source/WHO), [WIPO](/source/WIPO), [WMO](/source/WMO), [WToO](/source/WToO), [WTO](/source/World_Trade_Organization).[3][165]

Cyprus is the 88th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [Global Peace Index](/source/Global_Peace_Index).[166]

### Military

Main article: [Cypriot National Guard](/source/Cypriot_National_Guard)

Welcoming ceremony of the former [Russian president](/source/President_of_Russia) [Dmitry Medvedev](/source/Dmitry_Medvedev) by the soldiers of the [Cypriot National Guard](/source/Cypriot_National_Guard)

The [Cypriot National Guard](/source/Cypriot_National_Guard) is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a [combined arms](/source/Combined_arms) force, with land, air and naval elements. Historically all male citizens were required to spend 24 months serving in the National Guard after their 17th birthday, but in 2016 this period of compulsory service was reduced to 14 months.[167]

Annually, approximately 10,000 persons are trained in recruit centres. Depending on their awarded speciality the conscript recruits are then transferred to speciality training camps or to operational units.

While until 2016 the armed forces were mainly conscript based, since then a large professional enlisted institution has been adopted (ΣΥΟΠ), which combined with the reduction of conscript service produces an approximate 3:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted.

### Law, justice and human rights

Main articles: [Cyprus Police](/source/Cyprus_Police) and [Human rights in Cyprus](/source/Human_rights_in_Cyprus)

Supreme Court of Justice

The [Cyprus Police](/source/Cyprus_Police) (Greek: Αστυνομία Κύπρου, [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language): *Kıbrıs Polisi*) is the only National Police Service of the Republic of Cyprus and is under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order since 1993.[168]

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free".[169] In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the [United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights](/source/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights) on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights".[170] The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.[171] Prostitution is rife, and the island has been criticised for its role in the sex trade as one of the main routes of [human trafficking](/source/Human_trafficking) from Eastern Europe.[172][173]

In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the [European Court of Human Rights](/source/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion;[174] [Ankara](/source/Ankara) announced that it would ignore the judgment.[175] In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the [International Court of Justice](/source/International_Court_of_Justice), accusing Turkey of violating the [Geneva Conventions](/source/Geneva_Conventions) by directly or indirectly transferring [its civilian population](/source/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus) into occupied territory.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organised destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north".[176] These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the [International Council on Monuments and Sites](/source/International_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites). Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing. But some perpetrators are just motivated by greed and are seeking profit.[176] Art law expert Alessandro Chechi has classified the connection of cultural heritage destruction to ethnic cleansing as the "Greek Cypriot viewpoint", which he reports as having been dismissed by two [PACE](/source/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe) reports. Chechi asserts joint Greek and Turkish Cypriot responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage in Cyprus, noting the destruction of Turkish Cypriot heritage in the hands of Greek Cypriot extremists.[177]

## Economy

Main article: [Economy of Cyprus](/source/Economy_of_Cyprus)

[Central Bank of Cyprus](/source/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus)

In the early 21st century, Cyprus boasted a prosperous service-based economy that made it the wealthiest of the ten countries that joined the European Union in 2004.[178] However, the Cypriot economy was later damaged by the [2008 financial crisis](/source/2008_financial_crisis) and the [Euro area crisis](/source/Euro_area_crisis). In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €1.8 billion in foreign aid to support the [Cyprus Popular Bank](/source/Cyprus_Popular_Bank), and this was followed by [Fitch](/source/Fitch_Group) downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to [junk status](/source/Junk_status).[179] Fitch stated Cyprus would need an additional €4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of [Bank of Cyprus](/source/Bank_of_Cyprus), [Cyprus Popular Bank](/source/Cyprus_Popular_Bank), and [Hellenic Bank](/source/Hellenic_Bank), Cyprus's three largest banks, to the [Greek government-debt crisis](/source/Greek_government-debt_crisis).[179]

Cyprus is part of a monetary union, the [eurozone](/source/Eurozone) (dark blue) and of the [EU single market](/source/Internal_Market_(European_Union)).

The [2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis](/source/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis) led to an agreement with the [Eurogroup](/source/Eurogroup) in March 2013 to split Cyprus Popular Bank, into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion [bailout](/source/Bailout) from the [European Commission](/source/European_Commission), the [European Central Bank](/source/European_Central_Bank) and the [International Monetary Fund](/source/International_Monetary_Fund), often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant [haircut](/source/Haircut_(finance)) on [uninsured deposits](/source/Deposit_insurance), a large proportion of which were held by wealthy [Russians](/source/Russians) who used Cyprus as a [tax haven](/source/Tax_haven). Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.[180][181][182]

Limassol General Hospital

Cyprus made a staggering[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] economic recovery in the 2010s,[183] and according to the 2023 International Monetary Fund estimates, Cyprus's [per capita GDP](/source/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) at [$](/source/International_dollar)54,611 is the highest in [Southern Europe](/source/Southern_Europe), though slightly below the European Union average.[184] Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy, and Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses due its low tax rates and [ease of doing business](/source/Ease_of_doing_business_index). Robust growth was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the focus placed by Cypriot governments on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union.[185] The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the [Cypriot pound](/source/Cypriot_pound).[178]

Cyprus is the last EU member fully isolated from energy interconnections and it is expected that it will be connected to European network via the [EuroAsia Interconnector](/source/EuroAsia_Interconnector), a 2000 MW [high-voltage direct current](/source/High-voltage_direct_current) [undersea power cable](/source/Submarine_power_cable).[186] [EuroAsia Interconnector](/source/EuroAsia_Interconnector) will connect Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids. It is a leading Project of Common Interest of the [European Union](/source/European_Union) and also priority Electricity Highway Interconnector Project.[187][188]

In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as [Aphrodite](/source/Block_12) (at the exploratory drilling block 12) in Cyprus's exclusive economic zone ([EEZ](/source/EEZ)),[189] about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33°5'40″N and 32°59'0″E.[190] However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013.[191] Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, with Lebanon in 2007,[192] and with Israel in 2010.[193] In August 2011, the US-based firm [Noble Energy](/source/Noble_Energy) entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.[194]

Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,[195] threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12.[196] Cyprus's drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.[197]

### Infrastructure

Main articles: [Transport in Cyprus](/source/Transport_in_Cyprus) and [Telecommunications in Cyprus](/source/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus)

The [port of Limassol](/source/Port_of_Limassol), the busiest in Cyprus

Cyprus is one of only three EU nations in which vehicles drive on the [left-hand side of the road](/source/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic), a remnant of British rule. [A series of motorways](/source/Roads_and_motorways_in_Cyprus) runs along the coast from [Paphos](/source/Paphos) to [Ayia Napa](/source/Ayia_Napa), with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from [Larnaca](/source/Larnaca).

Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world.[198] There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006.[199] In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the [European Union](/source/European_Union) Development Bank. In 2010 the new bus network was implemented.[200]

Cyprus has two international airports in the government-controlled areas, the busier one being in [Larnaca](/source/Larnaca_International_Airport) and the other in [Paphos](/source/Paphos_International_Airport).[201] The [Ercan International Airport](/source/Ercan_International_Airport) is the only active one in the non-government-controlled areas, but all international flights there must have a stopover in Turkey.[202]

The main [harbours](/source/Harbour) of the island are [Limassol](/source/Limassol_Port) and [Larnaca](/source/Larnaca), which serve cargo, passenger and [cruise ships](/source/Cruise_ship).

Cyprus has no active railroads, but in recent years there is a call to rebuild rail line for the first time in 70 years. The call was made by the European rail supply industry association (Unife) along with Cyprus Railways Consortium.[203][204]

[Cyta](/source/CYTA), the [state-owned](/source/Public_ownership) telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including [epic](/source/Monaco_Telecom), [Cablenet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cablenet&action=edit&redlink=1), [OTEnet Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OTEnet_Telecom&action=edit&redlink=1), [Omega Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omega_Telecom&action=edit&redlink=1) and [PrimeTel](/source/PrimeTel). In the non-government-controlled areas of Cyprus, two different companies administer the mobile phone network: [Turkcell](/source/Turkcell) and [KKTC Telsim](/source/KKTC_Telsim).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Demographics

Main articles: [Demographics of Cyprus](/source/Demographics_of_Cyprus) and [List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus](/source/List_of_cities%2C_towns_and_villages_in_Cyprus)

Population growth, 1961–2003 (numbers for the entire island, excluding Turkish settlers residing in Northern Cyprus)

2010 population by age and gender

According to the Republic of Cyprus's website, the population in the government controlled areas was 918,100 at the 2021 Census, with the most populous district being Nicosia (38%), followed by Limassol (28%).[205] The Nicosia Metropolitan area, consisting of seven municipalities, is the largest urban area on the island with a population of 255,309.[206]

As per the first population census after independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.[96][207] The CIA World Factbook calculated that in 2001, [Greek Cypriots](/source/Greek_Cypriots) comprised 77%, [Turkish Cypriots](/source/Turkish_Cypriots) 18%, and others 5% of the total Cypriot population.[208][209]

Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Cypriot government conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace.[210] According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish.[211] After the military occupation of part of the island in 1974, the government of Cyprus conducted six more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2011 and 2021; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in non-government-controlled areas of the island.[207]

In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents[212] and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants.[213][209] As of 2011, there were 10,520 people of [Russian](/source/Russians_in_Cyprus) origin living in Cyprus.[214][215]

Largest groups of foreign residents Nationality Population (2011) Greece 29,321 United Kingdom 24,046 Romania 23,706 Bulgaria 18,536 Philippines 9,413 Russia 8,164 Sri Lanka 7,269 Vietnam 7,028 Syria 3,054 India 2,933

According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 ([de jure](/source/De_jure)) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what region of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.[216]

In 2010, the [International Crisis Group](/source/International_Crisis_Group) estimated that the total population of the island was 1.1 million,[217] of which there were an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were [either born in Turkey](/source/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus) or are children of such settlers.[218]

[Y-Dna haplogroups](/source/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup) are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: [J](/source/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)) (43.07% including 6.20% J1), [E1b1b](/source/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)) (20.00%), [R1](/source/Haplogroup_R1_(Y-DNA)) (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), [F](/source/Haplogroup_F_(Y-DNA)) (9.20%), [I](/source/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)) (7.70%), [K](/source/Haplogroup_K_(Y-DNA)) (4.60%), [A](/source/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)) (3.10%).[219] J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

Outside Cyprus there are significant and thriving diasporas – both a [Greek Cypriot diaspora](/source/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora) and a [Turkish Cypriot diaspora](/source/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora) – in the United Kingdom, [Australia](/source/Australia), [Canada](/source/Canada), the [United States](/source/United_States), Greece and Turkey.

According to [Council of Europe](/source/Council_of_Europe), approximately 1,250 [Romani people](/source/Romani_people) live in Cyprus.[220]

v t e Largest municipalities in Cyprus Cyprus 2021 Population and Housing Census[221] Rank Name District Pop. 1 Nicosia Nicosia 173,175 2 Limassol Limassol 124,054 3 Strovolos Nicosia 71,123 4 Larnaca Larnaca 68,194 5 Lakatamia Nicosia 53,273 6 Agios Athanasios Limassol 42,936 7 Famagusta Famagusta 42,526 8 Paphos Paphos 37,297 9 Kyrenia Kyrenia 33,207 10 Paralimni Famagusta 31,709

### Religion

Main article: [Religion in Cyprus](/source/Religion_in_Cyprus)

Religion in Cyprus (Pew Research)[222][3] Religion Percent Eastern Orthodoxy 78% Islam 20% Other 1% None 1%

[Kykkos Monastery](/source/Kykkos_Monastery) in [Pedoulas](/source/Pedoulas) (left) and [Hala Sultan Tekke](/source/Hala_Sultan_Tekke) near [Larnaca Salt Lake](/source/Larnaca_Salt_Lake) (right)

The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as [Christians](/source/Christians), specifically [Greek Orthodox](/source/Church_of_Cyprus),[3][223][224] whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of [Sunni Islam](/source/Sunni_Islam). The first [President of Cyprus](/source/President_of_Cyprus), [Makarios III](/source/Makarios_III), was an [archbishop](/source/Archbishop).

[Hala Sultan Tekke](/source/Hala_Sultan_Tekke), situated near the [Larnaca Salt Lake](/source/Larnaca_Salt_Lake) is an object of [pilgrimage](/source/Pilgrimage) for Muslims.

According to the 2001 census carried out in the government-controlled areas,[225] 94.8% of the population was [Eastern Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church), 0.9% [Armenian](/source/Armenian_religion_in_Cyprus) and [Maronite](/source/Maronite_Church), 1.5% [Latin](/source/Latin_Church) [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church), 1.0% [Church of England](/source/Church_of_England), and 0.6% Muslim. There is also a [Jewish community on Cyprus](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus). The remaining 1.3% adhered to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. The Greek Orthodox, [Armenian Apostolic Church](/source/Armenian_Apostolic_Church), and both the Maronite and Latin Catholics are constitutionally recognised denominations and exempt from taxes.[226]

### Languages

Main article: [Languages of Cyprus](/source/Languages_of_Cyprus)

The Armenian alphabet at the [Melkonian Educational Institute](/source/Melkonian_Educational_Institute). [Armenian](/source/Armenian_language) is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.

Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language).[227] [Armenian](/source/Armenian_language) and [Cypriot Maronite Arabic](/source/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic) are recognised as minority languages.[228][229] Although without official status, [English](/source/English_language) is widely spoken and features widely on road signs and in public notices and advertisements.[230] English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the [lingua franca](/source/Lingua_franca) until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996.[231] In 2010, 80.4% of Cypriots were proficient in English as a [second language](/source/Second_language).[232] Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and [Pontic Greeks](/source/Pontic_Greeks). [Russian](/source/Russian_language), after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition, in 2006, 12% of the population spoke [French](/source/French_language) and 5% spoke [German](/source/German_language).[233]

The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is [Cypriot Greek](/source/Cypriot_Greek), and that of Turkish Cypriots is [Cypriot Turkish](/source/Cypriot_Turkish).[231] These [vernaculars](/source/Vernacular) both differ from their [standard registers](/source/Standard_language) significantly.[231]

### Education

Main article: [Education in Cyprus](/source/Education_in_Cyprus)

[Faneromeni School](/source/Faneromeni_School) is the oldest all-girls primary school in Cyprus.

Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.[234] Cyprus was ranked 25th in the [Global Innovation Index](/source/Global_Innovation_Index) in 2025.[235][236]

State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.

The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. Cyprus currently[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] has the highest percentage of citizens of [working age](/source/Legal_working_age) who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.

## Culture

The entrance of the historic [Pancyprian Gymnasium](/source/Pancyprian_Gymnasium)

Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many cultural traits, while also possessing some differences. Several traditional foods (such as [souvla](/source/Souvla) and [halloumi](/source/Halloumi)) and beverages are similar,[237] as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as [tsifteteli](/source/Tsifteteli), similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities.[238] However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being [Greek Orthodox](/source/Church_of_Cyprus) and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being [Sunni Muslims](/source/Sunni_Muslims), which has partly hindered cultural exchange.[239] Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and [Islam](/source/Islam).

The [Limassol Carnival Festival](/source/Limassol_Carnival_Festival) is an annual [carnival](/source/Carnival) which is held at [Limassol](/source/Limassol), in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.[240]

### Arts

See also: [List of Cypriot artists](/source/List_of_Cypriot_artists)

Typical Cypriot architecture in old part of [Nicosia](/source/Nicosia), Cyprus

The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of [Chalcolithic](/source/Chalcolithic) period carved figures in the villages of [Khoirokoitia](/source/Khoirokoitia) and [Lempa](/source/Lempa_(Lemba)).[241] The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious [icon painting](/source/Icon_painting) from the [Middle Ages](/source/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages) as well as [many painted churches](/source/List_of_painted_churches_in_Cyprus). Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by [French Gothic](/source/French_Gothic_architecture) and Italian [renaissance](/source/Renaissance_architecture) introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

A well known traditional art that dates at least from the 14th century is the [Lefkara lace](/source/Lefkara_lace), which originates from the village of [Lefkara](/source/Pano_Lefkara). Lefkara lace is recognised as an [intangible cultural heritage](/source/Intangible_cultural_heritage) (ICH) by UNESCO, and it is characterised by distinct design patterns, and its intricate, time-consuming production process. Another local form of art that originated from Lefkara is the production of Cypriot Filigree (locally known as *Trifourenio*), a type of jewellery that is made with twisted threads of silver.

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the [Academy of Fine Arts](/source/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Venezia) in Venice.[242] Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's [Royal College of Art](/source/Royal_College_of_Art) and Christophoros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at [Saint Martin's School of Art](/source/Saint_Martin's_School_of_Art).[243] In 1960, Savva founded, together with Welsh artist Glyn Hughes, Apophasis [Decision], the first independent cultural centre of the newly established Republic of Cyprus. In 1968, Savva was among the artists representing Cyprus in its inaugural [Pavilion](/source/National_pavilions_at_the_Venice_Biennale) at the [34th Venice Biennale](/source/34th_Venice_Biennale). English Cypriot Artist [Glyn HUGHES](http://glynhughesart.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210619052247/http://glynhughesart.com/) 19 June 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) 1931–2014.[244] In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England[245] while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the [Cyprus College of Art](/source/Cyprus_College_of_Art), [University of Nicosia](/source/University_of_Nicosia) and the [Frederick Institute of Technology](/source/Frederick_Institute_of_Technology).

One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although [conceptual art](/source/Conceptual_art) is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene.

Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include [Panayiotis Kalorkoti](/source/Panayiotis_Kalorkoti), [Nicos Nicolaides](/source/Nicos_Nicolaides), [Stass Paraskos](/source/Stass_Paraskos), [Telemachos Kanthos](/source/Telemachos_Kanthos), and [Chris Achilleos](/source/Chris_Achilleos); and Turkish Cypriot artists include [İsmet Güney](/source/%C4%B0smet_G%C3%BCney), [Ruzen Atakan](/source/Ruzen_Atakan) and [Mutlu Çerkez](/source/Mutlu_%C3%87erkez).

### Music

Main article: [Music of Cyprus](/source/Music_of_Cyprus)

[Laouto](/source/Laouto), dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music

The traditional [folk music](/source/Folk_music) of Cyprus has several common elements with [Greek](/source/Music_of_Greece), [Turkish](/source/Music_of_Turkey), and [Arabic music](/source/Arabic_music), all of which descend from Byzantine music, including Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot dances such as the *tillirkotissa*, as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired *[tsifteteli](/source/Tsifteteli)* and *arapies*. There is also a form of musical poetry known as *chattista* which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the violin ("fkiolin"), [lute](/source/Lute) ("laouto"), Cyprus flute ([*pithkiavlin*](/source/Fipple_flute)), [oud](/source/Oud) ("outi"), [kanonaki](/source/Kanonaki) and percussions (including the "[tamboutsia](/source/Drum)"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include [Solon Michaelides](/source/Solon_Michaelides), [Marios Tokas](/source/Marios_Tokas), Evagoras Karageorgis and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist [Cyprien Katsaris](/source/Cyprien_Katsaris), composer [Andreas G. Orphanides](/source/Andreas_G._Orphanides), and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative [Marios Joannou Elia](/source/Marios_Joannou_Elia).

[Popular music](/source/Popular_music) in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek *[Laïka](/source/La%C3%AFka)* scene; artists who play in this genre include international [platinum](/source/Music_recording_sales_certification) star [Anna Vissi](/source/Anna_Vissi),[246][247][248][249] [Evridiki](/source/Evridiki), and [Sarbel](/source/Sarbel). [Hip hop](/source/Hip_hop_music) and [R&B](/source/Contemporary_R%26B) have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the [urban music](/source/Urban_music) scene at [Ayia Napa](/source/Ayia_Napa), while in the last years the [reggae](/source/Reggae) scene is growing, especially through the participation of many Cypriot artists at the annual [Reggae Sunjam](/source/Reggae_Sunjam) festival. Is also noted Cypriot rock music and *[Éntekhno](/source/%C3%89ntekhno)* rock is often associated with artists such as [Michalis Hatzigiannis](/source/Michalis_Hatzigiannis) and [Alkinoos Ioannidis](/source/Alkinoos_Ioannidis). [Metal](/source/Heavy_metal_music) also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, [Winter's Verge](/source/Winter's_Verge), [Methysos](/source/Methysos) and Quadraphonic.

### Literature

Main article: [Cypriot literature](/source/Cypriot_literature)

[Zeno of Citium](/source/Zeno_of_Citium), founder of the [Stoic](/source/Stoicism) school of philosophy

Literary production of the antiquity includes the *[Cypria](/source/Cypria)*, an [epic poem](/source/Epic_poetry), probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to [Stasinus](/source/Stasinus). The *Cypria* is one of the first specimens of Greek and European poetry.[250] The Cypriot [Zeno of Citium](/source/Zeno_of_Citium) was the founder of the [Stoic](/source/Stoicism) school of philosophy.

Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages). Two chronicles, one written by [Leontios Machairas](/source/Leontios_Machairas) and the other by [Georgios Boustronios](/source/Georgios_Boustronios), cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). *Poèmes d'amour* written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by [Petrarch](/source/Petrarch), [Bembo](/source/Bembo), [Ariosto](/source/Ariosto) and G. [Sannazzaro](/source/Jacopo_Sannazaro).[251] Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times, such as [Ioannis Kigalas](/source/Ioannis_Kigalas) (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.[252]

[Ioannis Kigalas](/source/Ioannis_Kigalas) (c. 1622–1687) was a [Nicosia](/source/Nicosia) born [Greek](/source/Greek_people) Cypriot scholar and professor of philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.[253]

Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan [Mahmud II](/source/Mahmud_II) and said to be the "sultan of the poems".[254]

Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer [Costas Montis](/source/Costas_Montis), poet [Kyriakos Charalambides](/source/Kyriakos_Charalambides), poet [Michalis Pasiardis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michalis_Pasiardis&action=edit&redlink=1), writer [Nicos Nicolaides](/source/Nicos_Nicolaides), Stylianos Atteshlis, [Altheides](/source/Altheides), [Loukis Akritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loukis_Akritas&action=edit&redlink=1) [[el](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82)][255] and [Demetris Th. Gotsis](/source/Demetris_Th._Gotsis). [Dimitris Lipertis](/source/Dimitris_Lipertis), [Vasilis Michaelides](/source/Vasilis_Michaelides) and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the [Cypriot-Greek](/source/Cypriot_Greek) dialect.[256][257] Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are [Osman Türkay](/source/Osman_T%C3%BCrkay), twice nominated for the [Nobel Prize in Literature](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature),[258] [Özker Yaşın](/source/%C3%96zker_Ya%C5%9F%C4%B1n), [Neriman Cahit](/source/Neriman_Cahit), [Urkiye Mine Balman](/source/Urkiye_Mine_Balman), [Mehmet Yaşın](/source/Mehmet_Ya%C5%9F%C4%B1n) and [Neşe Yaşın](/source/Ne%C5%9Fe_Ya%C5%9F%C4%B1n).

There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third-generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as [Michael Paraskos](/source/Michael_Paraskos) and [Stephanos Stephanides](/source/Stephanos_Stephanides).[259]

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature include the works of Shakespeare, with most of the play *[Othello](/source/Othello)* by [William Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare) set on the island of Cyprus. British writer [Lawrence Durrell](/source/Lawrence_Durrell) lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book *[Bitter Lemons](/source/Bitter_Lemons)* about his time in Cyprus which won the second [Duff Cooper Prize](/source/Duff_Cooper_Prize) in 1957.

### Mass media

Main articles: [Media of Cyprus](/source/Media_of_Cyprus), [Television in Cyprus](/source/Television_in_Cyprus), [Radio in Cyprus](/source/Radio_in_Cyprus), and [Cinema of Cyprus](/source/Cinema_of_Cyprus)

In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of [Freedom House](/source/Freedom_House), the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in [press freedom](/source/Press_freedom), 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better).[260] In the 2025 [World Press Freedom Index](/source/World_Press_Freedom_Index), [Reporters Without Borders](/source/Reporters_Without_Borders) ranked the Republic of Cyprus 77th out of 180 countries and stated that "[a]lthough freedom of the press is guaranteed by the constitution, the government, the Orthodox Church and business interests have significant influence over the media in Cyprus."[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*][261]

The law provides for [freedom of speech](/source/Freedom_of_speech) and [press](/source/Freedom_of_the_press), and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.[262]

Local television companies in Cyprus include the state-owned [Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation](/source/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation) which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are [BRT](/source/Bayrak), the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series.

### Cinema

Main article: [Cinema of Cyprus](/source/Cinema_of_Cyprus)

The most worldwide known Cypriot director, to have worked abroad, is [Michael Cacoyannis](/source/Michael_Cacoyannis). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed *Gregoris Afxentiou*, *Etsi Prodothike i Kypros*, and *The Mega Document*. In 1994, Cypriot film production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. In 2000, the annual amount set aside for filmmaking in the national budget was [CYP£](/source/Cypriot_pound)500,000 (about €850,000). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the [Council of Europe](/source/Council_of_Europe)'s [Eurimages](/source/Eurimages) Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature films on which a Cypriot was an executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was *I Sphagi tou Kokora* (1996), followed by *Hellados* (unreleased), *To Tama* (1999), and *O Dromos gia tin Ithaki* (2000).[263]

### Cuisine

Main article: [Cypriot cuisine](/source/Cypriot_cuisine)

Cypriot *[meze](/source/Meze)*

During the medieval period, under the French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus an elaborate form of courtly cuisine developed, fusing French, Byzantine and Middle Eastern forms. The Lusignan kings were known for importing Syrian cooks to Cyprus, and it has been suggested that one of the key routes for the importation of Middle Eastern recipes into France and other Western European countries, such as blancmange, was via the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus. These recipes became known in the West as *vyands de Chypre*, or foods of Cyprus, and the food historian William Woys Weaver has identified over one hundred of them in English, French, Italian and German recipe books of the Middle Ages. One that became particularly popular across Europe in the medieval and early modern periods was a stew made with chicken or fish called *malmonia*, which in English became mawmeny.[264]

Another example of a Cypriot food ingredient entering the Western European canon is the cauliflower, still popular and used in a variety of ways on the island today, which was associated with Cyprus from the early Middle Ages. Writing in the 12th and 13th centuries the Arab botanists [Ibn al-'Awwam](/source/Ibn_al-'Awwam) and [Ibn al-Baitar](/source/Ibn_al-Baitar) claimed the vegetable had its origins in Cyprus,[265][266] and this association with the island was echoed in Western Europe, where cauliflowers were originally known as Cyprus cabbage or *Cyprus colewart*. There was also a long and extensive trade in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, until well into the sixteenth century.[267]

Cypriot [Halloumi](/source/Halloumi)

Cypriot style café in an arcade in [Nicosia](/source/Nicosia)

Although much of the Lusignan food culture was lost after the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1571, a number of dishes that would have been familiar to the Lusignans survive today, including various forms of tahini and houmous, zalatina, skordalia and pickled wild song birds called ambelopoulia. [Ambelopoulia](/source/Ambelopoulia), which is today highly controversial, and illegal, was exported in vast quantities from Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian periods, particularly to Italy and France. In 1533 the English traveller to Cyprus, John Locke, claimed to have seen the pickled wild birds packed into large jars, of which 1200 jars were exported from Cyprus annually.[268]

Also familiar to the Lusignans would have been [Halloumi](/source/Halloumi) cheese, which some food writers today claim originated in Cyprus during the Byzantine period[269][270][271] although the name of the cheese itself is thought by academics to be of Arabic origin.[272] There is no surviving written documentary evidence of the cheese being associated with Cyprus before the year 1554, when the Italian historian [Florio Bustron](/source/Florio_Bustron) wrote of a sheep-milk cheese from Cyprus he called *calumi*.[272] Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, grilled, fried and sometimes fresh, as an appetiser or [meze](/source/Meze) dish.

Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, [red mullet](/source/Red_mullet), and [sea bass](/source/European_seabass). Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and [taro](/source/Taro). Other traditional delicacies are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as *lountza* (smoked [pork loin](/source/Pork_loin)), charcoal-grilled lamb, [souvlaki](/source/Souvlaki) (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and [sheftalia](/source/Sheftalia) (minced meat wrapped in [mesentery](/source/Mesentery)). *Pourgouri* ([bulgur](/source/Bulgur), cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy [koubes](/source/Kibbeh).

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, [okra](/source/Okra), green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, [mandarines](/source/Mandarin_orange), nectarines, [medlar](/source/Medlar), blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including *lokum* (also known as [Turkish delight](/source/Turkish_delight)) and [Soutzoukos](/source/Soutzoukos).[273] This island has [protected geographical indication (PGI)](/source/Protected_geographical_indications_in_the_European_Union#General_regime) for its *lokum* produced in the village of [Geroskipou](/source/Geroskipou).[274][275]

### Sports

[Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Centre](/source/Spyros_Kyprianou_Athletic_Center) in [Limassol](/source/Limassol)

Sport governing bodies include the [Cyprus Football Association](/source/Cyprus_Football_Association), [Cyprus Basketball Federation](/source/Cyprus_Basketball_Federation), [Cyprus Volleyball Federation](/source/Cyprus_Volleyball_Federation), [Cyprus Automobile Association](/source/Cyprus_Automobile_Association), Cyprus Badminton Federation,[276] [Cyprus Cricket Association](/source/Cyprus_Cricket_Association), [Cyprus Rugby Federation](/source/Cyprus_Rugby_Federation) and the Cyprus Pool Association.

Notable sports teams in the Cyprus leagues include [APOEL FC](/source/APOEL_FC), [Anorthosis Famagusta FC](/source/Anorthosis_Famagusta_FC), [AC Omonia](/source/AC_Omonia), [AEL Limassol FC](/source/AEL_Lemesos), [Apollon Limassol FC](/source/Apollon_Limassol_FC), [Nea Salamis Famagusta FC](/source/Nea_Salamis_Famagusta_FC), [Olympiakos Nicosia](/source/Olympiakos_Nicosia), [AEK Larnaca FC](/source/AEK_Larnaca_FC), [Aris Limassol FC](/source/Aris_Limassol_FC), [AEL Limassol B.C.](/source/AEL_Limassol_B.C.), [Keravnos B.C.](/source/Keravnos_B.C.) and [Apollon Limassol B.C.](/source/Apollon_Limassol_B.C.) Stadiums or sports venues include the [GSP Stadium](/source/GSP_Stadium) (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas), [Tsirion Stadium](/source/Tsirion_Stadium) (second largest), [Neo GSZ Stadium](/source/Neo_GSZ_Stadium), [Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium](/source/Antonis_Papadopoulos_Stadium), [Ammochostos Epistrofi Stadium](/source/Ammochostos_Epistrofi_Stadium). [Makario Stadium](/source/Makario_Stadium) and [Alphamega Stadium](/source/Alphamega_Stadium).

In the 2008–09 season, [Anorthosis Famagusta FC](/source/Anorthosis_Famagusta_FC) was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the [UEFA Champions League](/source/UEFA_Champions_League) Group stage. Next season, [APOEL FC](/source/APOEL_FC) qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the [2011–12 UEFA Champions League](/source/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Champions_League) after finishing top of its group and beating French [Olympique Lyonnais](/source/Olympique_Lyonnais) in the Round of 16. The [Cyprus national rugby union team](/source/Cyprus_national_rugby_union_team) known as *The Moufflons* currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the [Cyprus Rugby Federation](/source/Cyprus_Rugby_Federation) was only formed in 2006.

Footballer [Sotiris Kaiafas](/source/Sotiris_Kaiafas) won the [European Golden Shoe](/source/European_Golden_Shoe) in the 1975–76 season; Cyprus is the smallest country by population to have one of its players win the award. Tennis player [Marcos Baghdatis](/source/Marcos_Baghdatis) was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the [Wimbledon](/source/The_Championships%2C_Wimbledon) semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper [Kyriakos Ioannou](/source/Kyriakos_Ioannou) achieved a jump of 2.35m at the 11th [IAAF World Championships in Athletics](/source/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics) in [Osaka](/source/Osaka), Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, [Tio Ellinas](/source/Tio_Ellinas) is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the [GP3 Series](/source/GP3_Series) for Marussia [Manor Motorsport](/source/Manor_Motorsport). There is also mixed martial artist [Costas Philippou](/source/Costas_Philippou), who competed in [UFC](/source/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship)'s middleweight division from 2011 until 2015. Costas holds a 6–4 record in UFC bouts.

Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings [Christopher](/source/Christopher_Papamichalopoulos) and [Sophia Papamichalopoulou](/source/Sophia_Papamichalopoulou) qualified for the [2010 Winter Olympics](/source/2010_Winter_Olympics) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They were the only athletes who managed to qualify and thus represented [Cyprus at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/source/Cyprus_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics). The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor [Pavlos Kontides](/source/Pavlos_Kontides), at the [2012 Summer Olympics](/source/2012_Summer_Olympics) in the [Men's Laser class](/source/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_Laser_class).

## See also

- [Cyprus portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cyprus)
- [Countries portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries)
- [Asia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia)
- [Europe portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe)
- [European Union portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union)
- [Islands portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands)

- [Ancient regions of Anatolia](/source/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia)

- [List of notable Cypriots](/source/List_of_Cypriots)

- [Northern Cyprus](/source/Northern_Cyprus)

- [Outline of Cyprus](/source/Outline_of_Cyprus)

- [Cuprum](/source/Copper) (scientific name for "copper")

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the [Council of Ministers](/source/Council_of_Ministers).[1]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the [Turkish invasion](/source/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus) in 1974.[3]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-island_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-island_6-1) Including Northern Cyprus, the [UN buffer zone](/source/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus) and [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](/source/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** The [.eu](/source/.eu) domain is also used, shared with other [European Union](/source/European_Union) member states.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [/ˈsaɪprəs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Cyprus.ogg) [*SYPE-rəs*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key); [Greek](/source/Greek_language): Κύπρος, [romanised](/source/Romanization_of_Greek): *Kýpros* [\[ˈcipros\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek); [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language): *Kıbrıs* [\[ˈkɯbɾɯs\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q256_(tur)-ToprakM-K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s.wav)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, romanised: *Kypriakí Dimokratía*, [\[cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek), lit: Cypriot Republic; Turkish: *Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti*, [\[ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish), lit: Republic of Cyprus

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** *[De jure](/source/De_jure)* until 1914

1. **[^](#cite_ref-120)** See:[107][108][109][110][111]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-136)** See:[122][123][124][125][126]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["National Anthem"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110813155316/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument). *presidency.gov.cy*. Archived from [the original](http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument) on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Cyprus"](http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020). *Global Religious Future*. Pew Research Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020) from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-CIA_4-7) ["Cyprus"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2010.zip). *[The World Factbook](/source/The_World_Factbook)* (2010 ed.). [Central Intelligence Agency](/source/Central_Intelligence_Agency). Retrieved 9 February 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Census of Population and Housing 2021, Preliminary Results by District, Municipality/Community"](https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/PressRelease?id=66208). Nicosia: Statistical Service of Cyprus. 4 August 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220524094953/https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/PressRelease?id=66208) from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150507213545/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm). *United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, [Population Division](/source/United_Nations_Population_Division)*. New York. 2013. Archived from [the original](http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm) on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IMF_WEO_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IMF_WEO_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-IMF_WEO_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-IMF_WEO_10-3) ["World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, April 2026"](https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)). Washington, D.C.: [International Monetary Fund](/source/International_Monetary_Fund). 14 April 2026. Retrieved 14 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income"](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en). Luxembourg: [Eurostat](/source/Eurostat). 26 March 2026. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-UNHDR_12-0)** ["Human Development Report 2025"](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) (PDF). [United Nations Development Programme](/source/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-citypopulation_16-0)** ["CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING 2021: PRELIMINARY RESULTS BY DISTRICT AND MUNICIPALITY/COMMUNITY"](https://library.cystat.gov.cy/NEW/Census2021-Preliminary_Results-EN-040823.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Census2021_17-0)** ["Census of Population and Housing 2021: Final Results - gov.cy"](https://www.gov.cy/en/economy-and-finance/census-of-population-and-housing-2021-final-results/). *www.gov.cy*. 9 August 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Stass Paraskos, The Mythology of Cyprus (London: Orage Press, 2016) p.1f

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Hadjisavvas, Sophocles (2013). [*The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html). Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. p. 1. Archived from [the original](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Getzel M Cohen (1995). [*The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35). University of California Press. p. 35. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-91408-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91408-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150911021830/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Charles A. Stewart (2008). ["Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus"](https://openpublishing.psu.edu/ahd/content/domes-heaven-domed-basilicas-cyprus). *openpublishing.psu.edu*. ProQuest LLC. p. 69. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-549-75556-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-75556-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250915091434/https://openpublishing.psu.edu/ahd/content/domes-heaven-domed-basilicas-cyprus) from the original on 15 September 2025. Retrieved 15 September 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** Michael Spilling; Jo-ann Spilling (2010). [*Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23). Marshall Cavendish. p. 23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7614-4855-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4855-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160412132426/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Parpas_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Parpas_63-1) Parpas, Andreas P. (19 October 2014). ["Alexander the Great and the Kingdoms of Cyprus – a Reconsideration"](https://www.academia.edu/8861166). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220807195911/https://www.academia.edu/8861166) from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["Arrian, Anabasis, 3.6.3"](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220807201301/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0530:book%3D3:chapter%3D6:section%3D3) from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Keefe_1993_65-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Keefe_1993_65-1) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain). Keefe, Eugene K.; Solsten, Eric (1993). "Historical Setting". In Solsten, Eric (ed.). [*Cyprus: A Country Study*](https://www.loc.gov/item/92036090/) (Fourth ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 10–12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8444-0752-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0752-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** [Metcalf, David Michael](/source/Michael_Metcalf) (2009). *Byzantine Cyprus, 491–1191*. Cyprus Research Centre. pp. 32–33, 427–421.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** Norwich, J. J. (1995) *Byzantium: The Decline and Fall*. London: Viking, p. 121

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Riddle, J.M. *A History of the Middle Ages*. Lanham, MD, US: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p. 326. [\[3\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA326) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150915220219/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA326) 15 September 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** See James G. Schryver, 'Colonialism or Conviviencia in Frankish Cyprus?' in I.W. Zartman (ed.), *Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Boundaries in Depth and in Motio* (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010) pp. 133–159; see also Evangelia Skoufari "Cyprus during the 16th century: a Frankish kingdom, a Venetian colony, a multicultural society", in *Joves pensant la Mediterrània – Mar de diàleg*, no. 5 dir. Enric Olivé Serret, Tarragona, Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira y Virgili, Tarragona 2008, pp. 283–295.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Benjamin Arbel, David Jacoby, *Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean*, (London: Taylor and Francis, 1996) p. 45

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Eric Solsten, ed. (1991). ["Cyprus: A Country Study"](http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm). *Countrystudies.us*. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Mallinson, William (30 June 2005). [*Cyprus: A Modern History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81). I. B. Tauris. p. 1. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85043-580-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-580-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** Orhonlu, Cengiz (2010), "The Ottoman Turks Settle in Cyprus", in Inalcık, Halil (ed.), *The First International Congress of Cypriot Studies: Presentations of the Turkish Delegation*, Institute for the Study of Turkish Culture, p. 99

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Jennings, Ronald (1993), *Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640*, New York University Press, p. 232, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8147-4181-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4181-8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** Mallinson, William. ["Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica)"](http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement) (PDF). *Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133438/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement) (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ottoman_76-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ottoman_76-1) [Cyprus – Ottoman Rule](http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm) 17 January 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *U.S. Library of Congress*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** Hatay, Mete (2007), [*Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking?*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150702022552/https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf) (PDF), International Peace Research Institute, p. 19, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-82-7288-244-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-7288-244-9), archived from [the original](http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf) (PDF) on 2 July 2015, retrieved 4 February 2026

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** *Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914* by [Kemal Karpat](/source/Kemal_Karpat), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [975-333-169-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-333-169-X) and *Die Völker des Osmanischen* by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Jennings_1992_79-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Jennings_1992_79-1) Ronald Jennings (1 August 1992). [*Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596). NYU Press. pp. 596–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8147-4318-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4318-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** Captain A. R. Savile (1878). [*Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130). H.M. Stationery Office. p. 130. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** Chrysostomos Pericleous (2009). [*Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131). I.B.Tauris. p. 131. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85771-193-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-193-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150911014545/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** Mirbagheri, Farid (2010). [*Historical dictionary of Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC) ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Scarecrow Press. pp. xxvii, 124. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-6298-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6298-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** William Mallinson; Bill Mallinson (2005). [*Cyprus: a modern history*](https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall). I.B.Tauris. p. [10](https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall/page/n30). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85043-580-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-580-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Baten, Jörg (2016). *A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present*. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-107-50718-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stavridis_85-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stavridis_85-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Stavridis_85-2) Stavridis, Stavros Terry (31 July 1993), *Greek-Cypriot Enosis of October 1915: "A Lost Opportunity?"*. [La Trobe University](/source/La_Trobe_University). p. 289. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** Xypolia, Ilia (2011). ["'Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British"](https://doi.org/10.21773%2Fboun.25.2.6). *Bogazici Journal*. **25** (2): 109–120. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.21773/boun.25.2.6](https://doi.org/10.21773%2Fboun.25.2.6). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1300-9583](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1300-9583).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** Ker-Lindsay, James (2011). [*The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC). Oxford University Press. pp. 14–5. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-975716-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975716-9). They hoped that the transfer of administration would pave the way for the island to be united with Greece—an aspiration known as 'enosis'. At the time, these calls for enosis were not just limited to Cyprus. Instead, Cyprus was part of a wider political movement ... This overarching political ambition was known as the Megali Idea (Great Idea).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** Lange, Matthew (2011). [*Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Educational Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac2NRpHoY3EC). Cambridge University Press. p. 88. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-50544-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50544-4).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Diez_2002_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Diez_2002_89-1) Diez, Thomas (2002). [*The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union*](https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&pg=PA83). Manchester University Press. p. 83. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7190-6079-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6079-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** Huth, Paul (2009). [*Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC). University of Michigan Press. p. 206. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-472-02204-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02204-5). From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** Papadakis, Yiannis; Peristianis, Nicos; Welz, Gisela (18 July 2006). [*Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict*](https://books.google.com/books?id=wzPG7b_m4swC&pg=PA2). Indiana University Press. p. 2. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-253-11191-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11191-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** Isachenko, Daria (2012). [*The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&pg=PA37). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-230-39207-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39207-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** Pericleous, Chrysostomos (2009). [*Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135). I.B. Tauris. pp. 135–6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85771-193-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-193-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** Mirbagheri, Farid (2009). *Historical Dictionary of Cyprus*. Scarecrow Press. p. xiv. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-6298-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6298-2). Greek Cypriots engaged in a military campaign for enosis, union with Greece. Turkish Cypriots, in response, expressed their desire for taksim, partition of the island.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** Behlul (Behlul) Ozkan (Ozkan) (26 June 2012). [*From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199). Yale University Press. p. 199. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-18351-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18351-1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150915212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199) from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. In line with the nationalist rhetoric that "Cyprus is Turkish", Menderes predicated his declaration upon the geographic proximity between Cyprus and Anatolia, thereby defining "Cyprus as an extension of Anatolia". It was striking that Menderes rejected partitioning the island into two ethnic states, a position that would define Turkey's foreign policy regarding Cyprus after 1957

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bellingeri_2005_96-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bellingeri_2005_96-1) G. Bellingeri; T. Kappler (2005). [*Cipro oggi*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27). Casa editrice il Ponte. pp. 27–29. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-89465-07-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89465-07-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150911010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. The educational and political mobilisation between 1948–1958, aiming at raising Turkish national consciousness, resulted in the involving Turkey as motherland in the Cyprus Question. From then on, Turkey, would work hand in hand with the Turkish Cypriot leadership and the British government to oppose the Greek Cypriot demand for Enosis and realise the partition of Cyprus, which meanwhile became the national policy.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin (2011). *Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire*. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 285. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-230-30038-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30038-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** Dale C. Tatum (1 January 2002). [*Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War*](https://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43). University Press of America. p. 43. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7618-2444-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2444-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131012220734/http://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43) from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** Kourvetaris, George A. (1999). [*Studies on modern Greek society and politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25). East European Monographs. p. 347. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88033-432-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-432-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125913/https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** Caesar V. Mavratsas. ["Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080605233259/http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html). cyprus-conflict.net. Archived from [the original](http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html) on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** Faustmann, Hubert; Ker-Lindsay, James (2008). [*The Government and Politics of Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48). Peter Lang. p. 48. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-03911-096-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-096-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121228/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** Mirbagheri, Farid (2009). [*Historical Dictionary of Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25). Scarecrow Press. p. 25. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780810862982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810862982). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** Trimikliniotis, Nicos (2012). [*Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 104. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-137-10080-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-10080-1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Solsten2_104-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Solsten2_104-1) [Eric Solsten, ed. *Cyprus: A Country Study*](http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100228/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm) 11 May 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Solsten1_105-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Solsten1_105-1) [Eric Solsten, ed. *Cyprus: A Country Study*](http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111012050603/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm) 12 October 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** Oberling, Pierre. *The road to Bellapais* (1982), Social Science Monographs, [p. 120](https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records%2C+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis.) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230428082807/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records,+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis.) 28 April 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine): "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** Ker-Lindsay, James (2011). [*The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC). Oxford University Press. pp. 35–6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-975716-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975716-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123104/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-108)** ["1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm). *BBC News*. 24 April 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081217190225/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** Jacob M. Landau (1979). *Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House*. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-110)** Mirbagheri, Farid (2014). [*Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964–1986*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28). Routledge. p. 28. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-136-67752-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67752-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125857/https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-111)** Papadakis, Yiannis (2003). "Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus". *History and Anthropology*. **14** (3): 253–270. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/0275720032000136642](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0275720032000136642). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [143231403](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143231403). culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece

1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank (23 May 2011). [*The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC). John Wiley & Sons. p. 184. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4443-9072-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9072-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125914/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-113)** *Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5*. Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University. 1996. p. 204.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-114)** ["Cyprus: Big Troubles over a Small Island"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111221060408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. 29 July 1974. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html) on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-115)** Ronen, Yaël (2011). [*Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC). Cambridge University Press. p. 62. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-49617-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49617-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125752/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020. Tensions escalated again in July 1974, following a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots favouring a union of Cyprus with Greece. In response to the coup, Turkey invaded Cyprus.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-116)** Bryant, Rebecca; Papadakis, Yiannis (2012). [*Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict*](https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC). I.B.Tauris. p. 5. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78076-107-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-107-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125819/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020. In response to the coup, Turkey launched a military offensive in Cyprus that divided the island along the Green Line, which now splits the entire island.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-117)** Diez, Thomas (2002). [*The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union*](https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC). Manchester University Press. p. 105. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7190-6079-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6079-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125754/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020. Turkey did, however, act unilaterally in 1974, in response to a military coup in Cyprus instigated by the military junta ruling then in Greece with the apparent objective of annexing the island.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-118)** Ker-Lindsay, James; Faustmann, Hubert; Mullen, Fiona (2011). [*An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC). I.B. Tauris. p. 3. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781848856783](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848856783). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124237/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Divided since 1974, when Turkish forces invaded in response to a Greek led coup, many observers felt that taking in the island would either be far too risky or far too problematic.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-119)** Mirbagheri, Faruk (2009). [*Historical Dictionary of Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC). Scarecrow Press. p. 43. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-6298-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6298-2). On 20 July 1974, in response to the coup and justifying its action under the Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey landed forces in Kyrenia.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-121)** Gray, Christine (2008). [*International Law and the Use of Force*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ). Oxford University Press. p. 94. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-102162-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102162-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124202/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-122)** Taki Theodoracopulos (1 January 1978). [*The Greek Upheaval: Kings, Demagogues, and Bayonets*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ). Caratzas Bros. p. 66. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89241-080-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89241-080-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150911011201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-123)** Eric Solsten; Library of Congress. Federal Research Division (1993). [*Cyprus, a country study*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 219. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8444-0752-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0752-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234346/https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ) from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Craig_2001_124-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Craig_2001_124-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Craig_2001_124-2) Brendan O'Malley; Ian Craig (25 June 2001). [*The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195). I.B. Tauris. pp. 195–197. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85773-016-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-016-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160412182115/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-125)** Sumantra Bose (30 June 2009). [*Contested Lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86). Harvard University Press. p. 86. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-674-02856-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02856-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133548/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-126)** U.S. Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 3, 8 March 2001 to 26 March 2001 [\[4\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224624/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095) 10 September 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-127)** *Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period*. Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986). 1986. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0275921415](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275921415).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-128)** ["Over 100 missing identified so far"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202937/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1). *Cyprus Mail*. Archived from [the original](http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-129)** ["Missing cause to get cash injection"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1). *Cyprus Mail*. Archived from [the original](http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-130)** ["According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541"](https://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm). United Nations. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090319123420/http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm) from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-131)** European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference (2007). [*Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17–20 November 2005*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50). Peeters Publishers. p. 50. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-429-1858-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1858-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160412144859/https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015. There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-132)** Quigley (6 September 2010). [*The Statehood of Palestine*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164). Cambridge University Press. p. 164. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-49124-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49124-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164) from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-133)** [Nathalie Tocci](/source/Nathalie_Tocci) (January 2004). [*EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?*](https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 56. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7546-4310-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4310-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150915202840/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56) from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. The occupied territory included 70 percent of the island's economic potential with over 50 percent of the industrial ... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus. ... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-134)** Dr Anders Wivel; Robert Steinmetz (28 March 2013). [*Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 165. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4094-9958-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9958-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150922110421/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165) from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey

1. **[^](#cite_ref-135)** Peter Neville (22 March 2013). [*Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293). Scarecrow Press. p. 293. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-7371-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7371-1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212811/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293) from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-137)** James Ker-Lindsay; Hubert Faustmann; Fiona Mullen (15 May 2011). [*An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15). I.B.Tauris. p. 15. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84885-678-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-678-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150918194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15) from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Classified as illegal under international law, and now due to Cyprus' accession into the [European Union](/source/European_Union) is also an illegal occupation of EU territory.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-138)** [*Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 5*](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhu0005unse_j7e0). Oxford University Press. 2009. p. [460](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhu0005unse_j7e0/page/460). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0195334029](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195334029).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-139)** ["Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus"](http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52). Un.int. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120930051656/http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52) from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-140)** Palley, Claire (18 May 2005). *An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004*. Hart Publishing. p. 224. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84113-578-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-578-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-141)** Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', *Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies* 11 (2), Autumn 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-142)** ["Emotion as Cyprus border opens"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm). *BBC News*. 23 April 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065858/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-143)** ["Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm). *BBC News*. 9 March 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080307041606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm) from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-144)** [Ledra Street crossing opens in Cyprus](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/03/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Ledra-Street.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080615132540/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/03/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Ledra-Street.php) 15 June 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press) article published on [International Herald Tribune](/source/International_Herald_Tribune) Website, 3 April 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-145)** Hadjicostis, Menelaos (11 May 2015). ["UN envoy says Cyprus reunification talks to resume May 15"](https://apnews.com/b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6). *Associated Press News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115638/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/UN-envoy-says-divided-Cyprus-rival-leaders-to-restart-stalled-reunification-talks-May-15/id-b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6) from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-146)** Smith, Helena (7 July 2017). ["Cyprus reunification talks collapse amid angry scenes"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170707144641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes) from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-147)** ["Cyprus 'golden passports' bring Russians into the EU"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html). *Al Jazeera*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190204165732/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html) from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-148)** ["Exclusive: Cyprus sold passports to 'politically exposed persons'"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html). *Al Jazeera*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200824100832/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html) from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-149)** Rakopoulos, Theodoros; Fischer, Leandros (10 November 2020). ["In Cyprus, the Golden Passports Scheme Shows Us How Capitalism and Corruption Go Hand in Hand"](https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption). *Jacobin*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201112225241/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-150)** ["Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ). *Reuters*. 17 August 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200817150821/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ) from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-152)** ["Erdoğan dashes hopes for resumption of Cyprus talks on invasion's 50th anniversary"](https://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-president-erdogan-dashes-hopes-resumption-cyprus-talks-invasion-50th-anniversary/). *Politico*. 20 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-154)** ["BBC News – Cyprus country profile"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm). 23 December 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-155)** ["Europe map / Map of Europe – Facts, Geography, History of Europe – Worldatlas.com"](http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150516064446/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm) from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-157)** [Erdik, Mustafa](/source/Mustafa_Erdik) (2013). *Strong Ground Motion Seismology*. p. 469.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-158)** Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). ["An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287). *BioScience*. **67** (6): 534–545. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/biosci/bix014](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-3568](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5451287](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28608869](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-160)** Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). ["Updated world map of the Köppen – Geiger climate classification"](https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007). *Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci*. **11** (5): 1633–1644. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007HESS...11.1633P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007](https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1027-5606](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606). *(direct: [Final Revised Paper](https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf) 3 February 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine))*

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-London_climate_165-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-London_climate_165-1) ["Met Office: Climate averages 1981–2010"](http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu). [Met Office](/source/Met_Office). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160405045424/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu) from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Meteo_166-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Meteo_166-1) Department of Meteorology. ["The Climate of Cyprus"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150614000827/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?opendocument). Archived from [the original](http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?OpenDocument) on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015. Statistical analysis of rainfall in Cyprus reveals a decreasing trend of rainfall amounts in the last 30-year[s].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-167)** [Dams of Cyprus](http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/Wdd.nsf/All/F1C37F7EC2249715C2256CC50039DDD5?OpenDocument&highlight=108%20dams) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171014105005/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/Wdd.nsf/All/F1C37F7EC2249715C2256CC50039DDD5?OpenDocument&highlight=108%20dams) 14 October 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-229)** (n=65), Capelli, C.; Redhead, N.; Romano, V.; Cali, F.; Lefranc, G.; Delague, V.; Megarbane, A.; Felice, A. E.; Pascali, V. L.; Neophytou, P. I.; Poulli, Z.; Novelletto, A.; Malaspina, P.; Terrenato, L.; Berebbi, A.; Fellous, M.; Thomas, M. G.; Goldstein, D. B. (2006). "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective". *Annals of Human Genetics*. **70** (2): 207–225. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00224.x). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2108/37090](https://hdl.handle.net/2108%2F37090). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16626331](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16626331). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [25536759](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25536759).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-239)** ["EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194723/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html). *Europa (web portal)*. 27 October 2006. Archived from [the original](http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-240)** Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter, eds. (2006). ["Greece and Cyprus"](https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C). *Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft*. Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1881–1889. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783110184181](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110184181). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130217/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Euromosaic_241-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Euromosaic_241-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Euromosaic_241-2) European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture, ed. (2006). [*Euromosaic III: Presence of regional and minority language groups in the new member states*](http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-iii-pbNC7406031/). Brussels: Office for official publications of the European communities. pp. 19–23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-79-01291-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-01291-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130232/https://op.europa.eu/en/web/general-publications/publications) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-242)** Mejer, Lene; Boateng, Sadi q Kwesi; Turchetti, Paolo (2010). ["Population and social conditions"](http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF) (PDF). Statistics in Focus. [eurostat](/source/Eurostat). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160217061503/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF) (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2014.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-244)** [UNICEF, Division of Policy and Practice, Statistics and Monitoring Section](http://www.childinfo.org/files/IND_Cyprus.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510004016/http://www.childinfo.org/files/IND_Cyprus.pdf) 10 May 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) childinfo.org, May 2008.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-246)** Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). [*Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads*](https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html). [World Intellectual Property Organization](/source/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization). p. 19. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.34667/tind.58864](https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-805-3797-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0). Retrieved 17 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-247)** Hatay, Mete (2006). ["The Levantine Legacy of Cypriot Culinary Culture"](https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258). *Cyprus Review*. **18** (2): 129–142. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230416101814/https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258) from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-248)** Fong, Mary; Chuang, Rueyling (2004). [*Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 286. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7425-1739-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1739-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-249)** Patrick R. Hugg (November 2001). *Cyprus in Europe: Seizing the Momentum of Nice*. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. [SSRN](/source/SSRN_(identifier)) [2257945](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2257945).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerinBurdick197982_250-0)** [Merin & Burdick1979](#CITEREFMerinBurdick1979), p. 82.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-251)** ["Lemba Archaeological Research Centre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041553/http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html). Arcl.ed.ac.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html) on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-252)** Chrysanthos Christou, *A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art*, Nicosia 1983.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-253)** ["Christoforos Savva"](https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus.). www.hatjecantz.de. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210919011443/https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus.) from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-254)** Ministry of Education and Culture, *State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art* (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-255)** Michael Paraskos, "The Art of Modern Cyprus", in *Sunjet*, Spring 2002, 62f

1. **[^](#cite_ref-256)** [*Billboard*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 May 1999. p. 8. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-2510](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150911001516/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8) from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto

1. **[^](#cite_ref-257)** Hellander, Paul; Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark; Christopher Deliso (2008). [*Lonely Planet Greek Islands*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49). Lonely Planet. p. 49. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-74104-314-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-314-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150922103814/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49) from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece

1. **[^](#cite_ref-258)** [*Billboard*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MhQEAAAAMBAJ). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 14 July 2001. p. [71](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MhQEAAAAMBAJ/page/n70). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-2510](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510). Retrieved 20 June 2015. The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk

1. **[^](#cite_ref-259)** [*Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ). Vol. 9. World Marketing Incorporated. 2000. p. 70. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150910221009/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ) from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece 'We also have ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-260)** "An indication that at least the main contents of the *Cypria* were known around 650 BC is provided by the representation of the [Judgment of Paris](/source/Judgment_of_Paris) on the [Chigi vase](/source/Chigi_vase)" (Burkert 1992:103). On the [proto-Corinthian](/source/Proto-Corinthian) [ewer](/source/Ewer) of c. 640 BC known as the [Chigi "vase"](http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah300/13-myth/33.image.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130821235045/http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah300/13-myth/33.image.html) 21 August 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Paris is identified as *Alexandros*, as he was apparently called in *Cypria*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-261)** Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-262)** Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie (1956). *Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40*. Akademie-Verlag. pp. 209–210. John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as doctor of philosophy and theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-263)** Serena, Sebastiano; Barbarigo, Gregorio (1963). *S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria*. Editrice Antenore. p. 495. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [6706000](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6706000). Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-264)** Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K. Rüstem.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-265)** ["Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195913/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256). Archived from [the original](http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-266)** ["Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195859/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91). Archived from [the original](http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-267)** ["Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195938/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252). Archived from [the original](http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-268)** [Kozmik şiirin yazarı](http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=-31947) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204605/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=-31947) 17 October 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (Hürriyet). Retrieved 31 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-269)** Alexander Davidian, 'A literary resilience' in *The Cyprus Weekly* (Cyprus newspaper), 10 January 2016

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-272)** ["Cyprus"](https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204274) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200328020122/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204274) 28 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012*, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-273)** "[Film Birth – History of Cinema – Cyprus](http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012748/http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html) 24 September 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-274)** William Woys Weaver, 'Poland in the Middle Ages' in Maria Dembinska (ed.) *Food and Drink in Medieval Poland: Rediscovering a Cuisine of the Past* (Philadelphia: University of University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) pp. 41–46

1. **[^](#cite_ref-275)** ["Cabbage Flowers for Food"](http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html). *Aggie Horticulture*. Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140812232947/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu//archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html) from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-276)** Fenwick, G. Roger; Heaney, Robert K.; Mullin, W. John; VanEtten, Cecil H. (1982). "Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants". *CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition*. **18** (2): 123–201. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/10408398209527361](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398209527361). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [6337782](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6337782).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-277)** Jon Gregerson, *Good Earth* (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41

1. **[^](#cite_ref-278)** David Bannerman and Mary Bannerman *Birds of Cyprus* (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1958) p. 384

1. **[^](#cite_ref-279)** Goldstein, Darra; Merkle, Kathrin; Parasecoli, Fabio; Mennell, Stephen; Council of Europe (2005). *Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue*. Council of Europe. p. 121. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-871-5744-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-5744-7). Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-280)** Robinson, R. K.; Tamime, A. Y. (1991). *Feta and Related Cheeses*. Woodhead Publishing. p. 144. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85573-278-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-278-0). Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep's or goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-281)** Murdoch Books Pty Limited (2005). *Essential Mediterranean*. Murdoch Books. p. 21. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-74045-539-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74045-539-8). HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Papademas_117_282-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Papademas_117_282-1) P. Papademas, "Halloumi Cheese" in A.Y. Tamime (ed.), *Brined Cheeses* (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006) p.117

1. **[^](#cite_ref-283)** "[Cyprus villagers make giant sweet](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3753928.stm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3753928.stm) 17 May 2024 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)", *BBC News*, 18 October 2004

1. **[^](#cite_ref-284)** ["Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081202125809/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php). *International Herald Tribune*. Associated Press. 13 December 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php) on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-285)** Andreou, Evie (4 July 2016). ["Agros rose preserve included in protected geographical indication list"](http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/). *Cyprus Mail*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070241/http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-286)** ["Cyprus Badminton Federation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054924/http://www.cyprusbadminton.com/). Cyprusbadminton.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.cyprusbadminton.com) on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

## Further reading

- Brewin, Christopher (2000). *European Union and Cyprus*. Eothen Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-906719-24-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906719-24-4).

- Charalambous, Giorgos (2015). *Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus*. Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-317386-56-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317386-56-8).

- Clark, Tommy. *A Brief History of Cyprus* (2020) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Cyprus-Tommy-Clark/dp/1527268527/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034636/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Cyprus-Tommy-Clark/dp/1527268527/) 26 March 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- Dods, Clement, ed. (1999). *Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives*. The Eothen Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-906719-23-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906719-23-7).

- Durrell, Lawrence (March 2001) [1957]. [*Bitter Lemons*](https://archive.org/details/bitterlemonsofcy0000durr). Faber and Faber. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-571-20155-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20155-6).

- Faustmann, Hubert; Nicos Peristianis (2006). *Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878–2006*. Bibliopolis. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-933925-36-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933925-36-7).

- Gibbons, Harry Scott (1997). [*The Genocide Files*](https://archive.org/details/genocidefiles00gibb). Charles Bravos Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9514464-2-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9514464-2-3).

- Hannay, David (2005). *Cyprus: The Search for a Solution*. [I.B.Tauris](/source/I.B.Tauris). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85043-665-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-665-2).

- Hitchens, Christopher (1997). *Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger*. Verso. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85984-189-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-189-1).

- Ker-Lindsay, James (2005). *EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus*. Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4039-9690-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9690-9).

- Ker-Lindsay, James; Hubert Faustmann (2009). *The Government and Politics of Cyprus*. Peter Lang. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-03911-096-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-096-4).

- Mallinson, William (2005). *Cyprus a Modern History*. I.B.Tauris. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85043-580-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-580-8).

- Merin, Jennifer; Burdick, Elizabeth B. (1 November 1979). [*International directory of theatre, dance, and folklore festivals: a project of the International Theatre Institute of the United States, inc*](https://archive.org/details/internationaldir00meri). Greenwood Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-313-20993-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20993-2).

- Mirbagheri, Farid (1989). [*Cyprus and International Peacemaking*](https://archive.org/details/cyprusinternatio0000mirb). Hurst. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85065-354-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-354-7).

- Nicolet, Claude (2001). *United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974*. Bibliopolis. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-933925-20-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933925-20-6).

- Oberling, Pierre (1982). *The Road to Bellapais*. Columbia University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88033-000-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-000-8).

- O'Malley, Brendan; Ian Craig (1999). *The Cyprus Conspiracy*. I.B.Tauris. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-86064-737-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-737-6).

- Palley, Claire (2005). *An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004*. Hart Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84113-578-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-578-6).

- Papadakis, Yiannis (2005). *Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide*. I.B.Tauris. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85043-428-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-428-3).

- Richmond, Oliver (1998). *Mediating in Cyprus*. Frank Cass. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7146-4431-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4431-8).

- Richmond, Oliver; James Ker-Lindsay, eds. (2001). *The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development*. Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-333-91271-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-91271-3).

- Richter, Heinz (2010). *A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009*. Rutzen. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-447-06212-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06212-1).

- Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). *Chypre d'aujourd'hui*. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406 p., ill. with b&w photos. and fold. maps.

- Tocci, Nathalie (2004). *EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?*. Ashgate. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7546-4310-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4310-4).

- Yiorghos, Leventis; Murata Sawayanagi Nanako; Hazama Yasushi (2008). *Crossing Over Cyprus*. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-4-86337-003-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86337-003-6).

## External links

**Cyprus**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cyprus) from Wiktionary
- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_-_K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cyprus) from Wikiquote
- [Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cyprus) from Wikisource
- [Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cyprus) from Wikibooks
- [Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cyprus) from Wikiversity
- [Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cyprus) from Wikivoyage

**General Information**

- ["Cyprus"](https://web.archive.org/web/20251205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus). *[The World Factbook](/source/The_World_Factbook)* (2025 ed.). [Central Intelligence Agency](/source/Central_Intelligence_Agency).

- [Timeline of Cyprus by BBC](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm)

- [Cyprus](https://web.archive.org/web/20080727022814/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cyprus.htm) from *UCB Libraries GovPubs*

- [Cyprus](https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/cy/) information from the [United States Department of State](/source/United_States_Department_of_State) includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports

- [Cyprus profile](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17217956) from the [BBC News](/source/BBC_News)

- [The UN in Cyprus](http://www.unficyp.org/)

**Government**

- [Cyprus High Commission Trade Centre – London](http://www.cyprustrade.co.uk/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220625180826/http://www.cyprustrade.co.uk/) 25 June 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Republic of Cyprus – English Language](http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/citizen_en?OpenForm&access=0&SectionId=citizen&CategoryId=none&SelectionId=home&print=0&lang=en) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085503/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/citizen_en?OpenForm&access=0&SectionId=citizen&CategoryId=none&SelectionId=home&print=0&lang=en) 2 July 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus](https://web.archive.org/web/20061003102510/http://www.kypros.org/Constitution/English/index.htm)

- [Press and Information Office – Ministry of Interior](https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/)

- [Cyprus Statistical Service](https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/)

**Tourism**

- [Read about Cyprus on visitcyprus.com](http://www.visitcyprus.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100628111323/http://www.visitcyprus.com/) 28 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) – the official travel portal for Cyprus

- [Cyprus informational portal and open platform for contribution of Cyprus-related content](http://www.cyprus.com/) – www.Cyprus.com

- Geographic data related to [Cyprus](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/307787) at [OpenStreetMap](/source/OpenStreetMap)

**Cuisine**

- [Gastronomical map of Cyprus](https://publications.gov.cy/assets/user/publications/2022/2022_040/HTML/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230423165804/https://publications.gov.cy/assets/user/publications/2022/2022_040/HTML/) 23 April 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

**Archaeology**

- [Cypriot Pottery, Bryn Mawr College Art and Artifact Collections](http://triarte.brynmawr.edu/PRT212?sid=336967&x=32613387&x=32613388)

- [*The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art : stone sculpture*](http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/162840), a fully digitised text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries

**Official publications**

- [The British government's Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus](https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/113/11302.htm).

- [Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974](http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080928053046/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument) 28 September 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)](http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/2004/04-04-08.cna.html#01) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080821165847/http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/2004/04-04-08.cna.html#01) 21 August 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Annan Plan](http://www.hri.org/docs/annan/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220423224443/http://www.hri.org/docs/annan/) 23 April 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Embassy of Greece, USA – Cyprus: Geographical and Historical Background](https://web.archive.org/web/20041217052134/http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=44&article=86)

v t e Cyprus articles History Prehistoric Alasiya Eteocypriot Cypro-Minoan syllabary Cypriot syllabary Ancient Neo-Assyrian Empire Ten city-kingdoms Achaemenid Persian Empire Ionian Revolt Ptolemaic dynasty Roman Cyprus Diaspora Revolt Medieval Byzantine Cyprus Arab Empire Crusades Kingdom Venetian rule Modern Ottoman rule Cyprus Convention British Cyprus Governors Post-1878 overview Enosis Taksim Intercommunal violence Akrotiri and Dhekelia Turkish invasion Refugees Cyprus problem Cypriot S-300 crisis Annan Plan EU accession Geography Cities, towns and villages Climate Districts Earthquakes Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Wildlife Politics Chief Justice Constitution Corruption Cyprus problem Northern Cyprus UN resolutions Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Military Chief Police Political parties President Economy Agriculture Banks Energy Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis Society Cypriot nationality law Languages Education Health COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant Name Poverty Public holidays Religion Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Culture of Greece Literature Media Music Sport World Heritage Sites Demographics Greek Cypriots diaspora Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus Turkish Cypriots Linobambaki diaspora Settlers from Turkey Armenian Cypriots Maronite Cypriots Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Outline Category Portal

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[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cyprus)
- [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia)
- [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe)
- [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union)
- [Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Vatican Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area Artists KulturNav People UK Parliament Other IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX

[35°N 33°E / 35°N 33°E / 35; 33](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cyprus&params=35_N_33_E_type:country_region:CY_scale:2500000_source:GNS)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.