# Cuneiform bones

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{{Short description|Three bones in the human foot}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [cuneiform cartilages](/source/cuneiform_cartilages)}}
{{Infobox bone
| Name          = Cuneiform bones; Cuneiform 
| Latin         = os cuneiformis<br>pl. ossa cuneiformia
| Image         = Cuneiform bone animation01.gif
| Caption       = Red=medial; yellow=intermediate; green=lateral
| Image2        = AnimatedCuneiforms.gif
| Caption2      = Cuneiform bones of the right foot
| Articulations =
}}
There are three '''cuneiform''' ("wedge-shaped") [bone](/source/bone)s in the [human](/source/human) [foot](/source/foot):

* the first or medial cuneiform 
* the second or intermediate cuneiform, also known as the middle cuneiform
* the third or lateral cuneiform

They are located between the [navicular bone](/source/navicular_bone) and the [first](/source/First_metatarsal_bone), [second](/source/Second_metatarsal_bone) and [third](/source/Third_metatarsal_bone) [metatarsal bones](/source/metatarsal_bones) and are medial to the [cuboid bone](/source/cuboid_bone).<ref name=Bojsen245>{{cite book |last1=Bojsen-Møller |first1=Finn  |last2=Simonsen |first2=Erik B. |last3=Tranum-Jensen |first3=Jørgen| year=2001 |title=Bevægeapparatets anatomi |edition=12th |language=da |trans-title=Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus | isbn =978-87-628-0307-7|page=245 }}<!--|access-date=February 28, 2013--></ref>

==Structure==
There are three cuneiform bones:
# The '''medial cuneiform''' (also known as '''first cuneiform''') is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the [navicular bone](/source/navicular_bone) and posterior to the base of the [first metatarsal](/source/first_metatarsal). Lateral to it is the [intermediate cuneiform](/source/intermediate_cuneiform). It articulates with four bones: the navicular, second cuneiform, and [first](/source/First_metatarsal_bone) and [second](/source/Second_metatarsal_bone) [metatarsal](/source/metatarsal)s. The [tibialis anterior](/source/tibialis_anterior_muscle) and [fibularis longus muscle](/source/fibularis_longus_muscle) inserts at the medial cuneiform bone.<ref name=Bojsen364-367/>
# The '''intermediate cuneiform''' ('''second cuneiform''' or '''middle cuneiform''') is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. The intermediate cuneiform is situated between the other two cuneiform bones (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the [navicular](/source/navicular) posteriorly, the [second metatarsal](/source/second_metatarsal) anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side.
# The '''lateral cuneiform''' (also known as '''third cuneiform''' or '''external cuneiform''') intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the [tarsal bones](/source/tarsal_bones), between the intermediate cuneiform medially, the [cuboid](/source/Cuboid_bone) laterally, the [navicular](/source/navicular) posteriorly and the [third](/source/Third_metatarsal_bone) [metatarsal](/source/metatarsal) in front. The [tibialis posterior](/source/Tibialis_posterior_muscle) inserts at the lateral cuneiform, while the [flexor hallucis brevis](/source/Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle) originates from it.<ref name=Bojsen364-367>{{cite book |last1=Bojsen-Møller |first1=Finn  |last2=Simonsen |first2=Erik B. |last3=Tranum-Jensen |first3=Jørgen| year=2001 |title=Bevægeapparatets anatomi |edition=12th |language=da |trans-title=Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus | isbn =978-87-628-0307-7|pages=364–367 }}<!--|access-date=February 28, 2013--></ref>
{{Further|Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament}}

===Muscle attachments===
{| class="sortable wikitable" 
! Muscle || Direction || Attachment<ref name=Bojsen364-367/>
 |- 
 | [Tibialis anterior](/source/Tibialis_anterior_muscle)   ||  Insertion  ||  [Medial cuneiform](/source/Medial_cuneiform) 
 |- 
 | [Fibularis longus](/source/Fibularis_longus_muscle)   ||  Insertion  ||  [Medial cuneiform](/source/Medial_cuneiform) 
 |- 
 | [Tibialis posterior](/source/Tibialis_posterior_muscle)   ||  Insertion  ||  [Medial cuneiform](/source/Medial_cuneiform)
 |- 
 | [Flexor hallucis brevis](/source/Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle)   ||  Origin  ||  [Lateral cuneiform](/source/Lateral_cuneiform)
 |- 
 |}

==Injuries==
*[Lisfranc fracture](/source/Lisfranc_fracture)&nbsp;– in which one or all of the [metatarsal](/source/metatarsal)s are displaced from the [tarsus](/source/Tarsus_(skeleton))<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lisfranc%27s+fracture TheFreeDictionary > Lisfranc's fracture] Citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009</ref>
*Cuneiform fracture - Due to the ligamentous support of the midfoot, isolated cuneiform fractures are rare <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mabry LM, Patti TN, Ross MD, Bleakley CM, Gisselman AS|title=Isolated Medial Cuneiform Fractures: A Systematic Search and Qualitative Analysis of Case Studies |journal=J Am Podiatr Med Assoc |volume=111|issue=4 |pages=1–9 |date=July 2021 |pmid=34478529 |doi= 10.7547/20-047|s2cid=225705519 |url=https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/1f56b6ed-360c-4cda-b74e-0f8ec590c890 }}</ref>

==Additional images==
<gallery>
 Gray268.png|Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface.
 Image:Gray269.png|Bones of the right foot. Plantar Surface. 
 Image:Gray290.png|Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect.
 Image:Gray291.png|Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect.
 Image:Gray360.png|Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities.
 Image:Ospied-en.svg|Bones of foot
File:Slide29DEN.JPG|Cuneiform. Superior view.
File:Slide31DEN.JPG|Cuneiform. Superior view.
</gallery>

==Other animals==
{{expand section|date=April 2015}}

==See also==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
* [Cuneiform](/source/Cuneiform), for writing by pressing a ''wedge-shaped'' reed into wet clay.

==References==
{{Commons category|Cuneiform bones}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Bones of lower extremity}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuneiform (Anatomy)}}
Category:Bones of the foot
Category:Tarsal bones

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cuneiform bones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_bones) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_bones?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.