# Cun language > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Cun_language > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Cun_language.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cun_language > Source revision: 1330596941 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Kra–Dal language of Hainan Island, China}} {{Infobox language | name = Cun | states = [China](/source/China) | region = western [Hainan](/source/Hainan) | speakers = 80,000 | date = 1999 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Tai–Kadai | fam2 = [Hlai](/source/Hlai_languages) | fam3 = Central | fam4 = North | dia1 = Nadou | iso3 = cuq | glotto = cunn1236 | glottorefname = Cun | altname = 仡隆语
Gelong }} '''Cun''' ({{lang-zh|s=村语}}; meaning "village language/speech"), also known as '''Gelong''' (仡隆语 / 哥隆语) or '''Ngan-Fon''', is a [Kra–Dai language](/source/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages) spoken on [Hainan Island](/source/Hainan_Island).{{cite book |last=Ouyang |first=Jueya 欧阳觉亚 |date=1998 |title=Cunyu yanjiu 村语研究 |location=Shanghai |publisher=Shanghai Far East Publishing House 上海远东出版社}} It is a part of the [Hlai languages](/source/Hlai_languages) branch and has a lexical similarity with standard Hlai at 40%. The language has approximately 80,000 speakers, 47,200 of which are monolingual. Cun is a [tonal language](/source/Tone_(linguistics)) with 10 tones, used depending on whether a syllable is checked or unchecked. The speakers of this language are classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han; in Hainan, Nadou{{cite book |last=Fu |first=Changzhong 符昌忠 |date=2020 |title=Nadouyu yanjiu 那斗语研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1294545717}} and [Lingao](/source/Be_language) speakers are also classified as ethnic Han.{{Cite book |last=Liang |first=Min 梁敏 |title=Língāo yǔ yánjiū |date=1997 |publisher=Shanghai yuandong chubanshe 上海远东出版社 |location=Shanghai |language=zh |script-title=zh:临高语研究 |trans-title=A Study of Lingao}} The Cun are descended from Han Chinese migrants to Hainan Island who intermarried with the local [Li people](/source/Li_people). As a result, Cun has more Chinese loanwords than other Hlai languages.Norquest, Peter K. 2015. [https://brill.com/view/title/32092 ''A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai'']. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-30052-1}} Nearby, the Fuma (Chinese: 付马话, 府玛话, or [富马话](/source/%3Azh%3A%E5%AF%8C%E9%A9%AC%E8%AF%9D)) dialect, a variety of Chinese similar to [Gan](/source/Gan_Chinese)-[Hakka](/source/Hakka_Chinese) that has been strongly influenced by Cun, is spoken in Fuma Village 付马村, Sigeng Town 四更镇, [Dongfang City](/source/Dongfang%2C_Hainan).Wang, Xueyan 王雪燕. 2016. ''Hainan Fumahua diaocha baogao'' 海南付马话调查报告. Beijing: [Capital Normal University](/source/Capital_Normal_University), Literature Institute 首都师范大学文学院. It had about 800 speakers in 1994.{{Citation |title=Fuma |url=http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/F/Fuma.pdf |via=asiaharvest.org |access-date=2012-10-16 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114507/http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/F/Fuma.pdf |url-status=dead }} == Phonology == The tables below show the vowel Ni 1990, p. 173. and consonant Ni 1990, p. 172. phonemes of Cun: === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- align="center" cellpadding="4" ! ! [Front](/source/Front_vowel) ! [Central](/source/Central_vowel) ! [Back](/source/Back_vowel) |- align="center" ! [Close](/source/Close_vowel) | {{IPA link|i}} | | {{IPA link|ɯ}}, {{IPA link|u}} |- align="center" ! [Mid](/source/Mid_vowel) | {{IPA link|e}} | ({{IPA link|ə}}) | {{IPA link|o}} |- align="center" ! [Open](/source/Open_vowel) | {{IPA link|a}} | | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |} === Diphthongs === Cun has many [diphthong](/source/diphthong)s. With {{IPA|[a]}}: {{IPA|[ia]}}, {{IPA|[ua]}}. With {{IPA|[ə]}}: {{IPA|[uə]}}, {{IPA|[iə]}}. With {{IPA|[i]}}: {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[aːi]}}, {{IPA|[ɛi]}}, {{IPA|[ei]}}, {{IPA|[ɔi]}}, {{IPA|[oi]}}, {{IPA|[ui]}}. With {{IPA|[u]}}: {{IPA|[au]}}, {{IPA|[aːu]}}, {{IPA|[iau]}}, {{IPA|[eu]}}, {{IPA|[iu]}}, {{IPA|[iːu]}}, {{IPA|[ɔu]}}, {{IPA|[ou]}}, {{IPA|[əu]}}. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! rowspan=2 colspan=2| ! rowspan=2 | [Bilabial](/source/Bilabial_consonant) ! colspan=2 | [Alveolar](/source/Alveolar_consonant) ! rowspan=2 | [Alv.-palatal](/source/Alveolo-palatal_consonant) ! rowspan=2 | [Velar](/source/Velar_consonant) ! rowspan=2 | [Glottal](/source/Glottal_consonant) |- align="center" ! [Median](/source/Median_consonant) ! [Lateral](/source/Lateral_consonant) |- align="center" ! rowspan=3| [Plosive](/source/Plosive)s ! [Voiceless](/source/Voiceless_consonant) | | {{IPA link|t}} | | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- align="center" ! [Aspirated](/source/Aspirated_consonant) | {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} | | | {{IPA link|kʰ}} | |- align="center" ! [Glottalized](/source/Glottalized_consonant) | {{IPA|ʔb}} | {{IPA|ʔd}} | | | | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" | [Fricative](/source/Fricative)s ! [Voiceless](/source/Voicelessness) | {{IPA link|f}} | | | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | | {{IPA link|h}} |- align="center" ! [Voiced](/source/Voice_(phonetics)) | {{IPA link|v}} | | | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" | [Affricate](/source/Affricate)s ! [Voiceless](/source/Voicelessness) | | | | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | | |- align="center" ! [Aspirated](/source/Aspirated_consonant) | | | | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} | | |- align="center" !colspan="2" | [Liquids](/source/Liquid_consonant) | | | {{IPA link|l}} | | | |- align="center" !rowspan="2" | [Nasals](/source/Nasal_consonant) ! [Voiced](/source/Voice_(phonetics)) | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- align="center" ! [Labialized](/source/Labialized_consonant) | | | | | {{IPA link|ŋʷ}} | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | [Semivowel](/source/Semivowel)s | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | | |} === Tones === Cun is a [tonal language](/source/tonal_language) with ten tones. Four of the tones occur only in syllables ending with a consonant: {{IPA|t}}, {{IPA|k}}, or {{IPA|p}}.Ni 1990, p. 178. {|align=center=1 cellpadding="5" |- ! Tone || Pitch Value || ExampleFrom Ni 1990, pp. 174–178. || Meaning |- || 1 || 35 || {{IPA|ʔeŋ35}} || field |- || 2 || 44 || {{IPA|lai44}} || ear |- || 3 || 42 || {{IPA|nam42}} || water |- || 4 || 21 || {{IPA|ʔɔu21}} || to scratch, to scrape |- || 5 || 13 || {{IPA|loŋ13}} || path, road |- || 6 || 55 || {{IPA|kaːŋ55}} || to speak |- || 7 || 33 || {{IPA|tʃhut33}} || cloth |- || 8 || 42 || {{IPA|khat42}} || dog |- || 9 || 21 || {{IPA|ʔɛp21}} || frog |- || 10 || 13 || {{IPA|het13}} || thorn |} ==References== {{Reflist}} *http://www.language-archives.org/language/cuq {{Tai-Kadai languages}} {{Authority control}} Category:Languages of Hainan Category:Hlai languages --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cun language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cun_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cun_language?action=history)). 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