# Cuban amazon

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Species of bird

Cuban amazon A. l. leucocephala in Cuba Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix I [2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Genus: Amazona Species: A. leucocephala Binomial name Amazona leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) Range in green Synonyms Psittacus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1758

The **Cuban amazon** (***Amazona leucocephala***), also known as the **Cuban parrot** and the **rose-throated parrot**, is a medium-sized mainly green [parrot](/source/Parrot) found in woodlands and [dry forests](/source/Caribbean_bioregion) of [Cuba](/source/Cuba), [the Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas) and [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands) in the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean).[1][3] Although they have been observed in the wild in [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), they are probably the result of escaped pets, and no reproduction has been recorded.[4]

## Taxonomy

The Cuban amazon was [formally described](/source/Species_description) in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in the [tenth edition](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae) of his *[Systema Naturae](/source/Systema_Naturae)*. He placed it with all the other parrots in the [genus](/source/Genus) *[Psittacus](/source/Psittacus)* and coined the [binomial name](/source/Binomial_nomenclature) *Psittacus leucocephalus*.[5] Linnaeus cited the description and illustration of the "white-headed parrot" in [George Edwards](/source/George_Edwards_(naturalist))' *A Natural History of Uncommon Birds* which was published in 1751.[6] Linnaeus gave the [type locality](/source/Type_location_(biology)) as "America" but this was restricted to eastern Cuba by [Thomas Barbour](/source/Thomas_Barbour) in 1923.[7][8] The Cuban amazon is now one of around thirty species placed in the genus *[Amazona](/source/Amazona)* that was introduced by the French naturalist [René Lesson](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Lesson) in 1830.[9][10] The genus name is a Latinized version of the name *Amazone* used in the 18th century by the [Comte de Buffon](/source/Georges-Louis_Leclerc%2C_Comte_de_Buffon). The specific epithet *leucocephala* is from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) *leukokephalos* meaning "white-headed" (from *leukos* meaning "white" and "-kephalos" meaning "-headed").[11]

Traditionally, most authorities have recognized four [subspecies](/source/Subspecies) of the Cuban amazon,[12][13][10] thereby following the 1928 review by [James Lee Peters](/source/James_Lee_Peters).[14]

- *A. l. leucocephala* ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758), also called the Cuban amazon. Present throughout [Cuba](/source/Cuba), including [Isla de la Juventud](/source/Isla_de_la_Juventud) (formerly known as Isla de Pinos).

- *A. l. bahamensis* ([Bryant, H](/source/Henry_Bryant_(naturalist)), 1867), also called the Bahaman amazon. Two [extant](/source/Extant_taxon) populations in [the Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas); one on the [Abaco Islands](/source/Abaco_Islands) and one on [Great Inagua](/source/Inagua) (with sightings from nearby [Little Inagua](/source/Little_Inagua)). [Extirpated](/source/Local_extinction) populations were present on the [Acklins and Crooked Islands](/source/Acklins_and_Crooked_Islands) and possibly elsewhere in the Bahamas as well.

- *A. l. caymanensis* ([Cory](/source/Charles_B._Cory), 1886), also called the Grand Cayman amazon. Restricted to [Grand Cayman](/source/Grand_Cayman) Island.

- *A. l. hesterna* [Bangs](/source/Outram_Bangs), 1916. Now restricted to the island of [Cayman Brac](/source/Cayman_Brac), but formerly also on [Little Cayman](/source/Little_Cayman) Island.

Another subspecies, *A. l. palmarum* ([Todd](/source/Walter_Edmond_Clyde_Todd), 1916) was thought to occur in western Cuba (east to [Villa Clara Province](/source/Villa_Clara_Province)) and Isla de la Juventud based on differences in the [plumage](/source/Plumage), but in 1928 a re-evaluation indicated that the colour differences were due to age-related variations and that they showed no substantial differences to the specimens obtained from the rest of Cuba (i.e., *A. l. leucocephala [sensu stricto](/source/Sensu_stricto)*).[14] The two populations are very similar [genetically](/source/Genetics),[15] but some authorities have maintained that *A. l. palmarum* is a valid subspecies.[16][17][18] A recent review based on [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)) and plumage supported the distinction of *A. l. palmarum* (at least if restricted to the population on Isla de la Juventud), it having a longer [wing chord](/source/Wing_chord_(biology)) and [metatarsus](/source/Tarsometatarsus), and a larger rosy pink throat patch than *A. l. leucocephala* of the Cuban mainland.[19] This review also revealed differences among the populations on the various islands in the Bahamas (some of which had already been pointed out earlier),[15][20] leading to the suggestion of restricting *A. l. bahamensis* to the now-extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands, while it was proposed that the two extant populations from the Abaco Islands and the Inagua Islands each represent a new subspecies.[19] The recognition of three subspecies from the Bahamas is also supported by genetics.[21]

## Description

The Cuban amazon is a medium-sized parrot 28–33 centimetres (11–13 in) long.[22] It is mainly green with some blue feathers in its wings.[14] The green feathers are edged with a terminal black rim.[23] Its lower face, chin and throat are [rosy](/source/Rose_(color)) pink, and its forehead and eye-rings are white.[14] The extent of the various colours of the head, the extent of the rosy pink on the upper chest, and the extent of the dull red on the abdomen vary between the [subspecies](/source/Subspecies).[3][23] Its [irises](/source/Iris_(anatomy)) are pale olive-green, its beak is horn-coloured, and the feathers over the ears are blackish.[23] The legs are pink.[23] The juvenile has little or no red on the abdomen, less black edging on the green feathers, and some of the feathers on the top of its head may be pale yellow rather than white.[23]

## Distribution and habitat

The Cuban amazon lives in different habitats on different islands.[22] It was once found throughout Cuba, but it is now mainly confined to the forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud. There are about 10,000 individuals in Cuba, including an estimated 1,100–1,320 on Isla de la Juventud.[1][3]

On the Cayman Islands the parrot lives in dry forest and on agricultural land. The population living on Grand Cayman numbers about 3,400 individuals (2006 survey), and the population on Cayman Brac consists of 400–500 individuals.[3] The population on Little Cayman was extirpated in the 1940s.[24]

The populations were estimated at 3,550 individuals on Abaco and 6,350 on Inagua in 2006.[3] The populations on the Acklins and Crooked Islands were extirpated in the 1940s,[24] while it, based on [fossil](/source/Fossil) remains and [archeological](/source/Archeological) findings, historically also has been present on several other islands in the Bahamas (e.g., [New Providence](/source/New_Providence) and [San Salvador](/source/San_Salvador_Island)) and on [Grand Turk Island](/source/Grand_Turk_Island).[15]

## Behavior

In the winter Cuban amazons gather in flocks, and disperse into pairs during the breeding season.[3]

### Diet

The Cuban amazon feeds on a number of [fruits](/source/Fruit) and [seeds](/source/Seed) including the fruits of [palm trees](/source/Arecaceae) and West Indian mahogany (*[Swietenia mahagoni](/source/Swietenia_mahagoni)*) seeds.[3]

### Breeding

The breeding season is from March to September.[3] Cuban amazons nest in tree cavities throughout most of its range, the only exception being that the parrots living on the Abaco Islands nest underground in [limestone](/source/Limestone) solution holes, where they are protected from [pineyard](/source/Bahamian_pineyards) [wildfires](/source/Wildfire).[22] Two to four white eggs are laid, which are [incubated](/source/Avian_incubation) by the female for 26–28 days.[3]

## Status

Due to ongoing [habitat loss](/source/Habitat_loss), occasional natural disasters and trapping for the wild [parrot trade](/source/Parrot_trade), the Cuban amazon is evaluated as [Near Threatened](/source/Near_Threatened) on the [IUCN Red List](/source/IUCN_Red_List) of Threatened Species.[1] It is protected with a listing on Appendix I of [CITES](/source/CITES),[25] which prohibits commercial international trade of listed wild-caught species.[26]

## Aviculture

Pet in a small round cage in Cuba

The Cuban amazon was seldom-seen in [aviculture](/source/Aviculture) outside of Cuba and [Florida](/source/Florida) (where it was bred in captivity by Cuban immigrants) until the 1980s, and is considered one of the more difficult to breed [amazon parrots](/source/Amazon_parrot), with aggressive behaviour from cock birds towards their mates and their own chicks a relatively common occurrence. The species is also a popular pet in [Russia](/source/Russia), as many pet parrots were brought back from Cuba by Russian soldiers following the collapse of the Soviet Union.[27] Despite increased availability in recent times, the Cuban amazon is still one of the highest-priced of all amazons. Several colour mutations have been observed in captive-bred stock.[28]

In the [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands), Cuban amazons (locally known as Cayman parrots) are sometimes removed from the wild and illegally kept as pets. In 2020, the authorities held an amnesty during which parrot owners could legally register their pets, which were then given health checks and fitted with microchips and leg bands in order to identify and distinguish them from wild birds. 326 parrots were registered during this amnesty.[29]

## Gallery

		- *A. l. caymanensis*, [Grand Cayman](/source/Grand_Cayman)

		- *A. l. caymanensis*, [Grand Cayman](/source/Grand_Cayman)

		- At [Palmitos Park](/source/Palmitos_Park), Gran Canaria, Spain

		- Two in a fruiting tree in Cuba

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-3) BirdLife International (2020). ["*Amazona leucocephala*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22686201/179212864). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2020** e.T22686201A179212864. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686201A179212864.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22686201A179212864.en). Retrieved 12 November 2021.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-SCSCB_3-8) ["Rose-throated Parrot (Amazona leucocephala)"](http://www.scscb.org/working_groups/Actions/bird_Dec_06_Rose-throated_Parrot.htm). Society for the Conservation and Study of Caribbean Birds (SCSCB). December 2006.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Edwards, George](/source/George_Edwards_(naturalist)) (1751). [*A Natural History of Uncommon Birds*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196392). Vol. 4. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 166, Plate 166.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Barbour, Thomas](/source/Thomas_Barbour) (1923). [*The Birds of Cuba*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8732576). Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club: Number 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Club. p. 82.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Peters, James Lee](/source/James_L._Peters), ed. (1937). [*Check-List of Birds of the World*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477932). Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 217.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ottens-Wainright_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ottens-Wainright_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Ottens-Wainright_15-2) Ottens-Wainright, P.; et al. (2004). ["Independent geographic origins of the genus Amazona in the West Indies"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704214348/http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/jeberhard/CaribAmazona.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Caribbean Ornithology*. **17**: 23–49. Archived from [the original](http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/jeberhard/CaribAmazona.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2010-04-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Hayes, W. (2006). ["The urgent need for conservation taxonomy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220126044729/http://www.llu.edu/pages/faculty/whayes/documents/2006_hayes_bah-nat-j-sci_urgent_need_conservation_taxonomy_bahamas.pdf) (PDF). *The Bahamas Naturalist and Journal of Science*. **1** (1): 12–24. Archived from [the original](http://www.llu.edu/pages/faculty/whayes/documents/2006_hayes_bah-nat-j-sci_urgent_need_conservation_taxonomy_bahamas.pdf) (PDF) on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2010-04-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, & J. Raffaele (1998). *A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies*. Princeton University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-691-08736-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08736-9)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Arndt, T. *[Amazona leucocephala](http://www.arndt-verlag.com/projekt/birds_3.cgi?Desc=E315.htm&Pic=315_1.JPG).* Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 03-04-2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ReynoldsHayes_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ReynoldsHayes_19-1) Reynolds, M.B.J.; Hayes, W.K. (2009). ["Conservation taxonomy of the Cuban Parrot (*Amazona leucocephala*): I. Variation in morphology and plumage"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011552/http://extinct-website.com/pdf/001_reynolds__and__hayes_-_cuban_parrot_morphology__and_121.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Caribbean Ornithology*. **22**: 1–18. Archived from [the original](http://extinct-website.com/pdf/001_reynolds__and__hayes_-_cuban_parrot_morphology__and_121.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Snyder, N.F.R.; King, W.B.; Kepler, C.B. (1982). "Biology and conservation of the Bahama Parrot". *Living Bird*. **19**: 91–114.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Russello, M. A.; Stahala, C.; Lalonde, D.; Schmidt, K. L.; Amato, G. (2010). ["Cryptic diversity and conservation units in the Bahama parrot"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160804131432/http://www.bnt.bs/UserFiles/HTMLEditor/bahamaparrotgenetics.pdf) (PDF). *Conservation Genetics*. **11** (5): 1809. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010ConG...11.1809R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ConG...11.1809R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10592-010-0074-z](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-010-0074-z). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [22511189](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22511189). Archived from [the original](http://www.bnt.bs/UserFiles/HTMLEditor/bahamaparrotgenetics.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-08-04.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** UNEP-WCMC (2010). *[Amazona leucocephala.](http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?Genus=Amazona&Species=leucocephala&source=animals)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]* UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species On the World Wide Web. Accessed 03-04-2010

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-low_28-0)** [Low, Rosemary](/source/Rosemary_Low). ["The Cuban Amazon Parrot"](http://www.theparrotsocietyuk.org/index.php/Article_12/82). The Parrot Society UK. Retrieved 2009-04-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Cayman parrot amnesty ends"](https://www.caymancompass.com/2020/03/04/cayman-parrot-amnesty-ends/). 4 March 2020.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Amazona leucocephala](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amazona_leucocephala).

- [World Parrot Trust](http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/cuban_amazon/) Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profile

- [Cuban amazon Video in Zapata Swamp,Cuba](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQSfvJajeC4)

v t e Amazon parrots (genus: Amazona) Species Festive amazon Vinaceous-breasted amazon Tucumán amazon Red-spectacled amazon Black-billed amazon White-fronted amazon Yellow-billed amazon Cuban amazon Hispaniolan amazon Puerto Rican amazon Lilac-crowned amazon Red-lored amazon Lilacine amazon Diademed amazon Red-crowned amazon Yucatan amazon Blue-cheeked amazon Red-browed amazon Red-necked amazon St. Lucia amazon Yellow-headed amazon Tres Marías amazon Yellow-naped amazon Yellow-crowned amazon Panama amazon Yellow-shouldered amazon Blue-fronted amazon Scaly-naped amazon Mealy amazon Northern mealy amazon Southern mealy amazon Kawall's amazon Imperial amazon Red-tailed amazon Orange-winged amazon St. Vincent amazon Hypothetical extinct species Guadeloupe amazon Martinique amazon Disputed species Blue-winged amazon Neotropical parrots (tribe: Arini) List of amazon parrots

Taxon identifiers Amazona leucocephala Wikidata: Q588594 Wikispecies: Amazona leucocephala ADW: Amazona_leucocephala Avibase: E0EB5106FB09A163 BirdLife: 22686201 BOW: cubpar1 CoL: 5TZTJ eBird: cubpar1 ECOS: 3235 EoL: 1178060 EURING: 7110 GBIF: 2479655 iNaturalist: 18988 IRMNG: 11374531 ITIS: 177798 IUCN: 22686201 NCBI: 241562 Neotropical: cubpar1 Observation.org: 71639 Open Tree of Life: 307000 Paleobiology Database: 368564 Species+: 7836 TSA: 1598 Xeno-canto: Amazona-leucocephala

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cuban amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_amazon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_amazon?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.