# Cryptacanthodes

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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Giantwrymouth.gif
| image_caption = Giant wrymouth ''(C. giganteus)''
| parent_authority = [T. N. Gill](/source/Theodore_Nicholas_Gill), 1861<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 001–230 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| taxon = Cryptacanthodes
| authority = [D. H. Storer](/source/David_Humphreys_Storer) ([fr](/source/%3Afr%3ADavid_Humphreys_Storer)), 1839
| display_parents = 2
| type_species = ''Cryptacanthodes maculatus''
| type_species_authority = D. H. Storer, 1839
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
 |Cryptacanthoides| [Lindberg](/source/Georgii_Ustinovich_Lindberg), 1930
 |Delolepis|[T. H. Bean](/source/Tarleton_Hoffman_Bean), 1882
 |Lyconectes|[C. H. Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert), 1896
 |Pseudophidium|Gratzianov, 1907
 |Zoarcites|[Zugmayer](/source/Erich_Zugmayer), 1914
 }}
| synonyms_ref =<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Cryptacanthodidae|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''''Cryptacanthodes''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of marine [ray-finned fish](/source/ray-finned_fish)es belonging to the [monogeneric](/source/monogeneric) [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) '''Cryptacanthodidae''', commonly referred to as '''wrymouths'''.  Three of the four species are found in the [Pacific Ocean](/source/Pacific_Ocean) with one species native to the western [Atlantic Ocean](/source/Atlantic_Ocean) where they are [benthic](/source/benthic) fishes, tunneling through soft substrates.  It is currently the only known genus in its family.

==Taxonomy==
''Cryptacanthodes'' was first proposed as a [monotypic](/source/Monotypic_taxon) genus in 1839 by the American [physician](/source/physician) and [naturalist](/source/naturalist) [David Humphreys Storer](/source/David_Humphreys_Storer) when he [described](/source/Species_description) ''Cryptacanthodes maculatus'' from [Boston Harbor](/source/Boston_Harbor) on the [Gulf of Maine](/source/Gulf_of_Maine) in [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts).<ref name = CofF/><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Cryptacanthodes|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> The genus is the only genus in the family Cryptacanthodidae, which was named by [Theodore Gill](/source/Theodore_Gill) in 1861.<ref name = CofF/> The 5th edition of ''[Fishes of the World](/source/Fishes_of_the_World)'' classifies this family within the [suborder](/source/suborder) [Zoarcoidei](/source/Zoarcoidei), within the order Scorpaeniformes.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=[J. S. Nelson](/source/Joseph_S._Nelson) |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=478–482 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other authorities classify this family in the [infraorder](/source/infraorder) Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the [Perciformes](/source/Perciformes) because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non [monophyletic](/source/monophyletic).<ref name = Deepfin>{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 | pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Cryptacanthodes'' is a compound of ''cryptos'', meaning "concealed", and ''acanthodes'', which means "spined", a reference to spines of the [dorsal fin](/source/dorsal_fin) in the wryfish (''C. maculatus'') being hidden within a membrane.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://etyfish.org/perciformes15/ | title = Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 4 July 2021 | access-date = 27 July 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

==Species==
The currently recognized species in this genus are:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Cryptacanthodes| month = February | year = 2022}}</ref>
* ''[Cryptacanthodes aleutensis](/source/Cryptacanthodes_aleutensis)'' <small>([C. H. Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert), 1896)</small> (dwarf wrymouth)
* ''[Cryptacanthodes bergi](/source/Cryptacanthodes_bergi)'' <small>[Lindberg](/source/Georgii_Ustinovich_Lindberg), 1930</small>
* ''[Cryptacanthodes giganteus](/source/Cryptacanthodes_giganteus)'' <small>([Kittlitz](/source/Friedrich_Heinrich_von_Kittlitz), 1858)</small> (giant wrymouth)
* ''[Cryptacanthodes maculatus](/source/Cryptacanthodes_maculatus)'' <small>D. H. Storer, 1839</small> (wrymouth)

==Characteristics==
''Cryptacanthodes''  have an elongate body which is rounded towards the head and compressed towards the tail.. They have a wide, flattened head with highly set eyes. The large mouth has a projecting lower jaw and is highly oblique, nearly vertical in alignment. The dorsal and [anal fin](/source/anal_fin)s are long based, reaching the base of the [caudal fin](/source/caudal_fin) or are joined to the caudal fin. The [dorsal fin](/source/dorsal_fin) has  60-80 stiff spines while the anal fin has up to three spines and 43-52 soft rays. The [pectoral fin](/source/pectoral_fin)s are very small and there are no [pelvic fin](/source/pelvic_fin)s, although there is a pelvic girdle. They have a single pair of tubular nostrils. In most species there are no scales, although ''C. giganteus'' has small [ctenoid](/source/ctenoid) scales. The mechanosensory canals on the head do not have openings to the outside. The [lateral line](/source/lateral_line) is made up of widely spaced superficial [neuromasts](/source/neuromasts). [Vomerine teeth](/source/Vomerine_teeth) and [palatine teeth](/source/palatine_bone) are present in three species, but are absent in ''C. aleutensis''. The gill membranes have a wide connection to the isthmus and the gill openings do not extend very far forward.  There is no [swim bladder](/source/swim_bladder). They are pale brown on the upper body and cream-colored on the lower body. They may be marked with spots and some specimens may be a uniform pink or red. Wryfish reach maximum [total length](/source/total_length)s which vary from {{cvt|31|to|127|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Cryptacanthodes'' Are found in the cold-temperate waters of the North Pacific and western North Atlantic in coastal areas. They excavate the soft substrate to create extensive tunnel systems which have many exits.<ref name = Mecklenburg>{{cite book | author = Mecklenburg, C. W. | year = 2003 | title =  Family Cryptacanthodidae Gill 1861 — wrymouths | series = California Academy of Sciences. Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume = 8 | issn = 1545-150X | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/cryptacanthodidae.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
*[List of fish families](/source/List_of_fish_families)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191011073827/https://eol.org/pages/5339 Cryptacanthodidae at Encyclopedia of Life]
* {{cite journal|author=Jack Sepkoski |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |pages=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archivedate=2011-07-23 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2165924}}

Category:Cryptacanthodidae
Category:Actinopterygii genera
Category:Taxa named by David Humphreys Storer

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cryptacanthodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptacanthodes) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptacanthodes?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.