# Cruelty to animals

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Negligent or abusive action against animals by humans

Calves in cages small for their size

Chest [X-ray](/source/Radiography) of a cat that has been shot; the white spots are shotgun [pellets](/source/Shot_(pellet))

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**Cruelty to animals**, also called **animal abuse**, **animal neglect** or **animal cruelty**, is the infliction of [suffering](/source/Suffering) or [harm](/source/Injury) by [humans](/source/Humans) upon [animals](/source/Animals), either by omission (neglect) or by commission. More narrowly, it can be the causing of harm or suffering for specific achievements, such as the inhumane killing animals for food or the killing of animals for entertainment; cruelty to animals is sometimes due to a mental disorder, referred to as [zoosadism](/source/Zoosadism). Divergent approaches to [laws concerning animal cruelty](/source/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory) occur in different jurisdictions throughout the world. For example, some laws govern methods of killing animals for food, clothing, or other products, and other laws concern the keeping of animals for entertainment, education, research, or pets. There are several conceptual approaches to the issue of cruelty to animals.

Even though some practices, like [animal fighting](/source/Animal_fighting), are widely acknowledged as cruel, not all people or cultures have the same definition of what constitutes animal cruelty. Many would claim that [docking](/source/Docking_(animal)) a piglet's tail without an anesthetic constitutes cruelty. Others would respond that it is a routine technique for meat production to prevent harm later in the pig's life. Additionally, laws governing animal cruelty vary from country to country. For instance, docking a piglet's tail is routine in the [US](/source/United_States) but prohibited in the [European Union](/source/European_Union) (EU).[1]

[Utilitarian](/source/Utilitarianism) advocates argue from the position of [costs and benefits](/source/Costs_and_benefits) and vary in their conclusions as to the allowable treatment of animals. Some utilitarians argue for a weaker approach that is closer to the animal welfare position, whereas others argue for a position that is similar to animal rights. [Animal rights](/source/Animal_rights) theorists criticize these positions, arguing that the words "unnecessary" and "humane" are subject to widely differing interpretations and that animals have basic rights. They say that most animal use itself is unnecessary and a cause of suffering, so the only way to ensure protection for animals is to end their status as property and to ensure that they are never viewed as a substance or as non-living things.

## Definition and viewpoints

Main articles: [Animal welfare](/source/Animal_welfare) and [Animal rights](/source/Animal_rights)

Throughout history, some individuals, like [Leonardo da Vinci](/source/Leonardo_da_Vinci) for example, who once purchased caged birds in order to set them free,[2][3] were concerned about cruelty to animals. His notebooks also record his anger with the fact that humans used their dominance to raise animals for slaughter.[4] According to contemporary philosopher [Nigel Warburton](/source/Nigel_Warburton), for most of human history the dominant view has been that animals are there for humans to do with as they see fit.[2] Sociologist [David Nibert](/source/David_Nibert) emphasizes that the process of [domestication](/source/Domestication) dramatically increased the exploitation of animals by humans, particularly in [Eurasia](/source/Eurasia), and asserts that this paved the way for the creation of a modern day, [capitalist](/source/Capitalist)–driven [animal–industrial complex](/source/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex).[5][6] Much of this exploitation involved not only direct physical violence, but also structural violence as their systemic oppression and enslavement "resulted in their inability to meet their basic needs, the loss of self-determination, and the loss of opportunity to live in a natural way." He says that the remains of domesticated animals from thousands of years ago found during archeological excavations revealed numerous bone pathologies, which provide evidence of extreme suffering:

Excavations from 8500 BCE revealed bone deformities in enslaved goats and cows and provided "some indication of stress, presumably due to the conditions in which these early *domestic* animals were kept." Remains of sheep and goats from the early Bronze Age show a marked decrease in bone thickness, reflecting calcium deficiencies "resulting from the combined effects of poor nutrition and intensive milking."[7]

Several religious traditions have promoted animal welfare as an important or fundamental concept, and encouraged [vegetarianism](/source/Vegetarianism) or [veganism](/source/Veganism). Examples include [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism), [Jainism](/source/Jainism), [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism) (with certain animals being considered sacred), and some forms of [Judaism](/source/Judaism) (many Orthodox Jews do not wear leather).[8]

[René Descartes](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes) believed that non-humans are [automata](/source/Automaton) — complex machines with no soul, mind, or reason.[9] In [Cartesian dualism](/source/Cartesian_dualism), consciousness was unique to human among all other animals and linked to physical matter by divine grace. However, close analysis shows that many human features such as complex sign usage, [tool use](/source/Tool_use_by_animals), and [self-consciousness](/source/Animal_consciousness) can be found in some animals.[10] In 2012, a prominent group of neuroscientists signed the *[Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness](/source/Animal_consciousness#Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness)*. It stated that humans are not the only conscious beings, and that many other animals, including all mammals and birds, also possess consciousness, challenging the Cartesian view of animals as mechanical beings.

[Charles Darwin](/source/Charles_Darwin), by presenting the theory of [evolution](/source/Evolution), revolutionized the way that humans viewed their relationship with other species. Darwin believed that not only did human beings have a direct kinship with other animals, but the latter had social, mental, and moral lives too. Later, in *[The Descent of Man](/source/The_Descent_of_Man)* (1871), he wrote: "There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties."[11]

Modern philosophers and intellectuals, such as [Peter Singer](/source/Peter_Singer) and [Tom Regan](/source/Tom_Regan), have argued that animals' ability to feel pain as humans do makes their well-being worthy of equal consideration.[12] There are many precursors of this train of thought. [Jeremy Bentham](/source/Jeremy_Bentham), the founder of [utilitarianism](/source/Utilitarianism), famously wrote in his *An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation* (1789):[13]

The question is not, can they reason nor can they talk? but, can they suffer?

These arguments have prompted some to suggest that animals' well-being should enter a social welfare function directly, not just indirectly via its effect only on human well-being.[14] Many countries have now formally recognized [animal sentience and animal suffering](/source/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory), and have passed anti-cruelty legislation in response.

## Forms

Animal cruelty can be broken down into two main categories: active and passive. Passive cruelty is typified by cases of neglect, in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Oftentimes passive animal cruelty is accidental, born of ignorance. In many cases of neglect in which an investigator believes that the cruelty occurred out of ignorance, the investigator may attempt to educate the pet owner, then revisit the situation. In more severe cases, exigent circumstances may require that the animal be removed for veterinary care.[15]

### Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders

There are studies providing evidence of a link between animal cruelty and violence towards humans.[16][17][18][19] A 2009 study found that slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries.[20] A large national survey by the [Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies](/source/Norwegian_Centre_for_Violence_and_Traumatic_Stress_Studies) found a "substantial overlap between companion animal abuse and child abuse" and that cruelty to animals "most frequently co-occurred with psychological abuse and less severe forms of physical child abuse."[21]

A history of torturing pets and small animals, a behavior known as [zoosadism](/source/Zoosadism), is considered one of the signs of certain [psychopathologies](/source/Psychopathology), including [antisocial personality disorder](/source/Antisocial_personality_disorder), also known as a psychopathic personality disorder. According to *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, "[the FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appears in its computer records of serial [rapists](/source/Rape) and [murderers](/source/Serial_killer), and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals a diagnostic criterion for [conduct disorders](/source/Conduct_disorder)."[22] "A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a young boy."[22] [Robert K. Ressler](/source/Robert_K._Ressler), an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's [behavioral sciences](/source/Behavioral_sciences) unit, studied serial killers and noted, "Murderers like this ([Jeffrey Dahmer](/source/Jeffrey_Dahmer)) very often start by killing and torturing animals as kids."[23]

Acts of intentional animal cruelty or non-accidental injury may be indicators of serious psychological problems.[15][24] According to the [American Humane Association](/source/American_Humane_Association), 13% of intentional animal abuse cases involve [domestic violence](/source/Domestic_violence).[25] As many as 71% of pet-owning women seeking shelter at [safe houses](/source/Women's_shelter) have reported that their partner had threatened and/or hurt or killed one or more of their pets; 32% of these women reported that one or more of their children had also hurt or killed pets. [Battered women](/source/Battered_women) report that they are hesitant about leaving their abusers because they fear what will happen to the animals in their absence. Animal abuse is sometimes used as a form of [intimidation](/source/Intimidation) in domestic disputes.[26]

Cruelty to animals is one of the three components of the [Macdonald triad](/source/Macdonald_triad). This behavior is considered to be one of the signs of violent antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. According to the studies used to form this model, cruelty to animals is a common (but not universal) behavior in children and adolescents who grow up to become [serial killers](/source/Serial_killers) and other violent criminals. It has also been found that children who are cruel to animals have often witnessed or been victims of abuse themselves.[27] In two separate studies cited by the [Humane Society of the United States](/source/Humane_World_for_Animals), roughly one-third of families suffering from domestic abuse indicated that at least one child had hurt or killed a pet.[28]

[Monkey hate](/source/Monkey_hate) is a form of [sadism](/source/Everyday_sadism) where humans have a hatred for [monkeys](/source/Monkeys) and take pleasure in their suffering.[29] The phenomenon drew public attention after a global monkey torture ring was uncovered by the [BBC](/source/BBC) in 2023.[30]

### Animal testing

Main article: [Animal testing](/source/Animal_testing)

A [Wistar laboratory rat](/source/Wistar_rat)

[Animal testing](/source/Animal_testing) is regulated to varying degrees in different countries.[31] In some cases it is strictly controlled while others have more relaxed regulations. There are ongoing debates about the ethics and necessity of animal testing. Proponents argue that it has led to significant advancements in medicine and other fields while opponents raise concerns about cruelty towards animals and question its effectiveness and reliability.[32][33]

[Laboratory animal sourcing](/source/Laboratory_animal_sources) can and has involved animal cruelty, particularly when animals are obtained through illegal or unethical means, or when regulations are not followed. Even when legal and regulated, the use of animals in research is ethically controversial because it often involves causing harm or death to sentient beings.

#### International trade in primates

The [international trade in primates](/source/International_trade_in_primates) sees 32,000 wild non-human [primates](/source/Primate) (NHPs) trapped and sold on the international market every year.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] They are sold mostly for use in [animal testing](/source/Animal_testing),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] but also for food, for exhibition in zoos and circuses, and for private use as [companion animals](/source/Pet).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations

Main articles: [Testing cosmetics on animals](/source/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals) and [Countries banning non-human ape experimentation](/source/Countries_banning_non-human_ape_experimentation)

- [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_laws_on_cosmetic_animal_testing)
- [t](/source/Template_talk%3AWorld_laws_on_cosmetic_animal_testing)
- [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_laws_on_cosmetic_animal_testing)

**Worldwide laws regarding [testing cosmetics on animals](/source/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals)**

Nationwide ban on all cosmetic testing on animals Partial ban on cosmetic testing on animals1 Ban on the sale of cosmetics tested on animals No ban on any cosmetic testing on animals Unknown

 1some methods of testing are excluded from the ban or the laws vary within the country

Under all three of the conceptual approaches to animal cruelty discussed above, performing unnecessary experiments or demonstrations upon animals that cause them substantial pain or distress may be viewed as cruelty. Due to changes in ethical standards, this type of cruelty tends to be less common today than it used to be in the past. For example, schoolroom demonstrations of oxygen depletion routinely suffocated birds by placing them under a glass cover,[34] and animals were suffocated in the [Cave of Dogs](/source/Cave_of_Dogs)[35][36][37] to demonstrate the density and toxicity of carbon dioxide to curious travelers on the [Grand Tour](/source/Grand_Tour).

### Cruelties in connection with meals

See also: [Food and drink prohibitions](/source/Food_and_drink_prohibitions)

[Cattle in religion and mythology](/source/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology) are considered sacred in the [Indian religions](/source/Indian_religions) of [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism), [Jainism](/source/Jainism) and [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism), as well as in some [Chinese folk religion](/source/Chinese_folk_religion) and in [African](/source/Africa) [paganism](/source/Paganism). Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of [ancient Egypt](/source/Ancient_Egypt), [ancient Greece](/source/Ancient_Greece), [ancient Israel](/source/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)), and [ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome). In some regions, especially most [states of India](/source/Cattle_slaughter_in_India), the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat ([beef](/source/Beef)) may be [taboo](/source/Food_and_drink_prohibitions).

The production of *[foie gras](/source/Foie_gras)* (the [liver](/source/Liver) of a [duck](/source/Duck) or a [goose](/source/Toulouse_Geese) that has been specially fattened) involves the [force-feeding](/source/Force-feeding) of birds with more food than they would eat in the wild, and more than they would voluntarily eat domestically. The feed, usually corn boiled with fat (to facilitate ingestion), deposits large amounts of [fat](/source/Fat) in the liver, thereby producing the fatty consistency sought by some [gastronomes](/source/Gastronome).

[Pinikpikan](/source/Pinikpikan) is a chicken or duck dish from the mountains of the [Cordillera region](/source/Cordillera_Administrative_Region) in the [Philippines](/source/Philippines).[38][39] As a tradition of the indigenous [Igorot people](/source/Igorot_people),[40][41] pinikpikan is prepared by beating a live [chicken](/source/Chicken_(food)) to death with a stick prior to cooking. The beating bruises the chicken's flesh by bringing blood to its surface, which is said to improve the flavour after cooking.[38] The act of beating the chicken, while done in preparation of the dish, violates the [Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998](/source/Philippine_Animal_Welfare_Society#RA_8485_.E2.80.93_The_Animal_Welfare_Act_of_the_Philippines).[42]

A lobster with its claws bound after being boiled alive

The [Homarus lobster](/source/Homarus) is usually cooked alive.[43] The [Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022](/source/Animal_Welfare_(Sentience)_Act_2022) covers all [vertebrates](/source/Vertebrate) and some [invertebrates](/source/Invertebrate) such as [octopuses](/source/Octopus) and [lobsters](/source/Lobster).[44]

A bile bear in a "crush cage" on Huizhou Farm, [Huizhou](/source/Huizhou), China[45]

[Bile bears](/source/Bile_bear), sometimes called battery bears, are [bears](/source/Bear) kept in captivity to harvest their [bile](/source/Bile), a digestive fluid produced by the [liver](/source/Liver) and stored in the [gallbladder](/source/Gallbladder), which is used by some [traditional Asian medicine](/source/Traditional_Asian_medicine) practitioners.[46][47][48] It is estimated that 12,000 bears are farmed for bile[49] in [China](/source/China), [South Korea](/source/South_Korea), [Laos](/source/Laos), [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam), and [Myanmar](/source/Burma).[50][51][52][53][54] Demand for the bile has been found in those nations as well as in some others, such as [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia)[55] and [Japan](/source/Japan).[56]

[Kopi luwak](/source/Kopi_luwak), also known as [civet coffee](/source/Civet_coffee), is a [coffee](/source/Coffee) that consists of partially digested [coffee cherries](/source/Coffee_cherry), which have been eaten and [defecated](/source/Defecation) by the [Asian palm civet](/source/Asian_palm_civet) (*Paradoxurus hermaphroditus*). The cherries are [fermented](/source/Fermentation) as they pass through a civet's [intestines](/source/Intestines), and after being defecated with other fecal matter, they are collected.[57] [Asian palm civets](/source/Asian_palm_civet) are increasingly caught in the wild and traded for this purpose.[58] Growing numbers of intensive civet "farms" have been established and are operated in Southeast Asia, confining tens of thousands of animals to live in [battery cages](/source/Battery_cage) and be force-fed.[59][60][61]

*[Habushu](/source/Habushu)* (ハブ酒) is an *[awamori](/source/Awamori)*-based [liqueur](/source/Liqueur) made in [Okinawa](/source/Okinawa_Prefecture), [Japan](/source/Japan). Other common names include habu sake or Okinawan snake wine. *Habushu* is named after the habu snake, *[Protobothrops flavoviridis](/source/Protobothrops_flavoviridis)*, which belongs to the [pit viper](/source/Pit_viper) subfamily of vipers, and is closely related to the [rattlesnake](/source/Rattlesnake) and [copperhead](/source/Agkistrodon_contortrix).[62] There are two methods of inserting the snake into the alcohol. The maker may choose to simply submerge the snake in the alcohol and seal the bottle, thus drowning the snake. Alternatively, the snake may be put on ice until it passes out, at which point it is gutted, bled and sewn up. When the viper is thawed and awakens, it will quickly die in an aggressive striking manner, which is what most producers look for.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The manufacturer will then put the Habu in an ethanol bath for a month to preserve it.[63]

[Alfred Brehm](/source/Alfred_Brehm) wrote the following about the capture of sea turtles in the 19th century:

The poor sea turtles are terribly tortured in the island of Ceylon. The buyers probably want to buy fresh meat, or the sellers don't want to bother with the slaughter, so they simply pull off the breastplate of the live animal and the buyer is cut the piece of meat he wants. And then the European is horrified to see the slow yawning and beating of the heart of the extremely hardy, half-skinned animal, whose organ is usually sold last.[64]

#### Eating live animals

[Casu marzu](/source/Casu_marzu), a traditional [Sardinian](/source/Sardinia) [sheep milk](/source/Sheep_milk) [cheese](/source/Cheese) that contains insect [larvae](/source/Larva)

[Eating live animals](/source/Eating_live_animals) is a practice found in various cultures around the world, often considered a delicacy or traditional food. However, this practice may be considered cruel, as eating live animals or parts of live animals can cause significant suffering and distress, and is even unlawful in certain jurisdictions under animal cruelty laws.

[Eating live seafood](/source/Eating_live_seafood) in Japanese cuisine includes practices such as *[ikizukuri](/source/Ikizukuri)* (freshly killed and arranged to appear alive), and *[odorigui](/source/Odorigui)* (seafood eaten while still moving), including *[odori ebi](/source/Odori_ebi)* ("dancing shrimp"). All are controversial for animal welfare reasons.

One example of eating live larvae is the [witchetty grub](/source/Witchetty_grub) of [Aboriginal Australian](/source/Aboriginal_Australian) cuisine, which can be eaten alive and raw or cooked.[65]

#### Highly intelligent animals

See also: [Animal intelligence](/source/Animal_intelligence) and [Brain as food](/source/Brain_as_food)

[Eastern lesser bamboo lemurs](/source/Eastern_lesser_bamboo_lemur) (*Hapalemur griseus*) killed in northeast Madagascar for bushmeat

[Primate cognition](/source/Primate_cognition) encompasses a wide range of advanced intellectual and behavioral skills, including problem-solving, tool use, social learning, cooperation, and even cultural transmission. [Monkey meat](/source/Monkey_meat) is the flesh and other edible parts derived from [monkeys](/source/Monkey), a kind of [bushmeat](/source/Bushmeat). Human consumption of monkey meat has been historically recorded in numerous parts of the world, including multiple Asian and African nations. Monkey meat consumption has been reported in parts of Europe and the Americas as well.[66] [Monkey brains](/source/Monkey_brains) is a supposed dish consisting of, at least, partially, the [brain](/source/Brain) of some species of [monkey](/source/Monkey) or [ape](/source/Ape).

Dog meat for sale in a market in [Hanoi](/source/Hanoi), Vietnam

[Dog intelligence](/source/Dog_intelligence) is widely recognized, with dogs demonstrating advanced problem-solving, emotional sensitivity, and strong social bonds. [Dog meat](/source/Dog_meat) consumption, particularly in [Vietnam](/source/Dog_meat_consumption_in_Vietnam), has been criticized and condemned by many both within the country and internationally, as most of the dogs are pets that were kidnapped and slaughtered in brutal ways, usually by bludgeoning, stabbing, burning alive, or throat-slitting.[67]

[Cat intelligence](/source/Cat_intelligence) is well-documented, with domestic cats exhibiting complex social behaviors, problem-solving skills, and the ability to form strong bonds with humans. [Cat meat](/source/Cat_meat) is meat prepared from [domestic cats](/source/Domestic_cat) for human consumption. Some countries serve cat meat as a regular food, whereas others have only consumed some cat meat in desperation during wartime, famine or poverty. As cat ownership grew in China, opposition to cat meat increased. In 2006, activists forced a Shenzhen restaurant to stop selling cat meat, two years after the Chinese Animal Protection Network (CAPN) began organizing protests against dog and cat meat in multiple cities. CAPN's efforts helped raise awareness and reduce demand.[68] In 2020, Four Paws and Change For Animals urged Vietnam to reinstate bans on the cat meat trade, highlighting ongoing regional concerns.[69][70]

A commercial chicken house with open sides raising [broiler](/source/Broiler) pullets for meat

[Bird intelligence](/source/Bird_intelligence) is remarkable, with [ducks](/source/Duck) and [chickens](/source/Chicken) showing advanced abilities. Bird brains have two-to-four times the neuron packing density of [mammal](/source/Mammal) brains, for higher overall efficiency. Despite this, both are widely used as food and often face cruel conditions in factory farming, raising serious ethical concerns about animal cruelty. Additionally, practices such as [duck-baiting](/source/Duck-baiting) highlight a long legacy of animal exploitation.

According to some news reports, [buntings](/source/Emberiza) were blinded before cooking.[note 1][72]

[Pig intelligence](/source/Pig_intelligence) is among the highest in the mammal world; pigs display a wide range of complex behaviors, like being able to play [video games](/source/Video_games), understanding human instructions and even using tools. Despite this high level of intelligence and emotional sensitivity, pigs are frequently subjected to animal cruelty—such as being forced to participate in [pig wrestling](/source/Pig_wrestling) events, confined in cramped factory farms, or neglected—which causes them unnecessary stress, pain, and suffering.

[Equine intelligence](/source/Equine_intelligence) is increasingly recognized, with recent studies showing that horses possess advanced cognitive abilities such as strategic thinking, problem-solving, and model-based learning—skills once thought to be beyond their capacity. [Horse slaughter](/source/Horse_slaughter) is the practice of [slaughtering](/source/Slaughter_(livestock)) [horses](/source/Horse) to produce [meat](/source/Horse_meat) for consumption. Humans have long consumed horse meat; the oldest known cave art, the 30,000-year-old paintings in France's [Chauvet Cave](/source/Chauvet_Cave), depict horses with other wild animals hunted by humans.[73] [Equine domestication](/source/Domestication_of_the_horse) is believed to have begun to raise horses for human consumption.[74][75] The practice has become [controversial](/source/Equine_Ethics) in some parts of the world due to several concerns: whether horses are (or can be) managed humanely in industrial slaughter; whether horses not raised for consumption yield safe meat, and whether it is appropriate to consume what some view as a companion animal.

Eating [octopus](/source/Octopus), is considered cruel by many due to [cephalopod intelligence](/source/Cephalopod_intelligence), as octopuses demonstrate advanced problem-solving skills and self-awareness. There is currently no validated humane method of slaughter for octopuses, as their nervous system isn't centralized.[76]

Ethical concerns arise with eating [dolphins](/source/Dolphins) because of [cetacean intelligence](/source/Cetacean_intelligence), with dolphins exhibiting complex social behaviors, language comprehension, and a high degree of self-recognition. [Dolphin drive hunting](/source/Dolphin_drive_hunting), a practice involving the herding and killing of dolphins, intensifies these ethical issues.

### Cultural rituals

Many times, when [Asiatic elephants](/source/Asiatic_elephant) are captured in [Thailand](/source/Thailand), handlers use a technique known as the [training crush](/source/Training_crush), in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to 'break' the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet.[77]

The practice of cruelty to animals for [divination](/source/Divination) purposes is found in ancient cultures (see: [Scapulimancy](/source/Scapulimancy)), and some modern religions such as [Santeria](/source/Santeria) continue to do animal sacrifices for healing and other rituals. [Taghairm](/source/Taghairm) was performed by ancient Scots to summon devils.

An investigation by the [Animal Welfare Board of India](/source/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India) concluded that "*jallikattu* is inherently cruel to animals".[78][79]

[Jallikattu](/source/Jallikattu), also known as Eru Taḻuvuṭal and Manju-virattu,[80] is a traditional event in which a zebu bull (*[Bos indicus](/source/Bos_indicus)*), such as the Pulikulam[81] or [Kangayam](/source/Kangayam_cattle) breeds,[82] is released into a crowd of people, and many people attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Animal welfare organisations such as the [Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations](/source/Federation_of_Indian_Animal_Protection_Organisations) (FIAPO)[83] and [PETA India](/source/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) have protested against the practice.[84][85]

The [Kambala](/source/Kambala), [Kambla](/source/Kambla) or [Kambula](/source/Kambula) is an annual [buffalo](/source/Water_Buffalo) race held in the southwestern Indian state of [Karnataka](/source/Karnataka). [It is similar to maramadi from Kerala](/source/Maramadi) Traditionally, it is sponsored by local [Tuluva](/source/Tuluva) landlords and households in the coastal districts of [Dakshina Kannada](/source/Dakshina_Kannada), [Udupi](/source/Udupi) and [Bhatkal](/source/Bhatkal) of Karnataka and [Kasaragod](/source/Kasaragod) of [Kerala](/source/Kerala), a region collectively known as [Tulu Nadu](/source/Tulu_Nadu). Many have criticised Kambala as cruel to the racing buffaloes, which are driven by whips.[86] Noted animal-rights activist [Maneka Gandhi](/source/Maneka_Gandhi) expressed concerns about the ill treatment of buffaloes during the race. While Kambala organizers contend that whips are necessary to elicit maximum speed, government officials advise the riders to be gentle on buffaloes and avoid using whips during the race.[86]

### Declawing

Cat with red nail caps

[Onychectomy](/source/Onychectomy), popularly known as [declawing](/source/Declawing), is an operation to remove an animal's [claws](/source/Claws) surgically by means of the [amputation](/source/Amputation) of all or part of the [distal phalanges](/source/Distal_phalanges), or end bones, of the animal's toes.

[Declawing of crabs](/source/Declawing_of_crabs) is the process whereby one or both claws of a crab are manually detached before the return of the live crab to the water, as practiced in the fishing industry worldwide. Crabs commonly have the ability to [regenerate lost limbs](/source/Limb_regeneration) after a period of time, and thus declawing is viewed as a potentially more sustainable method of fishing.[87] Due to the time it takes for a crab to regrow lost limbs, however, whether or not the practice represents truly sustainable fishing is still a point of scientific inquiry, and the ethics of declawing are also subject to debates over [pain in crustaceans](/source/Pain_in_crustaceans).

### Entertainment

Spain has a number of festivals that involve some sort of animal cruelty. Among them are [burning the bull](/source/Burning_the_bull), [donkey baiting](/source/Donkey-baiting), [shaving of the beasts](/source/Rapa_das_bestas) (Galicia), [garrotting the galgos](/source/Garrotting_the_galgos), quail catapulting, [Day of the Geese](/source/Day_of_the_Geese), [running of the bulls](/source/Running_of_the_bulls#Pamplona_bull_run), and [bull fighting](/source/Bull_fighting).[88]

#### Animal fighting

A bull dying in a bullfight

[Bullfighting](/source/Bullfighting) is criticized by animal rights or animal welfare activists, referring to it as a cruel or barbaric [blood sport](/source/Blood_sport) in which the bull suffers severe stress and slow, torturous death.[89][90] Several activist groups undertake anti-bullfighting actions in Spain and other countries. In Spain, opponents of bullfighting are referred to as *anti-taurinos.*

*The Bulletpoint Bullfight* warns that bullfighting is "not for the squeamish", advising spectators to "be prepared for blood". It details prolonged and profuse bleeding caused by horse-mounted lancers, the charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored horse who is "sometimes doped up, and unaware of the proximity of the bull", the placing of barbed darts by banderilleros, followed by the matador's fatal sword thrust. It stresses that these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting and that death is rarely instantaneous. It further warns those attending bullfights to "be prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down."[91]

The Toro Jubilo, Madrid, 2014

The "[Toro Jubilo](/source/Medinaceli)" or [Toro embolado](/source/Toro_embolado) in [Soria](/source/Province_of_Soria), [Medinaceli](/source/Medinaceli), Spain, is a festival associated with animal cruelty. During this festival, balls of [pitch](/source/Pitch_(resin)) are attached to a bull's horns and set on fire. The bull is then released into the streets and will run around in pain, often smashing into walls in an attempt to douse the fire as spectators attempt to dodge the animal. The pitch balls can burn for hours, and they burn the bull's horns, body, and eyes. The animal rights group [PACMA](/source/PACMA) has described the fiesta as "a clear example of animal mistreatment".[92]

[Dog fighting](/source/Dog_fighting) is a sport that turns dogs against one another in a ring or a pit for gambling or the entertainment of the spectators. Dogs are often bred and selected for [gameness](/source/Gameness), a trait that refers to their willingness to continue fighting despite injury or exhaustion, which further intensifies the cruelty of these events.

[Cockfighting](/source/Cockfighting) is a blood sport involving domesticated [roosters](/source/Chicken#Nomenclature) as the combatants.

[Donkey-baiting](/source/Donkey-baiting) is a blood sport involving the [baiting](/source/Bait_(dogs)) of [donkeys](/source/Donkey) against [dogs](/source/Dog).

An [elephant execution](/source/Elephant_execution), sometimes called **elephant lynching**, is a pseudo-legal or performative public spectacle where a captive elephant is killed in order to punish it for being a "bad elephant" (behaviors that had, threatened, injured, or killed humans).

[Ram fighting](/source/Ram_fighting) is a blood sport between two [rams](/source/Sheep) (large-horned male sheep), held in a ring or open field. It is commonly found in sheep or goat [husbandry](/source/Animal_husbandry) culture in Africa, Asia and Europe.[93] In [Nigeria](/source/Nigeria), [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan) and [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), ram fighting gains popularity among locals.[94] Although categorized as a blood sport and an act of [animal cruelty](/source/Animal_cruelty), ram fights rarely resulted in the death of the defeated ram, as the loser often is allowed to flee the arena.

#### Baiting

Main article: [Baiting (blood sport)](/source/Baiting_(blood_sport))

[Baiting](/source/Baiting_(blood_sport)), including [badger-baiting](/source/Badger-baiting), [bear-baiting](/source/Bear-baiting), [bull-baiting](/source/Bull-baiting), [duck-baiting](/source/Duck-baiting), [hyena-baiting](/source/Hyena-baiting), [rat-baiting](/source/Rat-baiting), or [wolf-baiting](/source/Wolf-baiting) refers to blood sports in which animals are provoked or attacked by dogs for entertainment, often resulting in significant suffering and injury, and are now widely condemned as forms of animal cruelty.

#### Animals in professional wrestling

The usage of [animals in professional wrestling](/source/Animals_in_professional_wrestling) has varied through [the profession](/source/Performance_art)'s history. Animals that have been used as opponents to humans in matches include [pig wrestling](/source/Pig_wrestling), bears, tigers, cheetahs and orangutans.[95][96][97][98]

The use of animals in professional wrestling, particularly in acts such as bear wrestling or involving wild animals as performers, is widely regarded as animal cruelty. These practices often subject animals to stressful, unnatural, and dangerous situations, sometimes resulting in injury, neglect, or death. Historical examples include, chained, declawed and muzzled bears forced to wrestle humans, as well as the use of snakes, tigers, and other wild animals in matches or as props. Such uses have been criticized for exploiting animals for entertainment, and bear wrestling is now illegal in many jurisdictions.

#### Chilean rodeo

Chilean rodeo is generally considered more cruel than common (North American) [rodeo](/source/Rodeo) by animal welfare organizations and critics, primarily due to differences in how calves are treated and the lack of protective regulations.

Animal rights organizations reject calling Chilean rodeo a sport, objecting to the treatment of animals—especially calves, which are repeatedly charged against a wall by horses for points. While supporters claim injuries are rare and animals are inspected, activists argue the events cause psychological and physical trauma. Protests have occurred, with some met by violence, and calls to ban rodeo have grown, similar to movements against bullfighting in Spain.[99][100]

#### Circuses

- [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_circus_bans)
- [t](/source/Template_talk%3AWorld_circus_bans)
- [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_circus_bans)

**Worldwide laws on animal use in [circuses](/source/Circus)[101]**

Nationwide ban Partial or local bans[map note 1] Ban on import/export No ban Unknown

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** Certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally.

The use of animals in the [circus](/source/Circus) has been controversial since animal welfare groups have documented instances of animal cruelty during the training of performing animals. Animal abuse in circuses has been documented such as keeping them in small enclosures, lack of veterinary care, abusive training methods, and lack of oversight by regulating bodies.[102][103] Animal trainers have argued that some criticism is not based on fact, including beliefs that shouting makes the animals believe the trainer is going to hurt them, that caging is cruel and common, and that the use of whips, chains or training harms animals.[104]

Bolivia has enacted what animal rights activists called the world's first [ban on all animals in circuses](/source/Bans_on_circus_animals).[105]

#### Media

#### Internet videos

Cruelty to animals has often been filmed on video and uploaded to [social media websites](/source/Social_media_website) or private Internet groups. This may involve large-scale, systematic operations; a notable example of this was a global [monkey torture](/source/Monkey_torture) ring uncovered by the [BBC](/source/BBC) in June 2023, where participants would produce and distribute videos of monkeys being hurt and killed.[106] Individuals who have published animal cruelty content include [Luka Magnotta](/source/Luka_Magnotta), a Canadian murderer who uploaded [YouTube](/source/YouTube) videos of himself torturing and killing cats;[107] Rubén Marrero Pernas, a man in [Cuba](/source/Cuba) who was found to be raping, torturing then killing dogs and recording the acts online for an audience;[108] and Leighton Labute, a Canadian man who was arrested in 2020 for torturing and killing three hamsters, and uploading the video to social media.[109][110]

The video-sharing site [YouTube](/source/YouTube) has been criticized for hosting thousands of videos of real-life animal cruelty, especially the feeding of one animal to another for entertainment and spectacle. Although some of these videos have been flagged as inappropriate by users, YouTube has generally declined to remove them, unlike videos that include [copyright infringement](/source/Copyright_infringement).[111][112] In 2021, YouTube banned staged animal rescue videos, where animals were purposely put in danger before being saved.[113]

According to a news article published on January 11, 2026, in the culture section of Index, videos circulating on social media that show the "rescue" of frozen animals may pose real dangers, as animals can be deliberately exposed to extreme cold, placed in icy water or on frozen surfaces, and subjected to unprofessional rescue methods—such as striking ice, rough handling, or rapid warming—causing severe suffering or even death.[114]

#### Television and filmmaking

Demonstrations against animal cruelty in Iran

Animal cruelty has long been an issue in [filmmaking](/source/Filmmaking) industry, with even some big-budget [Hollywood](/source/Hollywood_(film_industry)) films receiving criticism for allegedly harmful—and sometimes lethal—treatment of animals during production. Court decisions have addressed films that harm animals such as videos that in part depict dog fighting.[115] Currently, there is no federal or state law specifically governing the use of animals in filmed media, though the federal [Animal Welfare Act](/source/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966) (AWA) and state cruelty laws indirectly apply.

[Luis Buñuel](/source/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel)'s pseudo-documentary *[Land Without Bread](/source/Land_Without_Bread)* (1933) depicts Spain in the 1930s. In one scene, wealthy people shoot a goat (for fun), and in another, they smear honey on a sick donkey so that bees can sting it to death.[116]

The [American Humane Association](/source/American_Humane_Association) (AHA) has been associated with monitoring American film-making since the release of the film *[Jesse James](/source/Jesse_James_(1939_film))* (1939), in which a horse was pushed off a plank and drowned in a body of water after having fallen 40 feet into it.[117] Initially, monitoring of animal cruelty was a partnership between the AHA and the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (also called the Hays office) through the [Motion Picture Production Code](/source/Motion_Picture_Production_Code). Provisions in the code discouraged "apparent cruelty to children and animals", and because the Hays Office had the power to enforce this clause, the AHA often had access to sets to assess adherence to it. However, because the AHA's Hollywood office depended on the Hays Office for the right to monitor sets, the closure of the Hays Office in 1966 corresponded with an increase in animal cruelty on movie sets.[118]

In the famous and now classic science fiction film, *[The Incredible Shrinking Man](/source/The_Incredible_Shrinking_Man)* (1957), a grown man shrinks to a tiny size and fights a house spider. The film used large live tarantulas (trickily solved by filming the man), 24 of which died during filming due to the intense heat and bright lights.[119] By 1977, a three-year contract was in place between the [Screen Actors Guild](/source/Screen_Actors_Guild) (SAG) and the [American Federation of Television and Radio Artists](/source/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists) which specified that the AHA should be "consulted in the use of animals 'when appropriate'", but the contract did not provide a structure for what "appropriate" meant, and had no enforcement powers. This contract expired in 1980.[120]

One of the most infamous examples of animal cruelty in the film was [Michael Cimino](/source/Michael_Cimino)'s flop *[Heaven's Gate](/source/Heaven's_Gate_(film))* (1980), in which numerous animals were brutalized and even killed during production. Cimino allegedly killed chickens and bled horses from the neck to gather samples of their blood to smear on actors for *Heaven's Gate*, and also allegedly had a horse blown up with [dynamite](/source/Dynamite) while shooting a battle sequence, the shot of which made it into the film. This film played a large part in renewed scrutiny of animal cruelty in films and led to renewed official on-set jurisdiction to monitor the treatment of animals by the AHA in 1980.[117] In the 1969 film "Fando and Lis", there is a scene where director Jodorowsky slits the throats of live geese.[121]

After the release of the film *[Reds](/source/Reds_(film))* (1981), the star and director of the picture, [Warren Beatty](/source/Warren_Beatty) apologized for his Spanish film crew's use of [tripwires](/source/Tripwire) on horses while filming a battle scene, when Beatty was not present. Tripwires were used against horses when *[Rambo III](/source/Rambo_III)* (1988) and *[The 13th Warrior](/source/The_13th_Warrior)* (1999) were being filmed. A [water buffalo](/source/Water_buffalo) was sliced nearly in half during the production of *[Apocalypse Now](/source/Apocalypse_Now)* (1979), while a donkey was bled to death for dramatic effect for the Danish film *[Manderlay](/source/Manderlay)* (2005), in a scene later deleted from the film.

Captured sea turtle at Jamestown, Accra, Ghana

There is a case of cruelty to animals in the [South Korean](/source/South_Korea) film *[The Isle](/source/The_Isle)* (2000), according to its director [Kim Ki-Duk](/source/Kim_Ki-Duk).[122] In the film, a real [frog](/source/Frog) is skinned alive while [fish](/source/Fish) are mutilated. Seven animals were killed for the camera in the controversial [Italian](/source/Italy) film *[Cannibal Holocaust](/source/Cannibal_Holocaust)* (1980).[123] The images in the film include the slow and graphic beheading and ripping apart of a [turtle](/source/Turtle), a [monkey](/source/Monkey) being beheaded and its brains being consumed by natives and a [spider](/source/Spider) being chopped apart. *Cannibal Holocaust* was only one film in a collective of similarly themed movies ([cannibal films](/source/Cannibal_film)) that featured unstaged animal cruelty. Their influences were rooted in the films of [Mondo filmmakers](/source/Mondo_film), which sometimes contained similar content. In several countries, *Cannibal Holocaust* was banned or allowed for release with most of the animal cruelty edited out.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In the Hungarian [Judit Elek](/source/Judit_Elek)'s film *[Memories of a River](/source/Memories_of_a_River)* (1990), 14 sheep were burned alive. A horse was allegedly killed on the set of [Andrzej Wajda](/source/Andrzej_Wajda)'s film *[The Ashes](/source/The_Ashes_(film))* (1965).[124] In the film [Fort Tilden](/source/Fort_Tilden) (2014), the main characters find kittens in a trash can and - although they initially wanted to save them - end up leaving them there. In *[Al sur del edén](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_sur_del_ed%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1)* (1984), a female character lies on her bed and rubs a live canary against her genitals for sexual gratification. (Only the woman's legs are shown from the side, the scene may not be real, and she only holds the bird between her legs.) In the film [Malèna](/source/Mal%C3%A8na_(film)) (2000), young boys burn ants to death on the beach with torches. In *[Anatomy of Hell](/source/Anatomy_of_Hell)* (2004), a little boy throws a live baby bird to the ground.

Slaughterhouse animals being butchered are shown in the 1949 French film *[Blood of the Beasts](/source/Blood_of_the_Beasts)* (pigs) and in the 1963 Hungarian film *[Elégia](https://www.lovasok.hu/lovas-alkotasok/lovas-filmek/lovas-film-elegia/)* (horses).[125][126] It is unclear whether a pig is killed in the Hungarian film Taxidermia (2006).[127][125][128] Slaughterhouse scenes as well as the trampling of frogs were shown in the Korean film Mago (2002),[129] and an (allegedly dying) kitten is drowned in the Hungarian film *Hypocritical* (2006).[130][125][131]

In the film *[The Reflecting Skin](/source/The_Reflecting_Skin)* (1990), children torture a frog.[132] In the film *[The Lighthouse](/source/The_Lighthouse_(2019_film))* (2019), a seagull opens its beak in a cistern, and then another is beaten to death by a lighthouse keeper who goes mad. The seagull was not actually killed during filming. „The production team has emphasized that no seagulls were harmed during the filming. Scenes involving the killing of seagulls ... were created using animatronics and then enhanced through digital post‑production."[133]

*[Vase de Noces](/source/Vase_de_Noces)* contains scenes of extreme violence and sexual perversion against animals;[*[according to whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] the film has been banned in several places.[*[where?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names))*][*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The SAG has contracted with the AHA for monitoring animal use during filming or while on the set.[134] Compliance with this arrangement is voluntary and only applies to films made in the United States. Films monitored by the American Humane Association may bear one of their end-credit messages. Many productions, including those made in the United States, do not advise AHA or SAG of animal use in films, so there is no oversight.[135] In order to get the end credit disclaimer, productions must register with American Humane and engage an AHA Certified Animal Safety Representative who monitors animal acting throughout production and must follow the guidelines for animal safety are important, however, not all films are required to use the "No Animals Were Harmed" disclaimer, and they can choose to film without American Humane monitoring, and others may include cost or logistical reasons, including animals with smaller roles.

Some other animal welfare organizations worldwide, such as the Animal Anti-Cruelty League in South Africa, have also monitored the use of animals in the film. Depending on the country, like Japan, due to different cultural and industry-standard crediting practices in the Japanese film industry which has different, often less stringent, internal standards for such public recognition in the credits and traditionally have less detailed animal welfare documentation in the credits compared to Hollywood productions. The on-set management of animal welfare is often an internal production matter or handled by registered animal handling businesses, rather than a publicly monitored and credited one. The responsibility ultimately rests with the producer or their representative. Similarly, animals with very small roles which might not warrant a dedicated, prominent credit in the Japanese system.

#### Documentary films

The documentaries *[Zoo](/source/Zoo_(2007_film))* (2007) and *[Donkey Love](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donkey_Love&action=edit&redlink=1)* (2012) examined serious sexual perversions directed at animals. The former explored a North American history of horse fornication,[136] while the latter explored a "folk practice" among rural Columbian peasants, where religious village men would satisfy their sexual desires with donkeys instead of women (as a way of desecrating women or to preserve their virginity before marriage).[137] There is another film, *[Equus](/source/Equus_(film))* (1977), a fictional story that also features cruelty to horses.[138] In 2008, a TV movie was made of it.[139]

#### Other ″arts″

Belgian artist Wim Delvoye (1997) also caused a scandal by tattooing live pigs in one of his works. Delvoye argued that this way at least the pigs would stay alive and not be slaughtered for food.[140]

#### Rattlesnake round-ups

[Rattlesnake round-ups](/source/Rattlesnake_round-up), also known as rattlesnake rodeos, are annual events common in the rural [Midwest](/source/Midwest) and [Southern United States](/source/Southern_United_States), where the primary attractions are captured wild [rattlesnakes](/source/Rattlesnakes) which are sold, displayed, killed for food or [animal products](/source/Animal_product) (such as [snakeskin](/source/Snakeskin)) or released back into the wild. The largest rattlesnake round-up in the United States is held in [Sweetwater, Texas](/source/Sweetwater%2C_Texas). Held every year since 1958, the event currently attracts approximately 30,000 visitors per year and in 2006 each annual round-up was said to result in the capture of 1% of the state's rattlesnake population.[141] Rattlesnake round-ups became a concern by [animal welfare](/source/Animal_welfare) groups and conservationists due to claims of animal cruelty.[142][143][144] In response, some round-ups impose catch-size restrictions or releasing captured snakes back into the wild.[145][146]

#### Zoos and aquariums

[Zoos](/source/Zoo) and [aquariums](/source/Aquarium) can be considered a form of animal cruelty when the conditions of captivity negatively impact the physical and psychological well-being of the animals.

Roadside zoos are found throughout [North America](/source/North_America), particularly in remote locations. They are often small, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos.[147] Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of [neglect](/source/Neglect)[148] and cruelty.[149]

### Fur farming

Main articles: [Fur farming](/source/Fur_farming) and [Environmental impacts of fur farming](/source/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming)

A fox with dismembered tail in a fur farm cage

Animal welfare activists suggest a total ban on fur production due to the suffering inflicted on animals, especially minks. It has been suggested that fur production is immoral as fur clothes are luxury items. Minks are solitary and territorial animals; however, in fur farms, they are raised in cages and skinned after being killed either by breaking their necks or using lethal gas.[150]

### Hoarding and breeding

A puppy mill in the rural United States

[Animal hoarding](/source/Animal_hoarding) involves keeping more animals than can be properly cared for, often resulting in neglect and poor living conditions. Similarly, a [puppy mill](/source/Puppy_mill) is a commercial breeding facility where dogs are kept in overcrowded, inhumane conditions for profit, with little regard for their welfare. Both situations cause significant suffering for the animals involved.

### Hunting

Rhinoceroses killed for their horns

Some [animal rights](/source/Animal-rights) and [anti-hunting](/source/Anti-hunting) activists regard [hunting](/source/Hunting) as a cruel, [perverse](/source/Zoosadism) and unnecessary [blood sport](/source/Blood_sport).[151][152]

[Trophy hunting](/source/Trophy_hunting) is largely a recreational activity causing death and injury to a significant number of animals. In [poaching](/source/Poaching) the animal is killed and valuable parts such as tusks or bones are collected. [Canned hunting](/source/Canned_hunt) refers to the practice of bringing exotic animals as trophies to private land for hunting. Despite being cruel to animals, hunting is practiced in thousands of private properties around the world and is considered a profitable business.[153]

[Internet hunting](/source/Internet_hunting) is the practice of [hunting](/source/Hunting) via remotely controlled [firearms](/source/Firearms) that can be aimed and shot using online [webcams](/source/Webcams). Internet hunting may be considered cruel because it involves shooting confined animals remotely, which may give them no chance to escape and may cause unnecessary suffering due to poor aim or delayed death. This practice may be condemned for treating animals as mere targets rather than respecting their welfare.

### Industrial animal farming

Main article: [Intensive animal farming](/source/Intensive_animal_farming)

See also: [Holocaust analogy in animal rights](/source/Holocaust_analogy_in_animal_rights)

Footage of cruelty in a pig farm, that had been falsely described as 'Quality Assured', in England

Cruelty in a pig farm

Egg-laying hens in a crowded cage

A chicken egg production facility

Farm animals are generally produced in large, industrial facilities that house thousands of animals at high densities; these are sometimes called [factory farms](/source/Factory_farms). The industrial nature of these facilities means that many routine procedures or animal husbandry practices impinge on the welfare of the animals and could be considered cruelty, with Henry Stephen Salt claiming in 1899 that "it is impossible to transport and slaughter vast numbers of large and highly-sensitive animals humanely".[154] It has been suggested the number of animals hunted, kept as companions, used in laboratories, reared for the fur industry, raced, and used in zoos and circuses, is insignificant compared to farm animals, and therefore the "animal welfare issue" is numerically reducible to the "farm animal welfare issue".[155] Similarly, it has been suggested by campaign groups that chickens, cows, pigs, and other farm animals are among the most numerous animals subjected to cruelty. For example, because male chickens do not lay eggs, newly hatched males are [culled](/source/Chick_culling) using macerators or grinders.[156][157] Worldwide [meat](/source/Meat_consumption) [overconsumption](/source/Overconsumption) is another factor that contributes to the miserable situation of farm animals.[158] Many undercover investigators have exposed the animal cruelty taking place inside the factory farming industry and there is evidence to show that consumers provided with accurate information about the process of meat production and the abuse that accompanies it has led to changes in their attitudes.[159]

The [American Veterinary Medical Association](/source/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association) accepts [maceration](/source/Maceration_(food)) subject to certain conditions, but recommends [alternative methods of culling](/source/Chick_culling#Recommended_culling_practices) as more humane.[160][161] Egg-laying hens are then transferred to "[battery cages](/source/Battery_cages)" where they are kept in high densities. Matheny and Leahy attribute [osteoporosis](/source/Osteoporosis) in hens to this caging method.[155] Broiler chickens suffer similar situations, in which they are fed [steroids](/source/Anabolic_steroid) to grow at a super-fast speed, so fast that their bones, heart, and lungs often cannot keep up. Broiler chickens under six weeks old suffer painful crippling due to fast growth rates, whilst one in a hundred of these very young birds dies of heart failure.[162]

To reduce aggression in overcrowded conditions, shortly after birth piglets are castrated, their tails are amputated, and their teeth are clipped,[10] and earmarked. Dairy cattle are repeatedly impregnated, which results in high rates of perinatal and neonatal loss, and even with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, which can also include Large offspring syndrome (LOS), as well as stress and other health problems, including significant calving difficulties to keep the milk flowing, with their calves being taken away from them after birth and are also dehorned, docked, branded, and castrated. Calves are sometimes raised in [veal crates](/source/Veal#Veal_crates), which are small stalls that immobilize calves during their growth, reducing costs and preventing muscle development, making the resulting meat a pale color, preferred by consumers.[155]

In the United States, animal cruelty such as [soring](/source/Soring), which is illegal, sometimes occurs on farms and ranches, as does lawful but cruel treatment such as [livestock branding](/source/Livestock_branding). Since [ag-gag](/source/Ag-gag) laws prohibit video or photographic documentation of farm activities, these practices have been documented by [secret photography](/source/Secret_photography) taken by [whistleblowers](/source/Whistleblower) or [undercover operatives](/source/Undercover_operation) from such organizations as [Mercy for Animals](/source/Mercy_for_Animals) and the [Humane Society of the United States](/source/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States) posing as employees. Agricultural organizations such as the [American Farm Bureau Federation](/source/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation) have successfully advocated for laws that tightly restrict secret photography or concealing information from farm employers.[163]

A [downer](/source/Downer_(animal)) is an animal, usually [livestock](/source/Livestock), that cannot stand on its own and therefore is to be killed. A **downed** animal, one that is unable to stand, is not necessarily a downer. Neglect, abuse, or inhumane handling of downer animals is considered animal cruelty and is illegal in many jurisdictions.

### Invasive cosmetic procedures

Tail [docking in dogs](/source/Docking_(dog)) is widely considered animal cruelty when performed for cosmetic or non-medical reasons.

[Painting fish](/source/Painting_fish) using artificial dyes, injections, or caustic dips is considered cruel and unnecessary by animal welfare organizations and experts.

### Neglect

Animal [neglect](/source/Neglect) is a form of abuse that involves failing to provide adequate care, nutrition, shelter, or medical attention to animals.

A study in Pinhais, Brazil, examined the crime of companion animal neglect within households and found it was more common in homes with a larger number of animals, poor economic conditions, the presence of disabled individuals, and lower educational levels among owners. Identifying these factors is important for creating strategies to prevent this crime.[164]

### No pet policies and abandonment

Main articles: [Overpopulation in domestic pets](/source/Overpopulation_in_domestic_pets) and [Pet abandonment](/source/Pet_abandonment)

Many apartment complexes and rental homes institute no-pet policies. No pet policies are a leading cause of animal abandonment, which is considered a crime in many jurisdictions. In many cases, abandoned pets have to be euthanized due to the strain they put on animal shelters and rescue groups. Abandoned animals often become feral or contribute to feral populations. In particular, feral dogs can pose a serious threat to pets, children, and livestock.[165]

In [Ontario, Canada](/source/Ontario%2C_Canada), no pet policies are outlawed under the Ontario Landlord and Tenant Act and are considered invalid even when a tenant signs a lease that includes a no pets clause.[166] Similar legislation has also been considered in [Manitoba](/source/Manitoba).[167]

### Pinioning

[Pinioning](/source/Pinioning) is the act of surgically removing one [pinion](/source/Pinion_(feather)) [joint](/source/Joint), the joint of a [bird](/source/Bird)'s [wing](/source/Wing) furthest from the body, to prevent flight. Pinioning is often done to waterfowl and poultry. It is not typically done to companion bird species such as parrots. This practice is unnecessary and restricted in many countries.

Pinioning is legally restricted in many countries. In England, if the bird is more than 10 days old, its pinioning may only be performed using anaesthetic and, regardless of the bird's age, the procedure is illegal unless carried out by a [veterinarian](/source/Veterinarian). It is also illegal to perform on farmed birds.[168] In Austria, pinioning is prohibited based on §5 (Prohibition of cruelty to animals) and §7 (Prohibited interventions performed on animals) of the Animal Protection Act.[169]

### Retreat practices

The kambo ritual. A) *Phyllomedusa bicolor*. B) Collecting the frog's secretions. C) Applying kambo to burns on the skin. D) Closeup of skin marks.[170]

While traditional methods for collecting [kambo](/source/Kambo) (the secretion of *[Phyllomedusa bicolor](/source/Phyllomedusa_bicolor)*) and [bufotoxin](/source/Bufotoxin) (from various toads, including *[Incilius alvarius](/source/Incilius_alvarius)*) for use in [spiritual retreats](/source/Retreat_(spiritual)) aim to minimize harm and are not generally considered animal cruelty by Indigenous standards, the potential for animal distress exists—especially with non-traditional or commercialized practices in such settings.

### Sexual abuse

Main article: [Sexual abuse of animals](/source/Sexual_abuse_of_animals)

Animal sexual abuse, or [bestiality](/source/Bestiality), occurs when an individual exploits a non-human animal for their own sexual pleasure or for the pleasure of others. Bestiality is strongly associated by many with [zoophilia](/source/Zoophilia), a [paraphilia](/source/Paraphilia) involving sexual attraction to non-human animals. One such individual is [Douglas Spink](/source/Douglas_Spink), who was convicted of allegedly owning a bestiality farm in which several animals such as dogs, horses and mice were found.[171]

[Horse-ripping](/source/Horse-ripping), or horse slashing, is an animal cruelty phenomenon involving serious injuries in [horses](/source/Horse), often involving [mutilation](/source/Mutilation) of [their genitalia](/source/Equine_anatomy#Reproductive_system) and slashing of the flank or neck. It has not been established, however, how often these injuries are caused by human cruelty. "Horse-ripping" is not an entirely neutral term since it implies there is always a human act behind the mutilations.

### Smuggling

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#### Illegal drug trade

The puppies pictured had packets of liquid heroin surgically implanted in them by a veterinarian drug smuggler.

In some cases, traffickers have attached drug packages to animals in an attempt to smuggle contraband. This method is more common than surgical implantation, as it is simpler and less risky for traffickers.

In very rare cases, traffickers have surgically implanted drugs into animals.

At Miami International Airport in 1993, authorities discovered that some of the 312 [boa constrictors](/source/Boa_constrictor) in a shipment from Colombia had been surgically filled with condoms containing a total of 80 pounds (36 kg) of [cocaine](/source/Cocaine), resulting in the death of all the snakes.[172][173]

#### Wildlife smuggling

Main article: [Wildlife smuggling](/source/Wildlife_smuggling)

Smuggler of rare birds apprehended at the US border

Wildlife smuggling often involves transporting live animals in cruel conditions, causing them great suffering. Animals are frequently confined in cramped spaces without food or water, leading to injury, illness, or death. This inhumane treatment makes wildlife smuggling a serious form of animal cruelty.

### Transport

This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Please help improve this article by citing more sources. Find sources: "Animal Cruelty on Transport" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2026)

Inside a truck transporting farm [animals to slaughter](/source/Animal_slaughter). Dehydration, injuries, stress, and disease are common during preslaughter transport, and cramped and unhygienic conditions are typical of the process.

Despite existing regulations in many countries, transport cruelty remains a widespread problem due to inadequate enforcement and economic pressures to minimize costs.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Animals being moved for slaughter, sale, or display are frequently kept in cramped conditions for extended periods, with minimal attention to their physical and psychological needs.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] This issue is especially pronounced during long-distance transport, such as when animals are shipped from other countries or even across continents. During these journeys, animals may endure days or even weeks of travel, often facing extreme temperatures, lack of food and water, and insufficient rest.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The stress and injuries sustained during transport can have lasting effects on animal welfare, and in some cases, animals may not survive the journey. Addressing transport cruelty—particularly in the context of international and intercontinental movement—requires stricter oversight, better training for handlers, and a commitment to prioritizing animal well-being throughout the entire transportation process.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

One concern about the welfare of [horses destined for slaughter](/source/Horse_slaughter) is the long distances the horses are sometimes transported to a slaughterhouse. In 2013, 32,841 horses were slaughtered in Italy; of these, 32,316 were transported from other EU states.[174]

### Trapping

Snares are one of the simplest traps and are very effective.[175] They are cheap to produce and easy to set in large numbers. A snare traps an animal around the neck or the body; a snare consists of a noose made usually by wire or a strong string. Snares are widely criticised by [animal welfare](/source/Animal_welfare) groups for their cruelty.[176]

Domestic animals accidentally captured in [glue traps](/source/Trapping#Glue_traps) can be released by carefully applying cooking oil or [baby oil](/source/Baby_Oil) to the contact areas and gently working until the animal is free. Many animal rights groups, such as the [Humane Society of the United States](/source/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States) and [In Defense of Animals](/source/In_Defense_of_Animals), oppose the use of glue traps for their cruelty to animals.[177][178]

### Warfare

See also: [The Battle of Spokane Plains, where upwards of 900 horses were killed in retaliation](/source/Battle_of_Spokane_Plains) and [Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, where up to 2,000 horses were killed in retaliation by the U.S. Army](/source/Battle_of_Palo_Duro_Canyon)

[Military animals](/source/Military_animal) are creatures that have been employed by humankind for use in [warfare](/source/War). They are a specific application of [working animals](/source/Working_animal); examples include [dogs](/source/Dogs_in_warfare), [dolphins](/source/Military_dolphin), [elephants](/source/War_elephant), and [horses](/source/Horses_in_warfare). Only recently has the involvement of animals in war been questioned, and practices such as using animals for fighting, as [living bombs](/source/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks) (see also: [Exploding animal](/source/Exploding_animal)), or for military [testing](/source/Animal_testing) purposes (such as during the [Bikini Atoll atomic experiments](/source/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll)) may now be criticized for being cruel.[179]

[Princess Anne, Princess Royal](/source/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal), the patron of the British [Animals in War Memorial](/source/Animals_in_War_Memorial), stated that animals adapt to what humans want them to do, but that they will not do things that they do not want to, even with training.[180] Animal participation in the human conflict was commemorated in the United Kingdom in 2004 with the erection of the Animals in War Memorial in [Hyde Park](/source/Hyde_Park%2C_London), [London](/source/London).[181]

In 2008 a video of a [US Marine](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps) throwing a puppy over a cliff during the [Iraq conflict](/source/Iraq_conflict) was popularised as an [internet phenomenon](/source/Internet_meme) and attracted widespread criticism of the soldier's actions for being an act of cruelty.[182]

### Welfare concerns of farm animals

See also: [Animal slaughter](/source/Animal_slaughter) and [Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals](/source/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals)

The following are lists of invasive procedures that cause pain, routinely performed on farm animals, and housing conditions that routinely cause animal welfare concerns. In one survey of United States homeowners, 68% of respondents said they consider the price of meat a more important issue.[14]

Welfare concerns of farm animals Species Invasive procedures Housing Broiler chickens Beak trimming High stocking density Restricted movement Cattle Branding[183] Castration[184] Dehorning[185] Ear tagging[186] Nose ringing[187] Restraint[188] Tail docking[189] Tongue resection (calves) High stocking density (feedlots) Restricted movement (feedlots) Veal crates Dairy cattle Restraint Artificial insemination Dehorning Ear tagging Tail docking Branding Nose ringing High stocking density Restricted movement Cow-calf separation, separation of mother and calf Bounded by milk machines Domestic turkeys Debeaking Desnooding[a] Detoeing Devocalization Spur removal Toe clipping Turkeybeating High stocking density Restricted movement Dogs Castration Docking Ear cropping Ear notching Slaughter by electrocution Slaughter by beating[190] High stocking density[191] Restricted movement[190] Ducks and geese Force-feeding Live-plucking Wing clipping High stocking density Restricted movement Egg laying hens Debeaking Chick culling Blinders[b] Dubbing[c] Forced molting High stocking density Hock burns Restricted movement Goats and sheep Ear tagging Ear notching Dehorning Marking[d] Mulesing[e] Tail docking Teeth grinding[192] High stocking density (fine wool industry, live export) Restricted movement (fine wool industry, live export) Horses Branding Castration Chaining Gingering High stocking density Restricted movement Pigs Castration CO2 stunning[193] Ear cropping Ear tagging Earmarking Nose ringing Tail docking Tattooing Teeth clipping Tusk trimming Gestation crates High stocking density Restricted movement

1. **[^](#cite_ref-192)** 'Desnooding' is the removal of the [snood](/source/Caruncle_(bird_anatomy)), a fleshy appendage on the forehead of turkeys.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-195)** 'Blinders' or 'spectacles' are included as some versions require a pin to pierce the nasal septum.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-196)** 'Dubbing' is the procedure of removing the [comb](/source/Comb_(anatomy)), [wattles](/source/Wattle_(anatomy)) and sometimes [earlobes](/source/Earlobes) of poultry. Removing the wattles is sometimes called "dewattling".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-197)** 'Marking' is the simultaneous mulesing, castration, and tail docking of lambs.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-198)** 'Mulesing' is the removal of strips of wool-bearing skin from around the breech ([buttocks](/source/Buttocks)) of a sheep to prevent [flystrike (myiasis)](/source/Myiasis)

### Working animals

Main article: [Coconut § Monkey labor controversy](/source/Coconut#Monkey_labor_controversy)

A [Southern pig-tailed macaque](/source/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque) sits in the crown of a coconut palm in Malaysia, grasping a [coconut](/source/Coconut) as it prepares to harvest it

The [Southern pig-tailed macaque](/source/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque) is the only monkey species widely used for labor, especially in [Thailand](/source/Thailand) and [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), where they have been trained for centuries—mainly through punishment-based methods—to harvest coconuts and other fruits.[194] Although now limited to a small number of farmers, the practice persists, with training schools still operating in southern Thailand and the Malaysian state of [Kelantan](/source/Kelantan).[195][196][197] The practice drew international attention in 2019 when [PETA](/source/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals) exposed the use of macaques for coconut harvesting in Thailand, leading to calls for boycotts of coconut products. PETA later clarified that this practice does not occur in other major coconut-producing regions such as the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), [India](/source/India), [Brazil](/source/Brazil), [Colombia](/source/Colombia), or [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii).[198]

### Historical

[Bear pits](/source/Bear_pit) have largely fallen out of favor, as many zoos now try to make their animals' accommodations more natural. Zoo visitors tend to view animals in natural settings as "active", and those in more artificial settings as "passive".[199]

[Bull running](/source/Bull_running) was a custom practised in England until the 19th century.[a] It involved chasing a bull through the streets of a town until it was weakened, then slaughtering the animal and butchering it for its meat.[201] Bull running became illegal in 1835, and the last bull run took place in [Stamford, Lincolnshire](/source/Stamford%2C_Lincolnshire), in 1839.[202][203] The practice was not confined to any particular region, with bull runs also documented at [Axbridge](/source/Axbridge) in the [south west](/source/South_West_England), [Canterbury](/source/Canterbury) and [Wokingham](/source/Wokingham) in the [south east](/source/South_East_England), [Tutbury](/source/Tutbury) in the [midlands](/source/West_Midlands_(region)), and [Wisbech](/source/Wisbech) in the [east](/source/East_of_England).[204][205]

[Cat burning](/source/Cat_burning) was a form of cruelty to animals as an entertainment or festivity in [Western](/source/Western_Europe) and [Central Europe](/source/Central_Europe) prior to the 1800s. People would gather [cats](/source/Cat) and hoist them onto a [bonfire](/source/Bonfire) causing death by burning or otherwise through the effects of exposure to extreme heat. In the [medieval](/source/Medieval) to [early modern](/source/Early_modern) periods, cats, which were associated with [vanity](/source/Vanity) and [witchcraft](/source/Witchcraft), were sometimes burned as symbols of the [devil](/source/Devil).[206]

The [Cave of Dogs](/source/Cave_of_Dogs) ([Italian](/source/Italian_language): *Grotta del Cane*) is a cave near [Naples](/source/Naples), Italy. Volcanic gases seeping into the cave give the air inside a high concentration of [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide). Dogs held inside would faint; at one time this was a tourist attraction.

A [diving horse](/source/Diving_horse) is an attraction that was popular in North America in the mid-1880s,[207] in which a [horse](/source/Horse) would [dive into a pool of water](/source/Diving_(sport)), sometimes from as high as 60 feet.[208]

[Dog spinning](/source/Dog_spinning) ([Bulgarian](/source/Bulgarian_language): тричане на куче(та), *trichane na kuche(ta)*) is a ritual that was traditionally practiced on the first day of [Lent](/source/Lent) in the village of [Brodilovo](/source/Brodilovo) in southeastern [Bulgaria](/source/Bulgaria). The ritual is thought to have [pagan](/source/Paganism) origins[209]

The [Foreign Cattle Market](/source/Foreign_Cattle_Market) is a significant historical example of industrial animal handling and slaughter. While not intended as animal cruelty, many of its practices would be considered problematic today.

[Geek shows](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geek_shows&action=edit&redlink=1) were an act in [traveling carnivals](/source/Traveling_carnival) and [circuses](/source/Circus) of early [America](/source/United_States) and were often part of a larger [sideshow](/source/Sideshow). The billed performer's act consisted of a single [geek](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geek), who stood in the center ring to chase live chickens. It ended with the performer biting the chickens' heads off and swallowing them.[210]

[Goat throwing](/source/Goat_throwing) (in Spanish: *Lanzamiento de cabra desde campanario* or *Salto de la cabra*) was a festival celebrated in the town of [Manganeses de la Polvorosa](/source/Manganeses_de_la_Polvorosa), [province of Zamora](/source/Province_of_Zamora), Spain, on the fourth Sunday of January. The festival coincided with the commemoration of [Saint Vincent the Martyr](/source/Vincent_of_Saragossa).

The act of [goldfish swallowing](/source/Goldfish_swallowing) was a [fad](/source/Fad) first popularized by students at American colleges in the late 1930s.[211]

[Kots Kaal Pato](/source/Kots_Kaal_Pato) was an event held annually in the town of Citilcum, located in the municipality of [Izamal](/source/Izamal_Municipality), within the state of [Yucatán](/source/Yucat%C3%A1n), [Mexico](/source/Mexico). In it, piñatas stuffed with live animals were broken and ducks were hung from a wooden structure to later behead them. Since 2016, as a result of the efforts of [Humane Society International](/source/Humane_Society_International) Mexico and local organizations, the event no longer has this type of practices, instead featuring various sports and cultural activities.[212]

## Laws by country

Main article: [Animal rights by country or territory](/source/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory)

[Legal requirements for ritual slaughter](/source/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter) around the world:
  Stunning not required

  Post-cut stunning required

  Simultaneous stunning required

  Pre-cut stunning required

  Ritual slaughter banned

  No data

Many jurisdictions around the world have enacted statutes that forbid cruelty to some animals but these vary by country and in some cases by the use or practice.

### Africa

#### Egypt

Main article: [Animal welfare in Egypt](/source/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt)

Egyptian law states that anyone who inhumanely beats or intentionally kills any domesticated animal may be jailed or fined.[213] The Egyptian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established over a hundred years ago and was instrumental in promoting a 1997 ban on bullfighting in Egypt.[214]

In ancient Egyptian law, the killers of cats or dogs were executed.[215][216]

#### Nigeria

Animal cruelty in Nigeria is prohibited under Section 495 of the Criminal Code (1990). These include, according to 495(1)(a), cruelly beating, kicking, over-loading, infuriating, or terrifying an animal, or allowing this to happen as the owner. Section 495(1)(b) defines failure to act as the willful or unreasonable doing or omission of any act that causes unnecessary suffering (or as the owner, permitting an act that causes unnecessary suffering). This section also prohibits transporting animals in a way that causes unnecessary suffering (c), administering poison (d), performing operations without due care (e), and actions related to animal fighting (f).[217]

#### South Africa

The Animal Protection Act No 71 of 1962 in [South Africa](/source/South_Africa) covers "farm animals, domestic animals and birds, and wild animals, birds, and reptiles that are in captivity or under the control of humans."

The Act contains a detailed list of prohibited acts of cruelty including overloading, causing unnecessary suffering due to confinement, chaining or tethering, abandonment, unnecessarily denying food or water, keeping in a dirty or parasitic condition, or failing to provide veterinary assistance. There is also a general provision prohibiting wanton, unreasonable, or negligible commission or omission of acts resulting in unnecessary suffering. The [Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries](/source/Department_of_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(South_Africa)) for 2013/14 to 2016/17 mentions updating animal protection legislation.[218]

The [NSPCA](/source/NSPCA) is the largest and oldest animal welfare organization in South Africa that enforces 90% of all animal cruelty cases in the country by means of enforcing the Animals Protection Act.

#### South Sudan

The Criminal Code of [South Sudan](/source/South_Sudan) has laws against the maltreatment of animals. The laws read:[219]

*196. Ill-treatment of Domestic Animal*.

- Whoever cruelly beats, tortures, or otherwise willfully ill-treats any tame, domestic, or wild animal, which has previously been deprived of its liberty, or arranges, promotes, or organizes fights between cocks, rams, bulls, or other domestic animals or encourages such acts, commits an offense, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months or with a fine.

*197. Riding and Neglect of Animal*.

- Whoever wantonly rides, overdrives, or overloads any animal or intentionally drugs or employs any animal, which by reason of age, sickness, wounds or infirmity is not in a condition to work, or neglects any animal in such a manner as to cause it unnecessary suffering, commits an offense, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or with a fine or with both.

### Americas

#### Argentina

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In [Argentina](/source/Argentina), National Law 14346 sanctions from 15 days to one year in prison for those who mistreat or inflict acts of cruelty on animals.[220] Tourism is one of the main economic activities in Argentina, and animals are often used as part of the attractions offered to visitors. Several of these practices have raised concerns regarding animal welfare.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Horses have historically been part of Argentine culture and identity. In some tourist cities, horse-drawn carriages (*carruajes*) are still used as attractions.[221][*[AI-retrieved source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AI-retrieved_source/doc)*] NGOs such as *Caballos en Libertad* in Buenos Aires[222] and *Fundación Sin Estribos* in Córdoba[223] rescue mistreated horses. Reports of overwork, inadequate care, and abuse have prompted municipal authorities to propose restrictions and reforms.[224][*[AI-retrieved source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AI-retrieved_source/doc)*]

At Iguazú National Park, the interaction between tourists and coatis has been described as problematic.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Visitors often feed coatis with human food, which alters their diet, generates dependency, and exposes them to health issues.[225] Close interactions, such as touching or taking photographs at very short distance, have also been reported to cause aggressive behavior and accidents.[226] Park authorities and researchers warn that such practices disrupt the animals' natural behavior and may increase human-wildlife conflicts.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Brazil

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in Brazil](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Brazil)

Brazil is a high-volume animal producer, slaughtering around 30.8 land-based animals per person per year, compared to a global average of 10.1. The country's dependency on farmed animals is relatively high, with around 8 farmed animals per person, double the global average of 4.1. A 1998 law prohibits the abuse of domestic and wild animals. It imposes more serious penalties for cruelty than the 1934 decree, with a sentence of 3 months to a year plus a fine, with the penalty increased by one-sixth to one-third of the animal is killed.

### Canada

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in Canada](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Canada)

In Canada, it is an offense under the Criminal Code to intentionally cause unnecessary pain, suffering, or injury to an animal.[227] Poisoning animals is specifically prohibited.[227] It is also an offense to threaten to harm an animal belonging to someone else.[228] Most provinces and territories also have animal protection legislation.[229] However, it is not explicitly illegal in Canadian law to kill a dog or cat for consumption.[230]

The [Animal Legal Defense Fund](/source/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund) releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every province and territory based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2014, the strongest four jurisdictions were [Manitoba](/source/Manitoba), [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), [Ontario](/source/Ontario), and [Nova Scotia](/source/Nova_Scotia). The weakest four were [Saskatchewan](/source/Saskatchewan), [Northwest Territories](/source/Northwest_Territories), [Quebec](/source/Quebec), and [Nunavut](/source/Nunavut).[231]

### Chile

Law 20380 established sanctions including fines, from 2 to 30 Mensual Tributary Units, and prison, from 541 days to 3 years, for those involved in acts of animal cruelty. Also, it facilitates animal care through school education and establishes a Bioethics Committee to define policies related to experiments with animals.[232]

### Colombia

Main article: [Animal rights in Colombia](/source/Animal_rights_in_Colombia)

A [bullfight](/source/Bullfighting) in Bogotá, a legacy of Spanish culture. The practice of bullfighting is criticized by numerous organizations in Colombia. It remains legal in the country.

In [Colombia](/source/Colombia), there is little control over cruel behaviors against animals, and the government has proposed that [bullfighting](/source/Bullfighting) be declared a "[Cultural Heritage](/source/Cultural_Heritage)". Other activities like [cockfighting](/source/Cockfighting) are given the same legal treatment.[233]

### Costa Rica

Toucan Grecia with 3D printed prosthetic beak after losing half its beak

In 2017, after many years of legal wrangling, Costa Rica passed their Animal Welfare Law. It includes prison sentences of three months to one year for harming or killing a domesticated animal or for conducting animal fights. There are monetary fines for those who mistreat, neglect or abandon animals, for breeding or training animals for fighting, or for violating regulations on animal experimentation. The law does not cover agricultural practices, [aquaculture](/source/Aquaculture), [zootechnical](/source/Zootechnics) or [veterinary](/source/Veterinary) activities, killing of animals for consumption, for sanitary or scientific reasons, or reproductive control. Wild animals are covered under the Wild Life Act.[234][235]

The bill had stalled its motion through the legislature until an injured [toucan](/source/Toucan) was found which had lost the top half of its beak. News and images of the injured bird, [now named Grecia](/source/Grecia_(toucan)), raised enough contributions to create a [3D printed](/source/3D_printing) [prosthesis](/source/Prosthesis) for her, and helped spur the bill's progress.[236]

### Mexico

The current policy of [Mexico](/source/Mexico), in [civil law](/source/Civil_law_(legal_system)), condemns physical harm to animals as [property](/source/Property) damage to the owners of the abused animal, considering the animals as owned property.

In [criminal law](/source/Criminal_law), the situation is different. In December 2012, the [Legislative Assembly of the Federal District](/source/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Federal_District) reformed the existing Penal Code of [Mexico City](/source/Mexico_City), establishing abuse and cruelty to animals as criminal offenses, provided the animals are not deemed to be plagues or [pests](/source/Pest_(organism)). Abandoned animals are not considered to be plagues. A subsequent reform was entered into force on 31 January 2013, by a decree published in the Official Gazette of the Federal District. The law provides penalties of six months to two years imprisonment, and a fine of 50 to 100 days at minimum wage, to persons who cause obvious injury to an animal, and the penalty is increased by one-half of those injuries endanger its life. The penalty rises to two to four years of prison, and a fine of 200 to 400 days at minimum wage, if the person intentionally causes the death of an animal.[237]

This law is considered to extend throughout the rest of the 31 constituent states of the country. In addition, The Law of Animal Protection of the Federal District is wide-ranging, based on banning "unnecessary suffering". Similar laws now exist in most states.[238]

### United States

Main article: [Animal welfare in the United States](/source/Animal_welfare_in_the_United_States)

The primary federal law relating to animal care and conditions in the US is the [Animal Welfare Act of 1966](/source/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966), amended in 1970, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2002, and 2007. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard.[239]

The [Animal Legal Defense Fund](/source/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund) releases an annual report ranking the [animal protection laws](/source/Animal_rights) of every state based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In a 2013's report, the top five states for their strong anti-cruelty laws were [Illinois](/source/Illinois), [Maine](/source/Maine), [Michigan](/source/Michigan), [Oregon](/source/Oregon), and [California](/source/California). The five states with the weakest animal cruelty laws in 2013 were [Kentucky](/source/Kentucky), [Iowa](/source/Iowa), [South Dakota](/source/South_Dakota), [New Mexico](/source/New_Mexico), and [Wyoming](/source/Wyoming).[240]

In [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts) and [New York](/source/New_York_(state)), agents of humane societies and associations may be appointed as special officers to enforce statutes outlawing animal cruelty.[241]

In 2004, a [Florida](/source/Florida) legislator proposed a ban on "cruelty to bovines", stating: "A person who, for practice, [entertainment](/source/Entertainment), or sport, intentionally fells, trips, or otherwise causes a cow to fall or lose its balance using roping, lassoing, dragging, or otherwise touching the tail of the cow commits a [misdemeanor](/source/Misdemeanor) of the first degree."[242] The proposal did not become law.[242]

In the United States, [ear cropping](/source/Cropping_(animal)), [tail docking](/source/Docking_(animal)), rodeo sports, and other acts are legal and sometimes condoned. Penalties for cruelty can be minimal if pursued. Currently, 46 of the 50 states have enacted felony penalties for certain forms of animal abuse.[243] However, in most jurisdictions, animal cruelty is most commonly charged as a misdemeanor offense. In one recent California case, a felony conviction for animal cruelty could theoretically net a 25-year to a life sentence due to their [three-strikes law](/source/Three-strikes_law), which increases sentences based on prior felony convictions.[244]

In 2003, West Hollywood, California, passed an ordinance banning [declawing](/source/Onychectomy) of house cats.[245] In 2007, Norfolk, Virginia passed legislation only allowing the procedure for medical reasons.[246] However, most jurisdictions allow the procedure.

In April 2013, Texas Federal Court Judge [Sim Lake](/source/Sim_Lake) ruled[247] that the [Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010](/source/Animal_Crush_Video_Prohibition_Act_of_2010), which criminalized the recording, sale, and transport of videos depicting animal cruelty as obscenity, violates the [First Amendment](/source/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution). Judge Lake noted that obscenity tests require an explicitly sexual depiction, which the criminalized videos lack. This follows the precedent set by *[United States v. Stevens](/source/United_States_v._Stevens)*, which additionally held that restrictions on the possession of animal cruelty videos were unconstitutional.

In November 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump signed the [Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act](/source/Preventing_Animal_Cruelty_and_Torture_Act), making certain intentional acts of cruelty to animals [federal crimes](/source/Federal_crime_in_the_United_States) carrying penalties of up to seven years in prison. The Act expanded upon the 2010 Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act signed by [President Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama) that banned the creation and distribution of videos that showed animals being crushed, burned, drowned, suffocated, impaled, or subjected to other forms of torture. The underlying acts, which were not included in the 2010 bill, are part of the PACT Act and are now federal offenses. The bill was unanimously passed in both the [House](/source/United_States_House_of_Representatives) and [Senate](/source/United_States_Senate).[248][249]

#### State welfare laws

Several states have enacted or considered laws in support of humane farming.

- On 5 November 2002, Florida voters passed Amendment 10 by a margin of 55%, amending the Florida Constitution to ban the confinement of pregnant pigs in [gestation crates](/source/Gestation_crate).[250]

- On 14 January 2004, the bill AB-732 died in the California Assembly's Agriculture Committee.[251] The bill would have banned gestation and veal crates, eventually being amended to include only veal crates.[252] On 9 May 2007, the bill AB-594 was withdrawn from the California State Assembly. The bill had been effectively killed in the Assembly Agriculture Committee, by replacing the contents of the bill with language concerning tobacco cessation coverage under Medi-Cal.[253] AB-594 was very similar to the current language of [Proposition 2](/source/California_Proposition_2_(2008)).[254]

- On 7 November 2006, Arizona voters passed [Proposition 204](/source/Proposition_204) with 62% support. The measure prohibits the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates.[255]

- On 28 June 2007, Oregon Governor [Ted Kulongoski](/source/Ted_Kulongoski) signed a measure into law prohibiting the confinement of pigs in gestation crates (SB 694, 74th Leg. Assembly, Regular Session).[256]

- In January 2008, Nebraska State Senate bill LB 1148, to ban the use of gestation crates for pig farmers, was withdrawn within five days amidst controversy.[257]

- On 14 May 2008, Colorado Governor [Bill Ritter](/source/Bill_Ritter) signed into law a bill, SB 201, that phases out gestation crates and veal crates.[258][259]

### Venezuela

[Venezuela](/source/Venezuela) published a "Law for Protection of Domestic Fauna free and in captivity" in 2010, defining responsibilities and sanctions regarding animal care and ownership. Animal cruelty acts are fined, but are not a cause for imprisonment.[260] The law also forbids the possession, breeding, and reproduction of [pit bull](/source/Pit_bull) dogs, among similar breeds that are alleged to be aggressive and dangerous. It elicited reactions from dog owners, who said that [aggressiveness in dogs](/source/Aggressiveness_in_dogs) is determined more by treatment by the owner than by the breed itself.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Asia

#### Israel

Israel banned the sale of fur to the fashion industry in June 2021.[261]

#### China

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in China](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_China)

As of the year 2006, there were no laws in China governing acts of cruelty to animals.[262] There are no government-supported charitable organizations like the [RSPCA](/source/RSPCA), which monitors the cases of animal cruelty. All kinds of animal abuses, such as to fish, tigers, and bears, are to be reported to law enforcement and [animal welfare](/source/Animal_welfare).[263][264][265][266][267][268]

In the absence of a unified law against animal mistreatment, the [World Animal Protection](/source/World_Animal_Protection) notes that some legislation protecting the welfare of animals exists in certain contexts, especially ones used in research and zoos.[269]

In September 2009, legislation was drafted to address deliberate cruelty to animals in China. If passed, the legislation would offer some protection to pets, captive wildlife, and animals used in laboratories, as well as regulate how farm animals are raised, transported, and slaughtered.[270]

In 2008, the People's Republic of China was in the process of making changes to its stray-dog population laws in the capital city, [Beijing](/source/Beijing). Mr. Zheng Gang who is the director of the Internal and Judicial Committee which comes under the Beijing Municipal People's Congress (BMPC), supported the draft of the Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dogs from the local government. The law would replace the Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dog Ownership, introduced in 1989. The extant regulation talked of "strictly" limiting dog ownership and controlling the number of dogs in the city. The proposed draft focused instead on "strict management and combining restrictions with management."[271]

#### Hong Kong

As of 2010, Hong Kong has supplemented or replaced the laws against cruelty with a positive approach using laws that specify how animals should be treated.[272] The government department primarily responsible for animal welfare in Hong Kong is the Agriculture, Fisheries, and Conservation Department (AFCD).

Laws enforced by the AFCD include these:

- the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance (also enforced by the police)

- the Public Health (Animals and Birds) Ordinance (including regulations for licenses imposed on livestock keepers and animal traders and a Code of Standards for Licensed Animal Traders)

- the Dogs and Cats Ordinance

- the Pounds Ordinance

- the Rabies Ordinance

- the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance

In addition, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) does the following:

- enforces the Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance, which includes regulations for slaughterhouses and wet markets

- publishes a Code of Practice for the Welfare of Food Animals (which describes their transport)

- publishes Operational Guidelines for the Welfare of Food Animals at Slaughterhouses

The Department of Health does the following:

- enforces the Animals (Control of Experiments) Ordinance.

- publishes a Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes

As of 2006, Hong Kong has a law titled "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance", with maximum of 3-year imprisonment and fines of HKD$200,000.[273]

#### India

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in India](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India)

[The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCA), 1960](/source/The_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act%2C1960) was amended in the year 1982, criminalizes cruelty to animals, though exceptions are made for the treatment of animals used for food and scientific experiments.[274] The maximum penalty under the Act is Rs. 50 (under $1) for first offense and Rs. 500 (under $10) and upto three months imprisonment for repeat offense, which is continued to be used despite being criticized for low penalty amount that has not been revised for over two decades.[275][276][277] Since the adoption of [Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023](/source/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita%2C_2023), section 428 and 429 of IPC are replaced by section 325 of BNS that makes animal cruelty relating to killing, poisoning, maiming or 'rendering useless' a cognizable and bailable offense, with imposition of a maximum of 5 years sentence, fine or both.[278] Animal cruelty that do not fall under this are litigated under other parts of legislation, that either generalize to animals or are restrictions on the use of draught animals or performing animals, animal transport, breeding, slaughter, or experimentation.[279][280] Many organizations, including ones such as the local [SPCA](/source/SPCA), PF, A, and Fosterdopt are actively involved in assisting the general population in reporting cruelty cases to the police and helping bring the perpetrator to justice. A series of amendments of the PCA, proposed in 2011-2022, to increase penalty of offense and impose stricter legislature have not passed through the parliament as of February 2026[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruelty_to_animals&action=edit).[281]

#### Iran

Iranian government sponsored a law banning pets, breeding, selling, walking and keeping in the cities also including [Najis](/source/Najis) animals/birds.[282] Animals lives and wellbeing are to some limited extent protected under Islamic criminal code and [feqh](/source/Feqh). Filming animal abuse is illegal.[283] Euthanasia is *[haram](/source/Haram)*.

#### Japan

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in Japan](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Japan)

In Japan, the 1973 Welfare and Management of Animals Act (amended in 1999 and 2005)[284] stipulates that "no person shall kill, injure, or inflict cruelty to animals without a due course", and in particular, criminalizes cruelty to all mammals, birds, and reptiles possessed by persons; as well as cattle, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, pigeons, domestic rabbits, chickens, and domestic ducks regardless of whether they are in captivity.

- Killing or injuring without due reason: up to one year's imprisonment with labor or a fine of up to one million yen

- Cruelty such as causing debilitation by discontinuing feeding or watering without due reason: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen

- Abandonment: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen

Separate national and local ordinances exist about ensuring the health and safety of animals handled by pet shops and other businesses.

Animal experiments are regulated by the 2000 Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, which was amended in 2006.[285] This law requires those using animals to follow the principles outlined in the 3Rs, which are listed as replacement, reduction, and refinement,[286] to use as few animals as possible, and cause minimal distress and suffering. Regulation is at a local level based on national guidelines, but there are no governmental inspections of institutions and no reporting requirement for the numbers of animals used.[287]

#### Malaysia

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in Malaysia](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Malaysia)

Cruelty towards animals protected under the Animal Welfare Act (2015) is punishable by a fine of 20–100,000 ringgit and/or imprisonment of up to three years. Cruelty towards animals protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act (2010) is punishable by a fine of 5–50,000 ringgit and/or up to one-year imprisonment. Under the AA, a person commits an offense of animal cruelty if they "cruelly beats, kicks, ill-treats, overrides, overdrives, overloads, tortures, infuriates or terrifies any animal.

#### Saudi Arabia

Veterinarian Lana Dunn and several Saudi nationals report that there are no laws to protect animals from cruelty since the term is not well-defined within the Saudi legal system. They point to a lack of a governing body to supervise conditions for animals, particularly in pet stores and in the exotic animal trade with East Africa.[288]

#### South Korea

Main article: [Animal welfare and rights in South Korea](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_South_Korea)

South Korea's animal welfare laws are weak by international standards.[289] South Korea's animal protection law states that anyone who abuses or is cruel to animals may be sentenced to a maximum of three years in prison or fined 30 million won ($25,494), but the standards to decide penalties have been low as the animals are treated as objects under the current legal system, Choung said.

#### Taiwan

The Taiwanese Animal Protection Act was passed in 1998, imposing fines of up to NT$250,000 for cruelty. Criminal penalties for animal cruelty were enacted in 2009, including a maximum of one-year imprisonment.[290]

#### Thailand

Main article: [Animal welfare in Thailand](/source/Animal_welfare_in_Thailand)

Thailand introduced its first animal welfare law in 2014. The *[Cruelty Prevention and Welfare of Animal Act, B.E. 2557 (2014)](/source/Prevention_of_Animal_Cruelty_and_Provision_of_Animal_Welfare_Act)* came into being on 27 December 2014.[291][292]

### Europe

#### European Union

The [European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC](/source/European_Union_Council_Directive_1999%2F74%2FEC)[293] is a [directive](/source/Directive_(European_Union)) passed by the [European Union](/source/European_Union) on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively bans conventional [battery cages](/source/Battery_cages). The directive passed in 1999, banned conventional battery cages in the EU from 1 January 2012 after a 13-year phase-out.

It is also illegal in many parts of Europe to declaw a cat.[294]

#### France

In France, cruelty to animals is punishable by imprisonment of two years and a financial penalty (€30,000).[295]

#### Germany

Further information: [Animal welfare and rights in Germany](/source/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Germany) and [Animal welfare in Nazi Germany](/source/Animal_welfare_in_Nazi_Germany)

In Germany, killing animals or causing significant pain (or prolonged or repeated pain) to them is punishable by imprisonment of up to three years or a financial penalty.[296] If the animal is of foreign origin, the act may also be punishable as criminal damage.[297]

#### Italy

Acts of cruelty against animals can be punished with imprisonment, for a minimum of three months up to a maximum of three years, and with a fine ranging from a minimum of 3,000 [Euros](/source/Euros) to a maximum of 160,000 Euros, as for the law n°189/2004.[298]

#### Ireland

The Animal Health and Welfare Act 2013[299] came into force in 2014, improving animal protection.[300] The maximum penalty is up to €250,000 and up to five years in prison. Sentences of up to three years have been imposed in several cases.[301]

#### Portugal

Since 1 October 2014, violence against animals has been a crime in [Portugal](/source/Portugal). Legislation published in the *[Diário da República](/source/Di%C3%A1rio_da_Rep%C3%BAblica)* on 29 August criminalizes the mistreatment of animals and indicates that "those who, without reasonable cause, inflict pain, suffering, or any other hardship to a companion animal abuse" are to be subject to imprisonment of up to one year.[302] If such acts result in the "death of the animal", the "deprivation of an important organ or member", or "serious and permanent impairment of its capacity of locomotion", those responsible will be punished by imprisonment up to two years.[302]

As for pets, the new law provides that "whoever, having the duty to store, monitor or pet watch, abandons them, thereby putting in danger their food and the provision of care owed" faces up to six months imprisonment.[302]

#### Sweden

In Sweden cruelty to animals is punishable by a financial penalty and prison for up to two years. The owner will lose the right to own animals and the animals will be removed from the owner.[303]

#### Switzerland

The [Swiss](/source/Switzerland) animal protection laws are among the strictest in the world, comprehensively regulating the treatment of animals including the size of rabbit cages, and the amount of exercise that must be provided to dogs.[304]

In the [canton of Zurich](/source/Canton_of_Zurich) an animal lawyer, [Antoine Goetschel](/source/Antoine_Goetschel), is employed by the canton government to represent the interests of animals in animal cruelty cases.[305]

#### Turkey

Under [Turkey](/source/Turkey)'s Animal Protection Law No. 5199, cruelty to animals is considered a criminal offense, punishable by up to four years in prison.[306] In July 2021, Turkey banned the opening of circuses which use animals, and dolphinariums.[307] Existing facilities will cease operations in ten years.[306] [HAYTAP](/source/HAYTAP), the Animal Rights Federation in Turkey, used to believe that the previous law did not contain a strong enough punishment for animal abusers.[308] In 2024, a cruelty to animals case caused widespread outrage in social media in Turkey. [Eros](/source/Eros_(cat)), a cat kept in a housing complex in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, was tortured to death by İbrahim Keloğlan on 1 January in the early morning. The moments when Keloğlan tortured Eros to death were recorded by the security cameras of the site. Keloğlan was released with a good behavior discount at the first hearing of the case held on 8 February at the Küçükçekmece 16th Criminal Court of First Instance. A campaign was launched on social media against Keloğlan, who was given a good behavior discount, saying "Let İbrahim Keloğlan be arrested".[309] A similar incident also occurred in 2025. Burak Alan, who came to a Başakşehir housing complex for renovations, tortured and killed a 6-year-old cat whose name was Cezve that approached him inside the building. The moment Alan tortured the cat was recorded second by second by the building's security camera. Justice Minister Yılmaz Tunç stated, "Following images circulating on social media of a cat being brutally kicked to death in Başakşehir, Istanbul, the Küçükçekmece Chief Public Prosecutor's Office immediately launched a judicial investigation under Law No. 5199 on the Protection of Animals. The suspect has been apprehended and detained, and legal proceedings regarding the incident are being meticulously pursued. These images of violence are unacceptable, neither in good conscience nor legally. Violence against animals will never go unpunished."[310] Burak Alan, who was referred to Küçükçekmece Courthouse, was arrested under the "Animal Protection Law" and sent to prison.[311] Burak Alan was sentenced to 3 years and 8 months in prison for "deliberately killing a pet.[312]

#### United Kingdom

Main article: [Animal welfare in the United Kingdom](/source/Animal_welfare_in_the_United_Kingdom)

In the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom), cruelty to animals is a criminal offense for which one may be jailed for up to 6 months.[313]

On 18 August 1911, the House of Commons introduced the [Protection of Animals Act 1911](/source/Protection_of_Animals_Act_1911) (c.27) following lobbying by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ([RSPCA](/source/RSPCA)). The maximum punishment was six months of [hard labour](/source/Hard_labour) with a fine of 25 pounds.[314]

In the [Metropolitan Police Act 1839](/source/Metropolitan_Police_Act_1839) "fighting or baiting Lions, Bears, Badgers, Cocks, Dogs, or other Animals" was prohibited in London, with a penalty of up to one-month imprisonment, with possible hard labor, or up to five pounds. The law laid numerous restrictions on how, when, and where animals could be driven, wagons unloaded, etc. It also prohibited owners from letting mad dogs run loose and gave police the right to destroy any dog suspected of being [rabid](/source/Rabies) or any dog bitten by a suspected rabid dog. The same law prohibited the use of dogs for drawing carts.[315]

Up until then, dogs were used for delivering milk, bread, fish, meat, fruit, vegetables, animal food (the cat's-meat man), and other items for sale and for collecting refuse (the [rag-and-bone man](/source/Rag-and-bone_man)).[316][317] As Nigel Rothfels notes the prohibition against dogs pulling carts in or near London caused most of the dogs to be killed by their owners[318] as they went from being contributors to the family income to unaffordable expenses. Cart dogs were replaced by people with handcarts.[319] About 150,000 dogs were killed or abandoned. Erica Fudge quotes [Hilda Kean](/source/Hilda_Kean):[318]

At the heart of nineteenth-century animal welfare campaigns is the middle-class desire not to be able to see cruelty.

— Hilda Kean, *Animal Rights*, 1998[320]

The Protection of Animals Act 1911[321] extended the ban on draft dogs to the rest of the kingdom. As many as 600,000 dogs were killed or abandoned.

The Protection of Animals Act 1911 has since been largely superseded by the [Animal Welfare Act 2006](/source/Animal_Welfare_Act_2006),[322] which also superseded and consolidated more than 20 other pieces of legislation, including the [Protection of Animals Act 1934](/source/Protection_of_Animals_Act_1934) and the [Abandonment of Animals Act 1960](/source/Abandonment_of_Animals_Act_1960). The Act introduced a new welfare offense, which means that animal owners have a positive duty of care, and outlaws neglect to provide for their animals' basic needs, such as access to adequate nutrition and veterinary care.[323]

Under the [Criminal Damage Act 1971](/source/Criminal_Damage_Act_1971), domestic animals can be classed as property that is capable of being "damaged or destroyed". A charge of criminal damage may be appropriate for the injury or death of an animal owned by someone other than the defendant, and prosecution under the Animal Welfare Act 2006 may also be appropriate.[324][325]

### Oceania

#### Australia

In Australia, all states and territories have enacted legislation governing animal welfare. The legislation is:[326]

- Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)[327][328]

- Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)[329][330]

- Animal Welfare Act (NT)[331][332]

- Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)[333][334]

- Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)[335][336]

- Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas)[337][338]

- Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)[339][340]

- Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)[341][342]

Welfare laws have been criticized as not adequately protecting animals.[343] Whilst police maintain an overall jurisdiction in the prosecution of criminal matters, in many states officers of the [RSPCA](/source/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Australia) and other animal welfare charities are accorded authority to investigate and prosecute animal cruelty offenses.

#### New Zealand

Further information: [Animal welfare in New Zealand](/source/Animal_welfare_in_New_Zealand)

The [Animal Welfare Act 1999](/source/Animal_Welfare_Act_1999) protects animals from maltreatment.[344]

## See also

- [Bambi effect](/source/Bambi_effect)

- [Bear-baiting](/source/Bear-baiting)

- [Cat burning](/source/Cat_burning)

- [Crimes against nature](/source/Crimes_against_nature)

- [Crush fetish](/source/Crush_fetish)

- [Hunting](/source/Hunting)

- [Moral development](/source/Moral_development)

- [RSPCA](/source/RSPCA)

- [Goat throwing](/source/Goat_throwing)

- [Pain in animals](/source/Pain_in_animals)

- [Poaching](/source/Poaching)

- [Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals](/source/Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals)

- [List of animal welfare organizations](/source/List_of_animal_welfare_organizations)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-208)** Griffin-Kremer has suggested that bull running, as distinct from bull baiting, may also have occasionally occurred in Waterford, Ireland; however, the release of the bull through the town seems to have been a protest at the failure of newly-elected mayors to provide the traditional rope, collar and buckle "at the charge of the city revenue" for the annual bull baiting.[200]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** The use of the bird as food is now prohibited.[71]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Hussain, Grace (20 August 2021). ["Animal Cruelty: What Is Animal Cruelty and How to Recognize It"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241214160957/https://sentientmedia.org/animal-cruelty/). *Sentient Media*. Archived from [the original](https://sentientmedia.org/animal-cruelty/) on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-warburton_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-warburton_2-1) Warburton, Nigel (2013). *Philosophy: the basics* (5th ed.). Routledge. p. 71. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-69317-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69317-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["The life of Leonardo da Vinci by Giorgio Vasari"](http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/ref/collection/rebooks/id/24652). Yale University Library Digital Collections. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150706163415/http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/ref/collection/rebooks/id/24652) from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Nibert, David (2013). [*Animal Oppression and Human Violence: Domesecration, Capitalism, and Global Conflict*](http://cup.columbia.edu/book/animal-oppression-and-human-violence/9780231151894). [Columbia University Press](/source/Columbia_University_Press). pp. 189, 233–240, 260–261. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-231-15189-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15189-4).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-336)** ["ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1992"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/awa1992128/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125095621/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/awa1992128/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act_1979_(NSW)_337-0)** ["NSW Legislation"](http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+200+1979+cd+0+N). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160127191647/http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/view/inforce/act+200+1979+cd+0+N) from the original on 27 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act_1979_(NSW)_at_Austlii_338-0)** ["PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT 1979"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/poctaa1979360/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125085815/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/poctaa1979360/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-339)** ["ANIMAL WELFARE ACT"](http://notes.nt.gov.au/dcm/legislat/legislat.nsf/d989974724db65b1482561cf0017cbd2/6883ea013062c5fd69257d0800261e5f?OpenDocument).[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-340)** ["ANIMAL WELFARE ACT"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/awa128/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314035256/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/awa128/) from the original on 14 March 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-341)** ["Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)"](https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/inforce/current/act-2001-064) (PDF). *legislation.qld.gov.au*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180131080913/https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/inforce/current/act-2001-064) from the original on 31 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-342)** ["ANIMAL CARE AND PROTECTION ACT 2001"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/acapa2001229/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125094600/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/acapa2001229/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-343)** ["South Australian Legislation"](https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/ANIMAL%20WELFARE%20ACT%201985.aspx). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160131015931/https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/ANIMAL%20WELFARE%20ACT%201985.aspx) from the original on 31 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-344)** ["ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1985"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/awa1985128/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125090545/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/awa1985128/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-345)** ["Legislation View Page"](http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/tocview/index.w3p;cond=;doc_id=63%2B%2B1993%2BAT%40EN%2B20160124210000;histon=;prompt=;rec=;term=). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160210003625/http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/tocview/index.w3p;cond=;doc_id=63%2B%2B1993%2BAT%40EN%2B20160124210000;histon=;prompt=;rec=;term=) from the original on 10 February 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-346)** ["ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1993"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/awa1993128/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125091030/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/awa1993128/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act_1986_(Vic)_347-0)** ["Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)"](http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt6.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/6337C32351FF7731CA25796E007C36F5/$FILE/86-46aa081%20authorised.pdf) (PDF). *legislation.vic.gov.au*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act_1986_(Vic)_at_Austlii_348-0)** ["PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT 1986"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/poctaa1986360/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125090042/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/poctaa1986360/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-349)** ["Western Australian Legislation"](http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_50_homepage.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160130214624/http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_50_homepage.html) from the original on 30 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-350)** ["ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 2002"](http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/awa2002128/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092348/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/awa2002128/) from the original on 25 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-351)** Graeme McEwen. [The fox is in charge of the chickens](http://www.animalsaustralia.org/media/opinion.php?op=47) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071212210736/http://www.animalsaustralia.org/media/opinion.php?op=47) 12 December 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Animals Australia. Retrieved 4 July 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-352)** ["Animal Welfare Act 1999"](http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM49664.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160126003147/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM49664.html) from the original on 26 January 2016.

## Sources

- Bushaway, Bob (1993), "Bulls, Ballads, Minstrels and Manors: Some Observations on the Defence of Customs in Eighteenth-Century England", in Buckland, Theresa; Wood, Juliette (eds.), *Aspects of British Calendar Customs*, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 75–93, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-850-75243-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-850-75243-5)

- Griffin-Kremer, Cozette (2003), "May Day and Mayhem: Portraits of a Holiday in Eighteenth-Century Dublin Ballads", in McKean, Thomas A. (ed.), *The Flowering Thorn: International Ballad Studies*, Logan: Utah State University Press, pp. 101–128, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-87421-491-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87421-491-2)

- Malcolmson, Robert W. (1973), [*Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850*](https://archive.org/details/ertw00malc), London: [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-20147-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20147-0)

- Peacock, Mabel (1904), ["Notes on the Stamford Bull-Running"](https://zenodo.org/record/1429938), *[Folklore](/source/The_Folklore_Society#Publications)*, **15** (2): 199–202, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/0015587x.1904.9719402](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587x.1904.9719402)

## Further reading

- [Arnold Arluke](/source/Arnold_Arluke). *Brute Force: Animal Police and the Challenge of Cruelty*, Purdue University Press (15 August 2004), hardcover, 175 pages, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55753-350-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55753-350-4). An [ethnographic](/source/Ethnography) study of [humane law enforcement officers](/source/Humane_law_enforcement_officer).

- Fiber-Ostrow, Pamela, Lovell, Jarret S. "Behind a veil of secrecy: animal abuse, factory farms, and Ag-Gag legislation." *Contemporary Justice Review* (2016) 19(2), 230 – 249.

- Lea, Suzanne Goodney (2007). *Delinquency and Animal Cruelty: Myths and Realities about Social Pathology*, hardcover, 168 pages, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59332-197-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59332-197-0). Lea challenges the argument made by animal rights activists that animal cruelty enacted during childhood is a precursor to human-directed violence.

- [McArthur, Jo-Anne](/source/Jo-Anne_McArthur); Wilson, Keith, eds. (2020). [*Hidden: Animals in the Anthropocene*](https://weanimalsmedia.org/our-work/hidden/). [Lantern Books](/source/Lantern_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59056-638-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-638-1).

- Munro H. *The battered pet* (1999) In F. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.) Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 199–208. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55753-143-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55753-143-9)

- Tichelar, Michael. "Royalty and Opposition to Blood Sports in Twentieth‐Century Britain: From Imperial Spoils to Wildlife Conservation?." *History* 103.357 (2018): 588–609.

- Mance, Henry (2021). *[How to love animals : in a human-shaped world](/source/How_to_Love_Animals)* (First North American edition ed.). New York. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-9848-7965-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7965-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1226175333](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1226175333)

- [Singer, Peter](/source/Peter_Singer) (16 May 2023). ["Think humans' treatment of animals has improved in 50 years? Think again"](https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-05-16/animal-cruelty-factory-farming). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*.

- [Animal abuse in film](https://www.imdb.com/list/ls040030411/)

v t e Abuse Types Adverse childhood experiences Anti-social behaviour Bullying Child abuse neglect sexual military marriage Cruelty to animals Disability abuse military draft Domestic abuse Elder abuse Financial Marriage Gaslighting Harassment Humiliation Incivility Institutional abuse Intimidation Neglect Persecution Professional abuse Psychological abuse Physical abuse Police brutality Religious abuse Social abuse Sexual abuse Stalking Structural abuse Substance abuse Alcohol abuse Surveillance abuse Referee and umpire abuse Verbal abuse more... Related topics Abusive supervision Abuse of power Controlling behavior Post-traumatic stress disorder complex Dehumanization Denial Destabilisation Discrimination Exaggeration Just-world fallacy Lying Manipulation Minimisation Narcissism Playing the victim Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy Rationalization Sexual grooming Traumatic bonding Victim blaming Victimisation Victimology

v t e Animal welfare Issues Abandoned pets Animal husbandry Animal testing Animals in sport Antibiotic use in livestock Artificial insemination Barn fire Battery cage Beak trimming Bile bear Blood sports Bullfighting Captivity Calf hutch Cannibalism in poultry Chick culling Culling Cockfighting Concentrated animal feeding operation Cow-calf separation Cribbing (horse) Cruelty to animals Dairy farming Docking Dog fighting Discretionary invasive procedures on animals Eating live animals Eating live seafood Eyestalk ablation Feather-plucking Feedback (pork industry) Fire Bull festival Toro de fuego Toro embolado Foam depopulation Foie gras controversy Forced molting Force-feeding Fur farming Gestation crate Hunting Hock burns Horse pain caused by the bit Intensive animal farming Intensive pig farming Lameness (equine) Livestock branding Livestock dehorning Livestock transportation Pet rental Poultry farming Puppy mill Roadkill Sentience Stable vices Stereotypy (non-human) Testing cosmetics on animals Ventilation shutdown Vivisection Weaving (horse) Welfare of farmed insects Wild animal welfare Wildlife farming Zoos Concepts Abnormal behaviours in animals Animal psychopathology Animal shelter Animal welfare science Anthrozoology Behavioral enrichment Better Chicken Commitment Bioethics Compassionate conservation Conservation welfare Ethics of uncertain sentience Ethical omnivorism Five Domains model Five Freedoms Humane law enforcement Intrinsic value in animal ethics Rescue group RSPCA Assured Three Rs principles Welfare biology Pain Pain in amphibians Pain in cephalopods Pain in crustaceans Pain in fish Pain in invertebrates Grimace scale Organisations ASPCA American Humane Education Society American Humane Society Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society Animal Defenders International Animal Welfare Committee Animal Welfare Party Animals' Friend Society Animal Aid Unlimited Animal Welfare Board of India Animal Welfare Institute Animal Welfare Investigations Project Badger Trust Band of Mercy Battersea Best Friends Animal Society Blue Cross Blue Cross of India Care for the Wild International Cats Protection Compassion in World Farming CAWF Cinnamon Trust Dogs Trust DSPA DSPCA Eurogroup for Animals Four Paws FRAME Humane Canada Humane Farm Animal Care HSUS Humane Society International Humane Slaughter Association Humanitarian League International Animal Rescue IFAW International Society for Applied Ethology ISPCA League Against Cruel Sports Legal Impact for Chickens Mercy For Animals National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports Network for Animals Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research MSPCA-Angell National Animal Welfare Trust National Anti-Vivisection Society OneKind Order of the Golden Age Party for Animal Welfare People for Animals People's Dispensary for Sick Animals RNZSPCA RSPCA RSPCA Australia Save Me Scottish Animal Welfare Commission SSPCA The Humane League Tiggywinkles UFAW Wildlife Aid Foundation World Animal Protection World Horse Welfare Publications Animal Welfare Cruel Sports Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science Our Dumb Animals Books Remarks on Cruelty to Animals (1795) A Few Notes on Cruelty to Animals (1846) Some Remarks on Cruelty to Animals, and the Principles in Human Nature from which That Vice Proceeds (1865) Black Beauty (1877) An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1878) The Cost of a Skin (1907) Animal Machines (1964) Animal Liberation (1975) Diet for a New America (1987) Striking at the Roots (2007) The Edge of Sentience (2024) Categories Animal advocacy parties Animal killing Animal rights Animal welfare and rights legislation Animal welfare in sports Animal sacrifice Animal sanctuaries Animal testing Animal welfare and rights by country Cruelty to animals Dishes involving the consumption of live animals Ethically disputed business practices towards animals Fur trade Pain in animals People associated with animal welfare Vivisection Whaling Religious considerations Dhabihah Jhatka Kutha Shechita Tza'ar ba'alei chayim Rituals and festivals Blessing of animals Bous al carrer Cock throwing Combat de Reines Eid al-Adha Gadhimai festival Goat throwing Goose pulling International Primate Day Kapparot Dog Meat Festival Monkey Buffet Festival Monkey Day October Horse Pushkar Camel Fair Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo Running of the bulls Surin Elephant Round-up Toro embolado World Animal Day World Wildlife Day Legislation Animal testing regulations Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK) Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ) Animal Welfare Act 2006 (UK) Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US) Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 (UK) Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 (UK) EU Directive 2010/63/EU (EU) EU Directive 1999/74/EC (EU) Horse Protection Act of 1970 (US) Hunting Act 2004 (UK) Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 (Philippines) Related Animal–industrial complex Humanitarian movement List of animal rights advocates List of animal sanctuaries People in animal welfare Category

v t e Animal rights Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) Overviews Movement History (Ancient world) Timeline Europe United States By country or territory Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Brazil Canada China Denmark Ethiopia France Germany Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Russia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States Anarchism Punk subculture Religion Christianity Indian religions Islam Human uses of animals Women Concepts Abolitionism Ahimsa Animal cognition Animal consciousness Animal exploitation Animal-free agriculture Animal–industrial complex Animal law Animal machine Animal protectionism Animal resistance Animal trial Animal welfare Animal worship Anthropocentrism Argument from marginal cases Bioethics Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness Carnism Equal consideration of interests Emotion in animals Ethics of eating meat Ethics of uncertain sentience Holocaust analogy Insects in ethics Intrinsic value Meat paradox Mentophobia Moral circle expansion New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness Nonkilling Nonviolence Open rescue Opposition to hunting Painism Personism Personhood Replaceability argument Sentientism Speciesism Total liberation Vegaphobia Veganism Vegetarianism Issues Animal husbandry Animal product Animal husbandry Battery cage Bile bear CAFOs Chick culling Crocodiles Cow-calf separation Feedback Fish Foam depopulation Foie gras controversy Force-feeding Fur Fur trade Hock burns Insects Intensive Livestock Live export Pigs Poultry Slaughter Slaughterhouse Ventilation shutdown Wildlife Blood sport Badger-baiting Bear-baiting Boar-baiting Bull-baiting Donkey-baiting Duck-baiting Hog-baiting Human-baiting Hyena-baiting Lion-baiting Monkey-baiting Rat-baiting Wolf-baiting Cruelty Pest control (Varmint hunting) Sacrifice Working animal Animal testing Alternatives Cosmetics Green Scare (Operation Backfire) History Model organism Organizations Huntingdon Life Sciences Nafovanny Regulations Countries banning non-human ape experimentation Non-human primates Vivisection (Anti-vivisection movement) Animal welfare Abandoned pets Animal-borne bomb attacks Bullfighting Captivity Euthanasia (insects) Farmed insects Killing of animals Live food Pain Amphibians Cephalopods Crustaceans Fish Invertebrates Laboratory animals Sports Fishing Bait Commercial Farming Recreational Wild animals Culling Farming Hunting Techniques Coursing Spotlighting Trail hunting Trapping Treeing Trophy hunting Upland hunting Animals Alligators Bats Bears Birds Bison Boar Deer Dolphins Foxes Hares Jackals Lions Mink Petrels Quail Rabbit Raccoons Rooks Seals Squirrels Tigers Turtles Waterfowl Whales Wild birds Wolves Management Predation problem Suffering Trade Primates Ivory Welfare Cases Brown Dog affair Cambridge University primates McLibel case Monkey selfie copyright dispute Pit of despair SHAC Silver Spring monkeys University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid Unnecessary Fuss War of the currents Studies Animal ethics Anthrozoology Critical animal studies Ethology Vegan studies Methodologies Direct Action Everywhere Hunt sabotage Observances World Animal Day World Day for Farmed Animals World Day for Laboratory Animals World Day for the End of Fishing World Day for the End of Speciesism World Vegan Day World Vegetarian Day Monuments and memorials Emily the Cow Monument to the laboratory mouse Advocates (academics, writers, activists) Academics and writers Contemporary Carol J. Adams Aysha Akhtar Kristin Andrews Marc Bekoff Steven Best Paola Cavalieri Stephen R. L. Clark Alasdair Cochrane J. M. Coetzee Alice Crary David DeGrazia Daniel Dombrowski Sue Donaldson Josephine Donovan Joan Dunayer Mylan Engel Catia Faria Lawrence Finsen Michael W. Fox Gary L. Francione Robert Garner Valéry Giroux Lori Gruen John Hadley Oscar Horta Dale Jamieson Kyle Johannsen Melanie Joy Hilda Kean Christine Korsgaard Will Kymlicka Renan Larue Thomas Lepeltier Andrew Linzey Clair Linzey Dan Lyons David Nibert Martha Nussbaum Clare Palmer Charles Patterson David Pearce Jessica Pierce Evelyn Pluhar Mark Rowlands Richard D. Ryder Steve F. Sapontzis Jeff Sebo Jérôme Segal Peter Singer Gary Steiner Cass Sunstein David Sztybel Michael Tye Bernard Unti Tatjana Višak Paul Waldau Corey Lee Wrenn Historical Tom Beauchamp Jeremy Bentham David Renaud Boullier Stephen St. C. Bostock Brigid Brophy Peter Buchan Mona Caird Sherry Colb Priscilla Cohn Henry Crowe Herman Daggett Richard Dean Wilhelm Dietler William Hamilton Drummond Edward Payson Evans T. Forster John Galsworthy Thomas G. Gentry Arthur Helps John Hildrop V. A. Holmes-Gore John Zephaniah Holwell Francis Hutcheson Soame Jenyns Marie Jungius Karl Christian Friedrich Krause John Lawrence Charles R. Magel Jean Meslier Mary Midgley J. Howard Moore José Ferrater Mora Robert Morris Leonard Nelson Edward Nicholson Siobhan O'Sullivan John Oswald Rod Preece Humphrey Primatt James Rachels Tom Regan Joseph Ritson Nathaniel Peabody Rogers Bernard Rollin Henry Stephens Salt Arthur Schopenhauer Laurids Smith John Styles Thomas Tryon Gary Varner Voltaire Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann Mary Anne Warren Adam Gottlieb Weigen Johann Heinrich Winckler Steven M. Wise Jon Wynne-Tyson Thomas Young Activists Contemporary James Aspey Greg Avery Matt Ball Martin Balluch Brigitte Bardot Carole Baskin Gene Baur Yves Bonnardel Joey Carbstrong Aymeric Caron Jake Conroy Rod Coronado Karen Dawn Chris DeRose John Feldmann Bruce Friedrich Juliet Gellatley Tal Gilboa Antoine Goetschel Mark Gold Brigitte Gothière Alex Hershaft Wayne Hsiung Charlotte Laws Ronnie Lee Howard Lyman Evanna Lynch Bill Maher Keith Mann Jim Mason Dan Mathews Jo-Anne McArthur Luísa Mell Virginia McKenna Morrissey Ingrid Newkirk Heather Nicholson Jack Norris Ric O'Barry David Olivier Alex Pacheco Joaquin Phoenix Craig Rosebraugh Jasmin Singer Kim Stallwood Lynda Stoner That Vegan Teacher Marianne Thieme Darren Thurston Christine Townend Barbi Twins Jerry Vlasak Louise Wallis Ed Winters Gary Yourofsky Historical Cleveland Amory Henry B. Amos Bob Barker Diana Belais Ernest Bell Anna Briggs William Brown Edith Carrington Frances Power Cobbe Joseph Collinson Joan Court Karen Davis Savitri Devi Royal Dixon Muriel Dowding Elizabeth Farians Peter Freeman Emarel Freshel André Géraud Lewis Gompertz James Granger Joseph Morse Greene Lizzy Lind af Hageby Florence Henniker Barry Horne Marie Huot R. H. Jude Flora Kibbe Jessie Mackay Malvina Mehrn Alfred Mansfield Mitchell Philip G. Peabody J. Isaac Pengelly Norm Phelps Jill Phipps Maud Ingersoll Probasco Hans Ruesch Magnus Schwantje Nell Shipman Henry Spira Joseph Stratton Andrew Tyler Gretchen Wyler Movement (groups, parties) Groups Contemporary American Anti-Vivisection Society Animal Aid Animal Ethics Animal Justice Animal Justice Project Animal Legal Defense Fund Animal Liberation Animal Liberation Front Animal Liberation Press Office Animal Liberation Victoria Animal Rights Militia Animal Rising AnimaNaturalis Anonymous for the Voiceless Anti-Vivisection Coalition Beauty Without Cruelty Born Free Foundation Centre for Animals and Social Justice Chinese Animal Protection Network Cruelty Free International Direct Action Everywhere Doctors Against Animal Experiments Equanimal Every Animal Farm Animal Rights Movement Faunalytics Great Ape Project Hunt Saboteurs Association In Defense of Animals Korea Animal Rights Advocates L214 Last Chance for Animals Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition Mercy for Animals Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade Rise for Animals Sentience Politics Uncaged Campaigns United Activists for Animal Rights United Poultry Concerns UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics Viva! Voice for Animals Humane Society Voiceless Historical Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society Church Anti-Vivisection League Humanitarian League (1891–1919) Millennium Guild Oxford Group Parties Animal Justice Party (Australia) Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland) Animal Politics EU (Europe) Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada) Animalist Movement (Italy) Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain) Animals' Party (Sweden) DierAnimal (Belgium) Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany) Italian Animalist Party (Italy) Party for the Animals (Netherlands) Peace for Animals (Netherlands) People Animals Nature (Portugal) V-Partei³ (Germany) Activism Animal Rights National Conference Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) Books On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century) The Way to Health, Long Life and Happiness (1683) A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746) A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books (1755) The Cry of Nature; or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice, on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals (1791) An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798) An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802) Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824) The Rights of Animals (1838) The Ethics of Diet (1883) A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays (1886) Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (1892) Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897) Better-World Philosophy (1899) The Logic of Vegetarianism (1899) The Universal Kinship (1906) The New Ethics (1907) The Humanities of Diet (1914) Animals, Men and Morals (1971) Animal Liberation (1975) The Case for Animal Rights (1983) Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987) Zoos and Animal Rights (1993) Animals, Property, and the Law (1995) The Lives of Animals (1999) Eternal Treblinka (2001) Do Animals Have Rights? (2005) Striking at the Roots (2008) An American Trilogy (2009) An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010) Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012) Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014) Animal (De)liberation (2016) Beating Hearts: Abortion and Animal Rights (2016) Sentientist Politics (2018) Wild Animal Ethics (2020) Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022) Making a Stand for Animals (2022) Animal Rights Law (2023) The Moral Circle (2025) Films The Animals Film (1981) A Cow at My Table (1998) Shores of Silence (2000) The Witness (2000) Meet Your Meat (2002) Legally Blonde 2 (2003) The Meatrix (2003) Peaceable Kingdom (2004) Earthlings (2005) Behind the Mask (2006) Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007) Food, Inc. (2009) The Cove (2009) Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009) Forks Over Knives (2011) Vegucated (2011) An Apology to Elephants (2013) Speciesism: The Movie (2013) The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013) Unlocking the Cage (2016) Land of Hope and Glory (2017) Carnage (2017) Okja (2017) Dominion (2018) Seaspiracy (2021) Periodicals Journals Animal Sentience Between the Species Cahiers antispécistes Etica & Animali Journal of Animal Ethics Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism Magazines Arkangel Bite Back Muutoksen kevät No Compromise Satya Albums Animal Liberation (1987) Tame Yourself (1991) Manifesto (2008) Onward to Freedom (2014) Salvation of Innocents (2014) Fairs and exhibitions Holocaust on your Plate (2003) Category ( 139 )

v t e Types of crime Note: Crimes vary by jurisdiction. Not all types are listed here. Classes Infraction Misdemeanor Felony Summary Indictable Hybrid Corruption Law portal Against the person Section 'Offense against the person' not found Against property Section 'Crimes against property' not found Against the public Section 'Crimes against the public' not found Against the state Section 'Crimes against the state' not found Against justice Section 'Crimes against justice' not found Against animals Section 'Crimes against animals' not found Sexual offenses Section 'Sexual offenses' not found Inchoate offenses Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation WikiSource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews

[Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Animals)

Authority control databases International GND National Czech Republic Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cruelty to animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.