# Crested bellbird

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The **crested bellbird** (***Oreoica gutturalis***) is a medium-sized passerine [bird](/source/Bird) in the family [Oreoicidae](/source/Oreoicidae). It is native to drier parts of [Australia](/source/Australia) where its typical habitats are acacia scrublands, eucalypt woodlands, spinifex and saltbush plains, and dunes. The male is about 20 cm (8 in) long and has a grey head, a black crest and breast, and a grey or olive brown body. The female and juvenile are similar but the colours are more muted and the black breast is lacking. The distinctive call is a high pitched bell-like sound, audible at some distance. Sometimes a pair of birds duet.

The crested bellbird feeds on seeds and small invertebrates, foraging on the ground or in low bushes. The deep, cup-shaped nest is usually within a couple of metres of the ground, built in the fork of a branch or in a crevice in a stump. It is made from small twigs and bark and lined with finer material. Up to four eggs are laid and these are incubated by both parents. Overall this bird is quite common, but in some regions, such as [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(Australia)), it is threatened by fragmentation of its habitat

## Taxonomy and etymology

This bird has been placed in the Old World warbler family Sylviidae, at the time a "[wastebasket taxon](/source/Wastebasket_taxon)" used for birds of which the exact affinities are unknown, and, more recently, the whistler family [Pachycephalidae](/source/Pachycephalidae), itself formerly a wastebasket taxon. It is now placed in the family Oreoicidae, along with two [New Guinean](/source/New_Guinea) species; the [rufous-naped](/source/Rufous-naped_bellbird) and [piping](/source/Piping_bellbird) bellbirds.

The [Yuwaalaraay-Gamilaraay](/source/Yuwaalaraay-Gamilaraay) name **banbandhuluwi**; [Wangaaybuwan](/source/Wangaaybuwan_language) name **papampula**; [Pitjantjatjara](/source/Pitjantjatjara_dialect) name **panpanpalala**; [Warlpiri](/source/Warlpiri_language) name **panpanpalala**; and [Nyungar](/source/Nyungar_language) names **bokonbokon**, **barkabark**, and **dirldirl** are reflective of its cowbell-like voice, as are the early European names **dick-dick-the-devil** and **wack-to-the-rottle**.[1][2][3][4][5]

## Description

Adults range in size from 19 cm to 23 cm in length.[6] Adult males have grey heads with a raised black crest, a white forehead and throat, and a prominent black breast, while the rest of the body is grey or brown.[7] Females and immature birds are less prominently coloured than the males, lacking the black breast and having a smaller, unraised black crest. Both males and females have orange-red eyes.[7] Similar species include [wedgebills](/source/Psophodes) and the [Western whipbird](/source/Western_whipbird), which female and juvenile bellbirds resemble.[8]

## Behaviour

### Breeding

The crested bellbird forms pairs during breeding season and prepares deep cup-shaped nests made of fine sticks and twigs or bark, and lined with fine bark, fibres, or leaves.[9] Nests are prepared in various places such as forks in dead trees, hollow stumps, etc., usually below two metres in height.[9] The eggs are incubated by both sexes.[10] The breeding season is variable but usually ranges from August till December with clutch sizes ranging from one to four eggs.[11] The eggs are white or tinged with blue, and lightly blotched with dark brown and grey.[9]

An interesting aspect of the nest-making process is that the bird places [caterpillars](/source/Caterpillar) of various species in and around its nest. It will nip the necks of the caterpillars to immobilise them, and it is theorised that the hairy caterpillars are either gathered as a cache of fresh food for parents and nestlings, or as a defensive barrier for their young.[9]

### Feeding

Crested bellbirds feed on invertebrates and seeds.[12] They hop rapidly, foraging on the ground or flying low between low shrubs or into low branches of trees.[9] They are usually solitary foragers but may feed in pairs during breeding season or in mixed feeding flocks with [chestnut-rumped thornbills](/source/Chestnut-rumped_thornbill) and [red-capped robins](/source/Red-capped_robin).[13]

### Voice

The crested bellbird has a distinctive call. It has a high pitched bell-like call, with two slow notes then three fast notes, sounding like *did-did-did-dit*.[14] The call can also sound like water drops – *dee-dee-dee-ook* or *plonk-plon-plonka*.[15] Male birds sing from an exposed perch such as a dead branch or the top of a tree. Often [duetting](/source/Duetting) can be heard, where the male says *tik-tik-tik* and the female responds with a bell like *tonk-tonk*.[9] Although the bird keeps a low profile, as many people have never seen it, the male call can unmistakably be heard from over half a kilometre away.[16] Another aspect of the bellbird's call is its [ventriloquial](/source/Ventriloquism) quality.[17] This can make it very hard to identify the location of the calling bird as at first it can sound as if the call was coming from a few metres to the left, then to the right, and then from behind.

## Distribution and habitat

The crested bellbird's habitat is usually found throughout the semi-arid coastlines and towards the drier interior areas of Australia, particularly in areas dominated by acacia scrublands, eucalypt woodlands, spinifex and chenopod (saltbush) plains or dunes.[18] The species is sedentary or locally nomadic and is distributed throughout most of the continent including west of the [Great Dividing Range](/source/Great_Dividing_Range), in the south of tropical northern Australia, and through South Australia to the west coast of Western Australia.[19][20] The bellbird avoids the far north and the humid eastern and extreme south-western regions.[1]

## Status and conservation

The range of the crested bellbird has been contracted due to [habitat destruction](/source/Habitat_destruction) from land clearance, as this species is particularly susceptible to fragmentation.[21] In Victoria, it has disappeared from well over half of its historical range.[22]

Crested bellbirds are not listed as threatened on the Australian [Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999](/source/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999). However, their conservation status varies from state to state within Australia. For example:

- The crested bellbird is listed as **threatened** on the Victorian [Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988)](/source/Flora_and_Fauna_Guarantee_Act_(1988)).[23] Under this Act, an *Action Statement* for the recovery and future management of this species has not yet been prepared.[24]
- On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the crested bellbird is listed as [near threatened](/source/Near_threatened).[25]

## References

### Notes

1. Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife 1997, p.256.

1. Giacon, John (2013). "Etymology of Yuwaalaraay Gamilaraay bird names". *Lexical and Structural Etymology: Beyond Word Histories*. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 252–286. ISBN 978-1-61451-059-8.

1. Abbott, Ian (2009). ["Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage"](https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/about/science/cswa/articles/14.pdf). *Conservation Science Western Australia*. **7** (2): 213–278.

1. Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2019). *Australian Bird Names: Origins and Meanings*. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4863-1163-7.

1. Mathews, Gregory M. (1923–1924). [*The Birds of Australia, Volume XI*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56042871). London: H. F. & G. Witherby. p. 23.

1. "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 4.

1. "Birdlife," n.d. para. 2.

1. "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 5.

1. Macdonald 1978, p.383.

1. "Birds in Backyards," n.d. para. 7.

1. "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 11.

1. "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 9.

1. "Birds in Backyard," n.d. para. 6.

1. "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 10.

1. Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. ISBN 978174021417-9

1. Chapman n.d. para. 2.

1. "Birdlife," n.d. para. 1.

1. "Birdlife," n.d. para. 5.

1. Christidis 2008, p.35.

1. "Birds in Backyard," n.d. para. 3.

1. "Birds in Backyards," n.d. para. 8.

1. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria.

1. [Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria](http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpa.nsf/LinkView/EADA0F1874AF9CF24A2567C1001020A388BBA5581CF9D859CA256BB300271BDB) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20050718182613/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpa.nsf/LinkView/EADA0F1874AF9CF24A2567C1001020A388BBA5581CF9D859CA256BB300271BDB) July 18, 2005 at the Wayback Machine

1. [Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria](http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpa.nsf/LinkView/617768308BCB666E4A25684E00192281E7A24BB36FF60A144A256DEA00244294) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060911130015/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpa.nsf/LinkView/617768308BCB666E4A25684E00192281E7A24BB36FF60A144A256DEA00244294) September 11, 2006 at the Wayback Machine

1. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). *Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria - 2007*. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.

### Sources

- BirdLife International (2012). "Oreoica gutturalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- Chapman, G. (n.d.). Crested Bellbird - Australian Birds - photographs by Graeme Chapman. Crested Bellbird - Australian Birds - photographs by Graeme Chapman. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from [http://www.graemechapman.com.au/library/viewphotos.php?c=10](http://www.graemechapman.com.au/library/viewphotos.php?c=10)
- Christidis, L., & Boles, W. (2008).Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub.
- Crested Bellbird - Australian Museum. (n.d.). Crested Bellbird - Australian Museum. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Crested-Bellbird/](http://australianmuseum.net.au/Crested-Bellbird/)
- Crested Bellbird. (n.d.). Home | BirdLife. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from [http://www.birdlife.org.au/bird-profile/crested-bellbird](http://www.birdlife.org.au/bird-profile/crested-bellbird).
- Crested Bellbird. (n.d.). Welcome to Birds in Backyards. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Oreoica-gutturalis](http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Oreoica-gutturalis) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150329131601/http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Oreoica-gutturalis) 2015-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- Del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). *[Handbook of the Birds of the World](/source/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World)*. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2
- Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria
- Encyclopedia of Australian Wildlife. (1997). Sydney: Reader's Digest.
- Macdonald, J. (1978). Birds of Australia: a summary of information; illustrated by Peter Slater. (Rev. ed.). Sydney, NSW: Reed.
- Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria - 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Crested bellbird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_bellbird) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_bellbird?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.