# Crankshaft

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Mechanism for converting reciprocating motion to rotation

For other uses, see [Crankshaft (disambiguation)](/source/Crankshaft_(disambiguation)).

Crankshaft (red), pistons (gray), cylinders (blue) and flywheel (black)

A **crankshaft** is a mechanical component used in a [piston engine](/source/Reciprocating_engine) to convert the [reciprocating motion](/source/Reciprocating_motion) into [rotational motion](/source/Rotational_motion). The crankshaft is a rotating [shaft](/source/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)) containing one or more [crankpins](/source/Crankpin),[1] that are driven by the [pistons](/source/Piston) via the [connecting rods](/source/Connecting_rod).[2]

The crankpins are also called *rod bearing journals*,[3] and they rotate within the "big end" of the connecting rods.

Most modern crankshafts are located in the [engine block](/source/Engine_block). They are made from [steel](/source/Steel) or [cast iron](/source/Cast_iron), using either a [forging](/source/Forging), [casting](/source/Casting_(metalworking)) or [machining](/source/Machining) process.

## Design

Crankshaft, [pistons](/source/Piston#Internal_combustion_engines) and [connecting rods](/source/Connecting_rod) for a typical [internal combustion engine](/source/Internal_combustion_engine)

An [ATS](/source/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service) trainee examining a crankshaft, 1941

Marine engine crankshafts from 1942

The crankshaft is located within the [engine block](/source/Engine_block) and held in place via [main bearings](/source/Main_bearing) which allow the crankshaft to rotate within the block.[4] The up-down motion of each piston is transferred to the crankshaft via [connecting rods](/source/Connecting_rods).[5] A [flywheel](/source/Flywheel) is often attached to one end of the crankshaft, in order to smooth power delivery and reduce vibration.[6]

A crankshaft is subjected to enormous stresses, in some cases more than 8.6 tonnes (19,000 pounds) per cylinder.[7] Crankshafts for [single-cylinder engines](/source/Single-cylinder_engine) are usually a simpler design than for engines with multiple cylinders.

### Bearings

Main article: [Main bearing](/source/Main_bearing)

The crankshaft is able to rotate in the [engine block](/source/Engine_block) due to the 'main [bearings](/source/Bearing_(mechanical))'. Since the crankshaft is subject to large horizontal and [torsional forces](/source/Torsion_(mechanics)) from each cylinder, these main bearings are located at various points along the crankshaft, rather than just one at each end.[8] The number of main bearings is determined based on the overall load factor and the maximum engine speed. Crankshafts in [diesel engines](/source/Diesel_engine) often use a main bearing between every cylinder and at both ends of the crankshaft, due to the high forces of combustion present.[9]

Flexing of the crankshaft was a factor in replacing [straight-eight engines](/source/Straight-eight_engine) in the 1950s; the long crankshafts suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers began using higher [compression ratios](/source/Compression_ratio) and higher engine speeds (RPM).[10]

### Piston stroke

The distance between the axis of the [crankpins](/source/Crankpin) and the axis of the crankshaft determines the [stroke length](/source/Stroke_(engine)#Stroke_length) of the engine.[1]

Most modern car engines are classified as "over square" or short-stroke,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] wherein the stroke is less than the diameter of the [cylinder bore](/source/Cylinder_bore). A common way to increase the low-RPM torque of an engine is to increase the stroke, sometimes known as "stroking" the engine. Historically, the trade-off for a long-stroke engine was a lower rev limit and increased vibration at high RPM, due to the increased piston velocity.[11]

### Cross-plane and flat-plane configurations

When designing an engine, the crankshaft configuration is closely related to the engine's [firing order](/source/Firing_order).[12][13]

Most production [V8 engines](/source/V8_engine) (such as the [Ford Modular engine](/source/Ford_Modular_engine) and the [General Motors LS engine](/source/LS_based_GM_small-block_engine)) use a [cross-plane crank](/source/Crossplane) whereby the crank throws are spaced 90 degrees apart.[14] However, some high-performance V8 engines (such as the [Ferrari 488](/source/Ferrari_488))[15][16] instead use a [flat-plane crank](/source/Flat-plane_crank), whereby the throws are spaced 180° apart, which essentially results in two inline-four engines sharing a common crankcase. Flat-plane engines are usually able to operate at higher RPM, however they have higher second-order vibrations,[17] so they are better suited to racing car engines.[18]

### Engine balance

For some engines it is necessary to provide [counterweights](/source/Counterweight) for the reciprocating mass of the piston, conrods and crankshaft, in order to improve the [engine balance](/source/Engine_balance).[19][20] These counterweights are typically cast as part of the crankshaft but, occasionally, are bolt-on pieces.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Flying arms

Flying arm (the boomerang-shaped link between first and second [crankpins](/source/Crankpin) on a crankshaft)

In some engines, the crankshaft contains direct links between adjacent [crankpins](/source/Crankpin), without the usual intermediate main bearing. These links are called *flying arms*.[21]: 16, 41 This arrangement is sometimes used in [V6](/source/V6_engine) and [V8 engines](/source/V8_engine), in order to maintain an even firing interval while using different V angles, and to reduce the number of main bearings required. The downside of flying arms is that the rigidity of the crankshaft is reduced, which can cause problems at high RPM or high power outputs.[22]

### Counter-rotating crankshafts

In most engines, each [connecting rod](/source/Connecting_rod) is attached to a single crankshaft, which results in the angle of the connecting rod varying as the [piston](/source/Piston) moves through its stroke. This variation in angle pushes the pistons against the cylinder wall, which causes friction between the piston and cylinder wall.[23] To prevent this, some early engines – such as the 1900–1904 [Lanchester Engine Company](/source/Lanchester_Motor_Company) flat-twin engines – connected each piston to two crankshafts that rotated in opposite directions. This arrangement cancels out the lateral forces and reduces the requirement for counterweights. This design is rarely used; however a similar principle applies to [balance shafts](/source/Balance_shaft), which are occasionally used.

### Eccentricity and dynamic displacement of diesel engines

Eccentricity and dynamic displacement are critical factors influencing the performance, efficiency, and durability of diesel engines. These phenomena arise due to the flexibility of the crankshaft, secondary [piston motion](/source/Piston_motion_equations), and varying loads during engine operation. Understanding these effects is essential for reducing mechanical wear, improving fuel efficiency, and optimizing engine design.[24]

## Construction

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### Forged crankshafts

Forged crankshaft

Crankshafts can be created from a steel bar using [roll forging](/source/Forging#Roll_forging). Today, manufacturers tend to favour the use of forged crankshafts due to their lighter weight, more compact dimensions and better inherent damping.[25] With forged crankshafts, [vanadium](/source/Vanadium#Applications) micro-alloyed steels are mainly used as these steels can be air-cooled after reaching high strengths without additional heat treatment, except for the surface hardening of the bearing surfaces. The low alloy content also makes the material cheaper than high-alloy steels. Carbon steels also require additional heat treatment to reach the desired properties.

### Cast crankshafts

Another construction method is to [cast](/source/Casting_(metalworking)) the crankshaft from [ductile iron](/source/Ductile_iron). [Cast iron](/source/Cast_iron) crankshafts are today mostly found in cheaper production engines where the loads are lower.[26]

### Machined crankshafts

Crankshafts can also be [machined](/source/Machining) from [billet](/source/Billet_(manufacturing)), often a bar of high quality [vacuum remelted steel](/source/Vacuum_arc_remelting). Though the fiber flow (local inhomogeneities of the material's chemical composition generated during casting) does not follow the shape of the crankshaft (which is undesirable), this is usually not a problem since higher quality steels, which normally are difficult to forge, can be used. Per unit, these crankshafts tend to be expensive due to the large amount of material that must be removed with lathes and milling machines, the high material cost, and the additional heat treatment required. However, since no expensive tooling is needed, this production method allows small production runs without high up-front costs.[27]

## History

### Crankshaft

In 9th century [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid) [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad), automatically operated cranks appear in several of the hydraulic devices described by the [Banū Mūsā](/source/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81) brothers in the *[Book of Ingenious Devices](/source/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices)*.[28] These automatically operated cranks appear in several devices, two of which contain an action which approximates to that of a crankshaft, five centuries before the earliest known European description of a crankshaft. However, the automatic crank mechanism described by the [Banū Mūsā](/source/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers) would not have allowed a full rotation, but only a small modification was required to convert it to a crankshaft.[29]

In the [Artuqid Sultanate](/source/Artuqids), Arab engineer [Ismail al-Jazari](/source/Ismail_al-Jazari) (1136–1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine for two of his water-raising machines,[30] which include both crank and [shaft](/source/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)) mechanisms.[31]

15th century paddle-wheel boat

The Italian physician [Guido da Vigevano](/source/Guido_da_Vigevano) (c. 1280 – c. 1349), planning for a new [Crusade](/source/Crusade), made illustrations for a [paddle boat](/source/Paddle_steamer#History) and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels,[32] identified as an early crankshaft prototype by [Lynn Townsend White](/source/Lynn_Townsend_White).[33]

1661 water pump by [Georg Andreas Böckler](/source/Georg_Andreas_B%C3%B6ckler)

Crankshafts were described by [Leonardo da Vinci](/source/Leonardo_da_Vinci) (1452–1519)[30] and a Dutch farmer and windmill owner by the name [Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest](/source/Cornelis_Corneliszoon_van_Uitgeest) in 1592. His wind-powered [sawmill](/source/Sawmill) used a crankshaft to convert a windmill's circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. Corneliszoon was granted a [patent](/source/Patent) for his crankshaft in 1597.

From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in the technological treatises of the period: [Agostino Ramelli](/source/Agostino_Ramelli)'s *The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines* of 1588 depicts eighteen examples, a number that rises in the *Theatrum Machinarum Novum* by [Georg Andreas Böckler](/source/Georg_Andreas_B%C3%B6ckler) to 45 different machines.[34] Cranks were formerly common on some machines in the early 20th century; for example almost all [phonographs](/source/Phonograph) before the 1930s were powered by [clockwork](/source/Clockwork) motors wound with cranks. Reciprocating piston engines use cranks to convert the linear piston motion into rotational motion. [Internal combustion engines](/source/Internal_combustion_engine) of early 20th century [automobiles](/source/Automobile) were usually started with hand cranks, before [electric starters](/source/Automobile_self_starter) came into general use.

## See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Crankshaft](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft).

- [Bicycle crankset](/source/Crankset)

- [Brace (tool)](/source/Brace_(tool))

- [Cam (mechanism)](/source/Cam_(mechanism))

- [Cam engine](/source/Cam_engine)

- [Camshaft](/source/Camshaft)

- [Crank (mechanism)](/source/Crank_(mechanism))

- [Crankcase](/source/Crankcase)

- [Crankshaft torsional vibration](/source/Torsional_vibration#Crankshaft_torsional_vibration)

- [List of auto parts](/source/List_of_auto_parts)

- [Piston motion equations](/source/Piston_motion_equations)

- [Tunnel crankshaft](/source/Tunnel_crankshaft)

- [Scotch yoke](/source/Scotch_yoke)

- [Swashplate](/source/Swashplate)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Howacarworks.com_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Howacarworks.com_1-1) ["How the crankshaft works – All the details"](https://www.howacarworks.com/crankshaft). *How a Car Works*. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Definition of Crankshaft"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crankshaft). *[Merriam-Webster Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary)*. 17 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Jones, Brian (August 5, 2023). ["All About Crankshafts and How They Work"](https://www.ebay.com/motors/blog/all-about-crankshafts-and-how-they-work/). *eBay*. Retrieved October 8, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Crankshaft: Parts, Function, Types, Diagram & More"](https://www.theengineerspost.com/crankshaft-parts-and-function/). *The Engineers Post*. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** McCune, R. C.; Weber, G. A. (1 January 2001). ["Automotive Engine materials"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080431526000863). *Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology*. Elsevier. pp. 426–434. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001emst.book..426M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001emst.book..426M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/00086-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043152-6%2F00086-3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780080431529](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080431529). Retrieved 1 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["How Does A Flywheel Work? Explained In Simple Words"](https://carfromjapan.com/article/industry-knowledge/how-does-a-flywheel-work/). *Car From Japan*. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["How to Build Racing Engines: Crankshafts Guide"](https://www.musclecardiy.com/performance/how-to-build-racing-engines-crankshafts-guide/). *www.musclecardiy.com*. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Flat-Plane Cranks, Part 2 — Calculating Crankshaft Secondary Forces"](https://www.enginelabs.com/tech-stories/flat-plane-cranks-part-2-calculating-crankshaft-secondary-forces/). *EngineLabs*. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Bosch, Robert (2004). [*Automotive Handbook*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_t1oPwAACAAJ). Robert Bosch. p. 465. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8376-1243-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8376-1243-0). Retrieved 28 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["A Brief History Of The Straight-Eight Engine – Carole Nash"](https://www.carolenash.com/news/classic-car-news/detail/a-brief-history-of-the-straight-eight-engine). *Carole Nash UK*. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["All you need to know about stroker engines and kits"](https://www.torquecars.com/tuning/stroker-engines.php). *TorqueCars*. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["What's the best firing order?"](https://www.enginelabs.com/engine-tech/engine/firing-order-swaps-whats-best-for-your-engine/). *EngineLabs*. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Crankshaft Design Evolution"](http://enginehistory.org/members/articles/CrankDesignEvol.shtml). *enginehistory.org*. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Flat Plane Crankshafts vs. Crossplane Crankshafts"](https://www.onallcylinders.com/2015/01/15/cross-plane-vs-flat-plane-crankshafts/). *OnAllCylinders*. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Ferrari 488 Spider debuts in Frankfurt, is faster than Lamborghini's new drop-top in every way"](https://www.autoweek.com/news/auto-shows/a1876761/ferrari-488-spider-drops-its-top-frankfurt-motor-show/). *Autoweek*. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["2016 Ferrari 488 Spider: Losing the Roof Doesn't Compromise the Magic"](https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/first-drives/reviews/a27051/the-ferrari-488-spider-is-not-compromised-is-really-great/). *Road & Track*. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Difference Between Cross-Plane and Flat-Plane Cranks"](https://www.motortrend.com/how-to/difference-between-cross-plane-and-flat-plane-cranks/). *MotorTrend*. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["How The Flat-Plane Crank Turns Muscle Cars Into Exotics"](https://carbuzz.com/news/carbuzz-explains-how-the-flat-plane-crank-turns-muscle-cars-into-exotics). *CarBuzz*. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Crankshaft Balance Factors"](http://ohiocrank.com/crankshaft-balance-factors/). *Ohio Crankshaft*. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Finding Balance (Part 1): The Basics of Crankshaft Balancing"](https://www.onallcylinders.com/2016/03/17/the-basics-of-crankshaft-balancing/). *OnAllCylinders*. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nunney_21-0)** Nunney, Malcolm J. (2007). *Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology* (4th ed.). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7506-8037-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8037-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Crankshaft guide – Flat vs Cross plane & lightened crankshafts"](https://www.torquecars.com/tuning/crankshafts.php). *TorqueCars*. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Andersson B S (3–6 September 1991), "Company's perspective in vehicle tribology", in Dowson, D; Taylor, C M; Godet, M (eds.), *18th Leeds-Lyon Symposium*, New York: Elsevier, pp. 503–506

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Elmoselhy, Salah A. M.; Faris, Waleed F.; [Rakha, Hesham A.](/source/Hesham_Rakha) (January 2022). ["Validated Analytical Modeling of Eccentricity and Dynamic Displacement in Diesel Engines with Flexible Crankshaft"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen15166083). *Energies*. **15** (16): 6083. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/en15166083](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen15166083). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10919/111637](https://hdl.handle.net/10919%2F111637). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1996-1073](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-1073).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Cast vs Forged Crankshaft"](https://www.dropforging.net/cast-vs-forged-crankshaft.html). *www.dropforging.net*. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Dempsey, Paul (2018). "8.12". [*Troubleshooting and Repairing Diesel Engines*](https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9781260116434/chapter/chapter8#/c9781260116434ch08lev1sec12) (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781260116434](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781260116434).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Silvey, Todd (2023-04-24). ["Forged vs Billet: Callies Explains Crankshaft Choices"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250603005112/https://www.dragzine.com/tech-stories/forged-vs-billet-callies-explains-crankshaft-choices/). *Dragzine*. Archived from [the original](https://www.dragzine.com/tech-stories/forged-vs-billet-callies-explains-crankshaft-choices/) on 2025-06-03. Retrieved 2025-06-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Beeston_28-0)** A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990), *The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature*, [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press), p. 266, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-32763-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32763-6){{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Crank2_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Crank2_30-1) [Ahmad Y Hassan](/source/Ahmad_Y_Hassan). [The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine](http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_31-0)** [Donald Hill](/source/Donald_Hill) (2012), [*The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices*, page 273](https://books.google.com/books?id=EUTqCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273), [Springer Science + Business Media](/source/Springer_Science_%2B_Business_Media)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Hall 1979](#CITEREFHall1979), p. 80

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Townsend White, Lynn (1978). [*Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays*](https://archive.org/details/medievalreligion00whit). University of California Press. p. 335. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780520035669](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520035669).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [White 1962](#CITEREFWhite1962), p. 172

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- Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007), "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", *Journal of Roman Archaeology*, **20**: 138–163, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S1047759400005341](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759400005341), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [161937987](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161937987)

- Schiöler, Thorkild (2009), "Die Kurbelwelle von Augst und die römische Steinsägemühle", *Helvetia Archaeologica*, vol. 40, no. 159/160, pp. 113–124

- Volpert, Hans-Peter (1997), "Eine römische Kurbelmühle aus Aschheim, Lkr. München", *Bericht der Bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege*, **38**: 193–199, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-7749-2903-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-2903-3){{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN))

- [White, Lynn Jr.](/source/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr.) (1962), *Medieval Technology and Social Change*, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press

- [Wilson, Andrew](/source/Andrew_Wilson_(classical_archaeologist)) (2002), "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", *[The Journal of Roman Studies](/source/The_Journal_of_Roman_Studies)*, vol. 92, pp. 1–32

## External links

- Interactive crank animation [https://www.desmos.com/calculator/8l2kvyivqo](https://www.desmos.com/calculator/8l2kvyivqo)

- D & T Mechanisms – Interactive Tools for Teachers (applets) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155346/http://www.content.networcs.net/tft/mechanisms.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155346/http://www.content.networcs.net/tft/mechanisms.htm)

- Grewe, Klaus (2009). "Die Reliefdarstellung einer antiken Steinsägemaschine aus Hierapolis in Phrygien und ihre Bedeutung für die Technikgeschichte. Internationale Konferenz 13.−16. Juni 2007 in Istanbul". In Bachmann, Martin (ed.). [*Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511200049/http://www.freundeskreis-roemerkanal.de/Text/BAUTECHNIK%20IM%20ANTIKEN%20UND.pdf) (PDF). Byzas (in German). Vol. 9. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları/Zero Prod. Ltd. pp. 429–454. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-975-807-223-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-807-223-1). Archived from [the original](http://www.freundeskreis-roemerkanal.de/Text/BAUTECHNIK%20IM%20ANTIKEN%20UND.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-05-11.

v t e Internal combustion engine Part of the Automobile series Engine block and rotating assembly Balance shaft Block heater Bore Connecting rod Crankcase Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve) Crankpin Crankshaft Core plug (freeze plug) Cylinder (bank, layout) Displacement Flywheel Firing order Stroke Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Valvetrain and Cylinder head Flathead layout Overhead camshaft layout Overhead valve (pushrod) layout Tappet / lifter Camshaft Chest Combustion chamber Compression ratio Head gasket Rocker arm Timing belt Valve Forced induction Blowoff valve Boost controller Intercooler Supercharger Turbocharger Fuel system Diesel engine Petrol engine Carburetor Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Ignition Magneto Compression ignition Coil-on-plug Distributor Glow plug Ignition coil Spark plug Spark plug wires Capacitor discharge ignition Engine management Engine control unit (ECU) Electrical system Alternator Battery Dynamo Starter motor Intake system Airbox Air filter Idle air control actuator Inlet manifold MAP sensor MAF sensor Throttle Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Gasoline particulate filter EGT sensor Exhaust manifold Muffler Oxygen sensor Cooling system Air cooling Water cooling Electric fan Radiator Thermostat Viscous fan (fan clutch) Lubrication Oil Oil filter Oil pump Sump (wet, dry) Other Knocking / pinging Power band Redline Stratified charge Top dead centre Portal Category

v t e Steam engines Operating cycle Atmospheric Watt Cornish Compound Uniflow Valves Valves Slide D slide Piston Drop Corliss Poppet Sleeve Bash Valve gear Gab Stephenson link Joy Walschaerts Allan Baker Corliss Lentz Caprotti Gresley conjugated Southern Mechanisms Beam Cataract Centrifugal governor Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Tusi couple hypocycloidal straight line mechanism Link chain Parallel motion Plate chain Rotative beam Sun and planet gear Watt's linkage Boilers Simple boilers Haystack Wagon Egg-ended Box Flued Cornish Lancashire Fire-tube boilers Locomotive Scotch Launch Water-tube boilers Babcock & Wilcox Field-tube Sentinel Stirling Thimble tube Three-drum Yarrow Boiler feed Feedwater heater Feedwater pump Injector Cylinder Locomotive Oscillating Single- and double-acting Condenser Condensing steam locomotive Jet Kirchweger Watt's separate "Pickle-pot" Surface Other Blowback Crosshead Cutoff Expansion valve Hydrolock Piston Reciprocating engine Return connecting rod engine Six-column beam engine Steeple engine Safety valve Steeple compound engine Stroke Working fluid History Precursors Savery Engine (1698) Newcomen engine Newcomen Memorial Engine (1725) Fairbottom Bobs (1760) Elsecar Engine (1795) Watt engine Beam Kinneil Engine (1768) Old Bess (1777) Chacewater Mine engine (1778) Smethwick Engine (1779) Resolution (1781) Rotative beam Soho Manufactory engine (1782) Bradley Works engine (1783) Whitbread Engine (1785) National Museum of Scotland engine (1786) Lap Engine (1788) High-pressure Richard Trevithick Puffing Devil (1801) London Steam Carriage (1803) "Coalbrookdale Locomotive" (1803) "Pen-y-Darren" locomotive (1804) Compound Woolf's compound engine (1803) Murray Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine (1805) Salamanca (1812) High-speed Porter-Allen (1862) Ljungström (1908) See also Glossary of steam locomotive components History of steam road vehicles Cugnot's fardier à vapeur (1769) Murdoch's model steam carriage (1784) Lean's Engine Reporter List of steam technology patents Modern steam Stationary steam engine Timeline of steam power Water-returning engine

Authority control databases International GND National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Crankshaft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.