# Court Line

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English shipping and airline group, 1905–1974

Court Line IATA ICAO Call sign none OU COURTLINE Founded 1905; 121 years ago (1905)(as shipping company) 1957; 69 years ago (1957) (as Argus Air Transport) Ceased operations 1974; 52 years ago (1974) Hubs London Luton Airport Fleet size 11 Headquarters London (1905–1970) London Luton Airport (1970–1974) Key people Sir Philip Haldin John R Young Edward J Posey GHG Threlfall WH Armstrong

**Court Line** was a 20th-century British [tramp](/source/Tramp_trade) shipping company that was founded in 1905. In the 1960s it diversified into [shipbuilding](/source/Shipbuilding) and [charter aviation](/source/Air_charter). Its merchant shipping interests were based in [London](/source/Port_of_London). Its [shipyards](/source/Shipyard) were at [Appledore](/source/Appledore%2C_Torridge) in [Devon](/source/Devon) and [Sunderland](/source/Sunderland) in [Tyne and Wear](/source/Tyne_and_Wear). Its airline was based at [Luton Airport](/source/Luton_Airport) in [Bedfordshire](/source/Bedfordshire). It also provided bus services in [Luton](/source/Luton) and surrounding areas.

Its airline helped pioneer the concept of "cheap and cheerful" [package tours](/source/Package_tour) to [Spain](/source/Spain) and other destinations in the [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Sea) in conjunction with [Clarksons Holidays](/source/Clarksons_Travel_Group), thus taking part in the establishment of a whole new way of holidaymaking for the British public.

The Court Line group, including its airline and subsidiary [tour operators](/source/Tour_operator), [Clarksons Travel Group](/source/Clarksons_Travel_Group) and [Horizon Travel](/source/Horizon_Travel), ceased trading on 15 August 1974, with at least [£](/source/Pounds_sterling)7 million owing to 100,000 holidaymakers.[1][2]

## Shipping

[House flag](/source/House_flag) used by London Court Line

Philip Haldinstein was a [British Jewish](/source/British_Jews) businessman from [Norwich](/source/Norwich). He founded the [tramp shipping](/source/Tramp_trade) company Haldinstein and Co Ltd in 1905.[3] [Robert Stephenson and Company](/source/Robert_Stephenson_and_Company) launched Haldinstein's first ship, *Arlington Court*, at [Hebburn](/source/Hebburn) on the [River Tyne](/source/River_Tyne) that October.[4]

*[Hannington Court](/source/SS_Empire_Brigade)*, built for Court Line in 1912 and sold in 1936[5]

Between 1906 and 1912 Haldinstein added several new steamships from shipyards on the Tyne[6] and the [River Wear](/source/River_Wear).[5] When the [First World War](/source/World_War_I) broke out in 1914, Haldinstein & Co had a fleet of seven ships and was operating as Court Line, Ltd.[7] [Anti-German sentiment](/source/Anti-German_sentiment) arose in Britain in the war, so in 1915 Haldinstein shortened his surname to Haldin.[3]

In 1915 Haldin bought a second-hand ship, *Dalebank*, which he renamed *Ilvington Court*. In 1917 a U-boat sank *Ilvington Court* in the [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Sea), killing eight of her crew.[8] Haldin sold several ships between 1916 and 1921, reducing his fleet to only two ships: *Geddington Court* and *Hannington Court*.[9]

From 1924 onward Haldin expanded his fleet again. He bought a mixture of new and second-hand ships. The second-hand ones were ships that had been built just after the end of the First World War to the [Shipping Controller](/source/Shipping_Controller)'s war standard designs. Haldin continued to name his ships in the same "*—ington Court*" style, and re-used some names more than once. By 1926 the fleet had 26 ships.[9]

In 1926 Haldin registered his fleet under the name United British Steamship Co Ltd. In 1929 Richard Philipps, the youngest brother of [Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant](/source/Owen_Philipps%2C_1st_Baron_Kylsant), joined Haldin in the business, which was renamed Haldin and Philipps Ltd. In the 1930s part of the fleet was laid up.[3] In 1939 Haldin was made a [Knight Bachelor](/source/Knight_Bachelor).[10]

*Nollington Court* in 1932. She sank in the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean_Sea) in 1937.[11]

In 1937 Court Line lost two ships. *Nollington Court* sank in the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean_Sea) after striking a submerged object.[12] Less than a fortnight later, *Quarrington Court* sank in the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea) after springing a leak in a water intake in her [engine room](/source/Engine_room).[13]

When the [Second World War](/source/World_War_II) began in 1939, Haldin & Philipps Ltd had a fleet of 23 ships.[14] In the war it lost 14 ships, 13 of them to enemy action, with the loss of 136 lives.[15] One ship, [*Pennington Court*](/source/SS_Pennington_Court), was lost with all hands.[16]

From 1940 onward Haldin & Philipps started to manage some [Empire ships](/source/Empire_ship) for the [Ministry of War Transport](/source/Ministry_of_War_Transport). In 1945 and 1946 it bought these ships and renamed them with "*—ington Court*" names.

In 1948 Philipps retired, and the company name reverted to Haldin & Co.[3] Haldin died in 1953, aged 73.[10]

From 1952 onward Haldin & Co started to buy new ships again. In the 1960s the fleet diversified into [tankers](/source/Tanker_(ship)). The first was *Edith Borthen*, which Haldin bought in 1963 and renamed *Halcyon Days*. The second was *Halcyon Breeze*, which [Hitachi](/source/Hitachi_Zosen_Corporation) built for Court Line in [Japan](/source/Japan) in 1964. The [Admiralty](/source/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)) [chartered](/source/Chartering_(shipping)) *Halcyon Breeze* as the [oiler](/source/Replenishment_oiler) [RFA *Derwentdale*](/source/RFA_Derwentdale_(A221)).[17] All Court Line tankers were named in the same "*Halcyon —*" style.[9]

In 1964 Court Line bought [Appledore Shipbuilders](/source/Appledore_Shipbuilders) in [Devon](/source/Devon).[18] In 1972 it took over a larger shipbuilding business, the [Doxford and Sunderland Group](/source/William_Doxford_%26_Sons).[3] When the Court Line group went bankrupt in 1974, the shipyards and remaining ships in the fleet were sold.

## Aviation

### Autair

The airline, originally named **Argus Air Transport**, was formed at [London Luton Airport](/source/London_Luton_Airport) in 1957.[2][19][20] In 1960, it became **Autair (Luton)**. On 27 September 1963, it changed to **Autair International Airways**.[21]

[Douglas DC-3](/source/Douglas_DC-3) of Autair at [Manchester](/source/Manchester_Airport) in 1962

Autair [Vickers Viking](/source/Vickers_VC.1_Viking) freighter at [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol) in March 1967

Autair started as a division of **Autair Helicopters**, a [helicopter](/source/Helicopter) operator established in the early 1950s.[21][22][23][24] (Autair's [helicopter](/source/Helicopter) interests were subsequently hived off into a separate company.[2][24]) It began public transport operations with an ex-[British European Airways](/source/British_European_Airways) (BEA) [Douglas DC-3](/source/Douglas_DC-3),[25] used on contract work for other airlines.[21][22][26] More [DC-3s](/source/Douglas_DC-3) and [Vickers Vikings](/source/Vickers_VC.1_Viking)[27] were bought. The first of the latter joined the fleet in 1962. Both types operated freight and passenger services, including a growing number of [inclusive tour](/source/Inclusive_tour) (IT) flights.

One of the earliest charter customers for Autair's DC-3s was ex-[naval officer](/source/Naval_officer_rank) [Tom Gullick](/source/Tom_Gullick),[28] who would later head [Clarksons](/source/Clarksons_Travel_Group). Clarksons began its relationship with Autair by contracting the airline's [Vikings](/source/Vickers_VC.1_Viking) to ferry day-trippers between up to ten UK departure points and [Rotterdam](/source/Rotterdam) during the [Dutch](/source/Netherlands) bulbfield season.[1][29][26] [Airspeed Ambassadors](/source/Airspeed_AS_57_Ambassador)[30] and a leased [Handley Page Herald](/source/Handley_Page_Dart_Herald)[31] were introduced in 1963. The former were the airline's first [pressurised](/source/Cabin_pressurization) aircraft while the latter was its first [turboprop](/source/Turboprop).[21][22]

On 1 October 1963, the airline commenced scheduled services between [Blackpool](/source/Blackpool_Airport) and [Luton](/source/London_Luton_Airport) with Vikings.[1][21][26][32] The route was subsequently operated with [Ambassadors](/source/Airspeed_AS_57_Ambassador) and extended to [Glasgow](/source/Glasgow) on 24 May 1966.[33]

In the following years, all [piston](/source/Piston)-engined aircraft types were withdrawn and replaced with [Hawker Siddeley 748](/source/Hawker_Siddeley_748)[34] and Handley Page Herald turboprops. Three [Heralds](/source/Handley_Page_Dart_Herald) operated the company's scheduled services, including the main [London](/source/London)—[Teesside](/source/Teesside) route.[26][35][36][37]

1960 saw the formation of Clarksons Tours (later, Clarksons Holidays) with Tom Gullick as [managing director](/source/Managing_director). Over the next few years, Clarksons would become Autair's and its successor Court Line's most important tour operator customer.[26][38]

In April 1965 Court Line[28] bought Autair's entire [share capital](/source/Share_capital) for £215,000.[1][24][28][39][40]

Autair International [BAC One-Eleven 416EK](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#Early_development) G-AWXJ at [Manchester](/source/Manchester_International_Airport) in July 1969.

Autair became a [jet](/source/Jet_aircraft) operator in 1968, when three brand-new [BAC One-Eleven 400 series](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#Early_development)[41][42] joined its fleet. The new jets mainly operated IT flights.[26][35][43][44][45]

1968 was also the year Clarksons' customer base had grown to 175,000 (up from 4,000 in 1964[46]), many of whom flew to their holiday destination on Autair's new jets.[47]

By spring 1969, five [One-Eleven 400s](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#Early_development) (including an example acquired second-hand from [Channel Airways](/source/Channel_Airways#The_1960s)[48]) operated Autair's IT flights, primarily under contract to [Clarksons Tours](/source/Clarksons_Travel_Group).[23][26][35][43][44][45][49] These carried the bulk of the airline's half-a-million annual charter passengers, which far outnumbered the 66,000 using its scheduled services each year.[28]

From 1 April 1969, the airline's scheduled operation in London was consolidated at [Heathrow](/source/London_Heathrow_Airport), joining Teesside services which had already transferred to London's premier airport from the company's Luton base on 1 November 1967.[50][51]

In summer 1969, Autair announced its decision to withdraw all scheduled services "irrevocably", following an unsuccessful request for government subsidies. By that time, the airline's scheduled network served [Belfast](/source/Belfast), Blackpool, [Carlisle](/source/Carlisle%2C_Cumbria), the [Channel Islands](/source/Channel_Islands), [Dundee](/source/Dundee), Glasgow, [Hull](/source/Kingston_upon_Hull), the [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man), London and Teesside in the UK, [Dublin](/source/Dublin) in the [Republic of Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland) and [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam) in the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands). Scheduled services accounted for 12% of Autair's [turnover](/source/Asset_turnover). The airline's scheduled operation was estimated to have generated an annual loss of £150,000 (only London—Teesside was said to be profitable).[24][26][32][35][36][52]

On 31 October 1969, scheduled services were stopped and all turboprop aircraft sold.[52] This was followed by an order for seven of the larger 119-seat [500 series One-Eleven](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#The_One-Eleven_500,_510ED_and_475).[28][43][45][53][54]

### Court Line Aviation

Court Line BAC 1-11, *Halcyon Days*, in the yellow/gold/orange scheme

Court Line BAC 1-11, in the pink/rose/magenta scheme,   May 1972)

Court Line BAC 1-11, *Halcyon Night*, in light green/mid-green/forest green scheme, September 1973

To coincide with the arrival of the first [BAC One-Eleven 500](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#The_One-Eleven_500,_510ED_and_475), the airline changed its name on 1 January 1970 to **Court Line Aviation** and introduced a new [corporate look](/source/Corporate_identity) and [strategy](/source/Corporate_strategy) that focused exclusively on the then fast-growing [package holiday](/source/Package_holiday) market.[2][24][28][32][55] As the larger [One-Eleven 500s](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#The_One-Eleven_500,_510ED_and_475) were delivered, all but one of the smaller, former Autair [400 series One-Elevens](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#Early_development) were retired.[26][55][56]

The corporate look was an all-over [colour design](/source/Aircraft_livery) by Peter Murdoch. In keeping with the holiday "feel-good factor", [One-Elevens](/source/BAC_One-Eleven) were painted in the following distinctive, eye-catching [pastel colour combinations](/source/Pastel_colour): yellow/gold/orange,[57] pink/rose/magenta,[58] pale violet/mauve/purple,[59] light green/mid-green/forest green.[60] As with the tankers in the shipping fleet, the aircraft were named *Halcyon Breeze, Halcyon Skies, Halcyon Days*, etcetera. [Aircrew](/source/Flight_crew) wore trendy uniforms designed by [Mary Quant](/source/Mary_Quant). This was part of making passengers feel that the flight was a "fun part" of their holiday.[1][24][28][55][61] For many, it would be their first flying experience.

Other airlines and tour operators were quick to jump on the burgeoning package holiday bandwagon. This resulted in increasingly fierce competition between operators and led to a price warfare to fill planes and hotels. Under [Tom Gullick](/source/Tom_Gullick)'s management, Shipping Industrial Holdings' subsidiary Clarksons Holidays became the undisputed cut-price leader in the IT market. By 1973, Clarksons carried 1.1 million holidaymakers—almost 1968's whole industry total—and contracted over 70% of Court Line's charter capacity. Its meteoric rise was entirely volume-based. It generated the required volumes by ruthlessly undercutting rivals and outbidding them to win the race for securing accommodation in popular overseas holiday resorts, especially in Spain.[26][28][47][62] Thus, in the early 1970s, a holiday in [Mallorca](/source/Mallorca) or on the [Costa del Sol](/source/Costa_del_Sol) became affordable for the average person for the first time.[1]

Court Line and Clarksons Holidays were also a UK pioneer of the "time charter" concept, whereby the airline entered into a long-term relationship with the tour operator. "Time charter" was modelled on similar long-term arrangements between ship owners and [charterers](/source/Chartering_(shipping)) in the [oil tanker](/source/Oil_tanker) business. It resulted in greater economic security for the charter airline industry and enabled it to acquire new aircraft on more favourable terms.[28]

#### "Seat-back" catering

Court Line invented "seat-back" catering, a new concept that permitted a reduction in the amount of [galley](/source/Galley_(kitchen)) space inside its aircraft's cabins. The extra space obtained was equivalent to three seats on the One-Eleven 400. This enabled it to increase [seating densities](/source/Airline_seat) and reduce individual seat rates to allow tour operators to hold on to their market shares in a price-sensitive environment.[26][63][64]

The concept itself consisted of pre-packed meals or snacks – usually, [Spam](/source/Spam_(food)) salads out and sandwiches back[65] — loaded into a small, two-shelf compartment in the seat back in front of each passenger. The meal/snack for the outbound journey could be found in the top compartment, the one for the return trip in the lower section. The latter contained a pellet of dry ice placed under the plastic food container, thus preventing the food from spoiling. For the airline's [cabin staff](/source/Flight_attendant), it eliminated handling trays while airborne and resulted in a reduction of their workload. To prevent outbound passengers from consuming meals intended for return passengers, locks needed to be installed on the lower compartment that could only be opened by cabin staff during the aircraft's turnaround at the destination airport (although these were not always effective at deterring determined passengers).[56][64][66][67]

In addition to Court Line/Clarksons, [Great Universal Stores](/source/GUS_(retailer)) (GUS) subsidiary Global was a major proponent of "seat-back" catering among the UK's leading contemporary tour operators. It demanded that package holiday costs be driven down to the bare minimum by replacing the traditional meal service on holiday charter flights with something much cheaper that would simply give passengers "a slice of pie". Industry insiders referred to Global's new inflight catering concept as *Global Pie*. The cost advantage industry leaders such as Court Line/Clarksons and Global gained over their rivals as a result of their onboard catering innovation eventually forced every other major UK charter airline to adopt "seat-back" catering on most flights serving short- and medium-haul IT destinations.[68]

#### Widebody era

In 1973, Court Line took delivery of a pair of [Lockheed L-1011 TriStars](/source/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar)[69][70] and became the first [European](/source/Europe) airline to operate the [Lockheed](/source/Lockheed_Corporation) [widebody](/source/Wide-body_aircraft).[2][19][61][71][72][73][74] The aircraft were acquired on long-term [lease](/source/Aircraft_lease) from Airlease International, a consortium of eleven British banks and financial institutions. They were uniquely customised for Court with double-width doors to speed up passenger evacuation and featured integral passenger stairs and baggage conveyors to facilitate operations at smaller airports.[46] The introduction of these brand-new widebodies was a big gamble for a small airline operating in a seasonal market with tight margins as the new jets had four times the One-Eleven's passenger capacity (476 vs 119).

Court took the view with Clarksons that the market would grow and that such large aircraft could be operated profitably. In addition, Clarksons was looking to expand further into cruise holidays and new markets in the [US](/source/United_States) and the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean).[1][61][73] This, at the time, was wholly new territory for the UK package tour market.

The acquisition of **[Leeward Islands Air Transport](/source/Leeward_Islands_Air_Transport)** ([LIAT](/source/LIAT)), a regional airline based in the Caribbean, in 1972 was part of Court's long-haul expansion strategy.[75] Court Line provided LIAT with BAC One-Eleven series 500 aircraft for scheduled passenger services in the Caribbean. The BAC One-Eleven was the only jet aircraft type ever operated by LIAT.

The introduction of the TriStar led to an increase in maintenance personnel and the modification of an existing hangar at the airline's Luton base to accommodate the new widebody. It also resulted in the purchase of a former [Royal Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) [Blackburn Beverley](/source/Blackburn_Beverley) cargo transporter from the [Royal Aircraft Establishment](/source/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment) to airlift [Rolls-Royce RB211](/source/Rolls-Royce_RB211) replacement engines and/or other essential spares in case the planes developed a serious technical fault at an overseas station that prevented them from returning to Luton (although in fact the Beverley was never civil registered and so was never used).[61][73][74]

The airline's total investment in widebodied equipment amounted to [US$](/source/United_States_dollar)55 million.[46]

#### Hard times

Court Line [Lockheed TriStar](/source/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar#L-1011-1)   *Halcyon Breeze*, June 1973

As early as 1971, Clarksons lost as much as £2.6 million despite increasing its turnover by £9 million to £31 million. Industry sources estimated that this equated to a loss of £4 per head.[76]

In 1972, Clarksons's loss grew to £4.8 million. This was almost 2½ times as much as the combined loss of [Thomson Holidays](/source/Thomson_Holidays) (£1.6 million) and [Horizon Holidays](/source/Horizon_Travel) (£388,000), its closest rivals.[77]

By 1973, Clarksons carried over a million passengers and accounted for 40% of Court Line's turnover.[46]

During the 1973–74 winter season, Clarksons's plight worsened. At the time, the UK was in the grip of a [recession](/source/1973%E2%80%9375_recession), as a result of the early 1970s [energy crisis](/source/1973_oil_crisis) caused by the [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries](/source/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries)' oil boycott of the West in the aftermath of the 1973 [Arab–Israeli War](/source/Yom_Kippur_War). This was a punitive measure directed against these countries for their support of [Israel](/source/Israel) during that war. It led to a drastic reduction in the availability of petroleum products – including [jet fuel](/source/Jet_fuel). This in turn resulted in a tripling of the oil price in October 1973 and a subsequent quadrupling.[78]

1974 became known as the worst year for the UK package tour industry. At the beginning of the year, [Britain](/source/United_Kingdom) plunged into the [three-day working week](/source/Three-Day_Week), as a consequence of the miners' strike that had been called to topple the [Heath Government](/source/Edward_Heath#Prime_Minister). This immediately reduced package holiday bookings by 30%. Clarksons, Court Line's main customer and in-house tour operator since April 1973, was facing mounting financial pressure, and [Vladimir Raitz](/source/Vladimir_Raitz)'s Horizon Holidays, another of the airline's major customers, collapsed during that time. Following Court Line's takeover of Clarksons the previous year for a nominal £1 (excluding a £3.4 million "subsidy" from the airline's [parent company](/source/Holding_company#Parent_company) to cover the tour operator's projected 1973 loss), it purchased the [Horizon](/source/Horizon_Travel) group's [goodwill](/source/Goodwill_(accounting)) for £600,000—including the acquisition of 58% of Horizon Midlands for £400,000—from the [administrator](/source/Business_administration). The deal, which became effective in February 1974, was based on payment of £1 for each Horizon customer Court Line expected to carry over the following three years. The airline's decision to purchase Clarksons as well as Horizon was intended to protect its business. In reality, these deals did little to help improve Court Line's increasingly bleak prospects.

As soon as Court Line began diverting Horizon customers onto its planes, [British Caledonian](/source/British_Caledonian_in_the_1970s#1974_crisis_year) (BCal) threatened having Horizon compulsorily wound up if Court Line did not agree to settle Horizon's outstanding debts of over £100,000. BCal's threat forced Court Line to sub-charter a fully crewed BCal One-Eleven jet for Horizon's flying programme and to provide it with additional business. In addition to BCal forcing Court Line to compensate it for the loss of Horizon's business, Thomas Cook's money-back guarantee – a scheme widely copied by other rival tour operators – further reduced the number of Horizon holidaymakers travelling on Court Line's jets. As a result, Court Line carried far fewer Horizon customers than it had anticipated.[2][38][54][79][80][81][82] Clarksons's financial position further deteriorated. In a desperate attempt to fill the group's planes and hotel rooms so that it could stay afloat, Clarksons continued selling holiday packages below cost, with a fortnight all-inclusive holiday to Mallorca selling for as little as £50.[1][2][79][83][84]

#### Bankruptcy

A deal between the Court Line group and the [Wilson Government](/source/Harold_Wilson#Second_period_as_prime_minister_(1974–1976)) to sell the former's shipyards at Appledore and Sunderland to the latter for £60 million turned out to be "too little too late" to stave off the company's impending collapse.[85]

On 15 August 1974, Court Line went bankrupt, with all flights cancelled, its fleet comprising two TriStars and nine One-Eleven 500s grounded, all 1,150 staff losing their jobs and as many as 49,000 holidaymakers stranded overseas with no means of getting home. To enable stranded holidaymakers to return to the UK at no additional cost to them, the collapsed group's rivals organised an airlift through the Tour Operators' Study Group (TOSG), the package holiday industry association.[2][20][84][86][87] This operation was paid for using the £3.5m bond the failed group's tour operators had deposited with TOSG.[88]

The [Association of British Travel Agents](/source/Association_of_British_Travel_Agents) (ABTA) set up a fund to provide an insurance against such an event in the future. This was a compulsory [bonding scheme](/source/Air_Travel_Organisers'_Licensing) for travel companies that transported their customers by air. It was administered by TOSG.[84]

On 16 August 1974, all of the group's UK-based subsidiaries went into [voluntary liquidation](/source/Voluntary_liquidation). This included Court Line Aviation and Clarksons Holidays.[89]

[Leeward Islands Air Transport](/source/Leeward_Islands_Air_Transport) ([LIAT](/source/LIAT)) in the Caribbean as well as [South Africa](/source/South_Africa)-based Court Line Helicopters were among Court Line's overseas subsidiaries. Both survived the UK parent company's collapse.[2][61][73][89] LIAT subsequently withdrew the BAC One-Eleven series 500 aircraft from its fleet which had been provided by Court Line.

The Court Line Coaches subsidiary, although itself solvent and having most of its work from sources other than Court Line Aviation, was wound up shortly afterwards. *[Commercial Motor](/source/Commercial_Motor)* of 23 August 1974 noted that *"Court Line's coach fleet continues operations 'for the present'. A go ahead to stay in operation has been given to Court Line Coaches Ltd by Mr Rupert Nicholson, who has been appointed to wind up the Court Line holiday giant which collapsed last week. Court Line Coaches has a fleet of 59 coaches and its managing director Mr Ron Keech told CM on Tuesday that the company has been told it could continue trading. He had however, "no idea" what might happen in a few months' time."*

#### Factors behind collapse

Besides the early-'70s [oil crisis](/source/1973_oil_crisis) and the [three-day week](/source/Three-Day_Week), other factors also contributed to the collapse of the group of companies that included Court Line and Clarksons.

One factors was the parent company's precariously highly [geared](/source/Leverage_(finance)) investment in the shipping and leisure industry sectors.

According to some insider reports at the time, Court Line Aviation was a viable business. However, a proposed [management buyout](/source/Management_buyout) was rejected as its [liquidation value](/source/Liquidation_value) was needed to pay off the parent company's debts.

The [Department of Trade and Industry](/source/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)) final report into the Court Line collapse concludes:

"The short answer is that there was no single reason for the collapse, which was caused by a number of contributory factors. Court Line expanded rapidly in many directions, some of which were both logical and justifiable, others not. The overall management was throughout inadequate and it was in any event never supported by the necessary financial control. This meant that as Court Line expanded, it became progressively vulnerable to any substantial setback in any of its areas of activities. When a serious setback occurred, triggered off by the oil crisis of autumn 1973, it immediately affected the shipping, aviation, and leisure divisions. The group was so highly geared, so structured and having such inadequate financial control, that it might well have been brought down by a substantial reverse in any of its major activities. As it was the cumulative effect on all three divisions, when all the cash resources which would otherwise have been available had been invested unprofitably in the Caribbean, meant that the position progressively deteriorated and rendered the collapse in August 1974 unavoidable."

[1][90]

#### Disposal of airline's assets

G-BDAT (G-AYOR when in service with Court) was one of four [BAC One-Eleven 500s](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#The_One-Eleven_500,_510ED_and_475) [Dan-Air](/source/Dan-Air) acquired in 1974 following Court Line's bankruptcy. The aircraft is seen here in Dan-Air's contemporary livery at [Pisa Airport](/source/Galileo_Galilei_Airport) in 1975.

Following the spectacular crash of Court Line and Clarksons at the height of the 1974 holiday season, the failed carrier's fairly new aircraft were acquired by other airlines. [Cathay Pacific](/source/Cathay_Pacific_Airways) took the two L-1011 TriStar widebodies while [Dan-Air](/source/Dan-Air) and [Monarch Airlines](/source/Monarch_Airlines) respectively purchased four and two of the One-Eleven 500 [narrowbodies](/source/Narrow-body_aircraft). These aircraft needed to be re-registered to avoid having them impounded by overseas airport authorities in lieu of the airport user charges Court Line owed them.[91][92][93][94]

### Fixed-wing aircraft operated

#### Autair

- [Airspeed Ambassador](/source/Airspeed_Ambassador)

- [BAC One-Eleven 400](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#Early_development)

- [Douglas DC-3](/source/Douglas_DC-3)

- [Douglas DC-4](/source/Douglas_DC-4)

- [Handley Page Dart Herald](/source/Handley_Page_Dart_Herald)

- [Hawker Siddeley HS 748](/source/Avro_748)

- [Vickers Viking](/source/Vickers_VC.1_Viking)

#### Court Line

- [BAC One-Eleven 400](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#Early_development)/[500](/source/BAC_One-Eleven#The_One-Eleven_500,_510ED_and_475)

- [Lockheed L-1011 TriStar](/source/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar) 1

### Fleet and employee data

#### 1970

Court Line fleet in 1970[95] Aircraft Number BAC One-Eleven 500 7 BAC One-Eleven 400 1 Total 8

Court Line employed 670 people at that time (as of March 1970).[95]

#### 1974

Court Line fleet in 1974[20] Aircraft Number Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 1 2 BAC One-Eleven 500 9 Total 11

Court Line employed 1,150 people at that time (as of March 1974).[20]

## See also

- [List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom](/source/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_Kingdom)

## Accidents and incidents

Autair suffered two accidents, one of which involved the loss of lives.[96]

- The first of these occurred on 14 September 1967. One of the airline's Ambassadors (registration: G-ALZS[97]) [overran](/source/Overshoot_(aviation)) the [runway](/source/Runway) at Luton Airport at the end of a non-scheduled passenger flight from [Luxembourg](/source/Luxembourg-Findel_International_Airport). The aircraft had [approached](/source/Final_approach_(aviation)) Luton in darkness. [Visibility](/source/Visibility) was 5,900 ft (1,800 m) and the [cloud base](/source/Cloud_base) 300 ft (91 m). Following [touchdown](/source/Touchdown), the [pilot in command](/source/Pilot_in_command) retracted the aircraft's [flaps](/source/Flap_(aircraft)) in the [takeoff](/source/Takeoff) position and applied brakes intermittently. The aircraft [overran](/source/Overshoot_(aviation)) the runway and came to a stop in soft [clay](/source/Clay). This caused the [undercarriage](/source/Landing_gear) to collapse. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and had to be [written off](/source/Write_off).[98] However, there were no fatalities among the 69 occupants (four crew and 65 passengers).[99]

- The second took place on 23 December 1967. A [Hawker Siddeley HS 125](/source/British_Aerospace_125) (registration: G-AVGW, owned by [The Beecham Group](/source/Beecham_Group) and operated by Autair International) crashed shortly after taking off from Luton Airport, killing both [pilots](/source/Aviator). The aircraft had been on a [training flight](/source/Flight_training) and the crash occurred when the crew simulated an [engine failure](/source/Engine_failure) on takeoff. The HS 125 lost height rapidly and hit the roof of a nearby factory, resulting in a post-crash fire.[100]

- On 18 April 1974, [BAC One-Eleven](/source/BAC_One-Eleven) G-AXMJ was [involved in a ground collision](/source/Court_Line_Flight_95) with [Piper PA-23 Aztec](/source/Piper_Aztec) G-AYDE during take-off from Luton Airport, [Bedfordshire](/source/Bedfordshire). The Aztec had entered the active runway without permission. The pilot of the Aztec was killed and his passenger was injured. The One-Eleven aborted its take-off and an emergency evacuation was performed with all 93 people on board escaping uninjured. The Aztec was written off and the substantially damaged One-Eleven was repaired and returned to service.[101]

- A Court Line BAC One-Eleven leased to [Cyprus Airways](/source/Cyprus_Airways) was stranded in 1974 at [Nicosia Airport](/source/Nicosia_Airport) following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. It was retrieved by [British Airways](/source/British_Airways) engineers in 1977, but was immediately impounded on its arrival in Britain by Court Line's insurers to help pay off the debts the now defunct company owed. The aircraft was returned to Cyprus Airways in 1978 and remained in service until 1985.[102]

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-111_orders_43-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-111_orders_43-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-111_orders_43-2) *Aeroplane, Commercial continued — Autair International*, Vol. 116, No. 2960, p. 8, Temple Press, London, 10 July 1968

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["*Luton to London*, Flight International, Air Transport ..., 26 December 1968, p. 1052"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968-1%20-%200215.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121003024352/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968-1%20-%200215.html) from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-schedule_suspension_52-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-schedule_suspension_52-1) ["*Autair out, BMA in*, Air Transport ..., Flight International, 13 November 1969, p. 729"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%203181.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024043354/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%203181.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["*Autair orders One-Eleven 500s*, World News ..., Flight International, 17 October 1968, p. 596"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%202298.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019000721/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%202298.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Clarksons_plight_185_6_54-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Clarksons_plight_185_6_54-1) *Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 185/6

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-name_and_strategy_change_55-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-name_and_strategy_change_55-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-name_and_strategy_change_55-2) ["*Autair becomes Court*, Air Transport ..., Flight International, 18 September 1969, p. 445"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202825.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024040139/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202825.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CourtLine_Profile3_56-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CourtLine_Profile3_56-1) ["*Airline Profile: Number Thirty-Nine in the Series — Court Line*, Flight International, 19 March 1970, p. 441"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200489.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120527074213/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200489.html) from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Court Line BAC One-Eleven 518FG G-AYOR (photo)"](http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/1293781/L/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220106/http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/1293781/L/) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ["Court Line BAC One-Eleven 518FG G-AXMF (photo)"](http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/0183339/L/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220112/http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/0183339/L/) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Court Line BAC One-Eleven 518FG G-AZEC (Diecast Airplane Colour Scheme)"](http://www.diecastairplane.com/shared/images/Aviation200/AV2111010.jpg). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123532/http://www.diecastairplane.com/shared/images/Aviation200/AV2111010.jpg) from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["Court Line BAC One-Eleven 518FG G-AXMJ (photo)"](http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/1292589/L/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220439/http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/BAC-111-518FG-One-Eleven/1292589/L/) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_540_61-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_540_61-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_540_61-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_540_61-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_540_61-4) ["*Halcyon days for Court*, Air Transport, Flight International, 5 April 1973, p. 540"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200900.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044233/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200900.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*, Thomson, A., Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1990, pp. 249, 295, 299

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*, Thomson, A., Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1990, pp. 248/9

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aircraft_37_8_64-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aircraft_37_8_64-1) *Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... COURT LINE)*, Vol 43, No 7, pp. 37/8, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** *It was nice to fly with friends! The story of Air Europe.*, Simons, G.A., GMS Enterprises, Peterborough, 1999, pp. 21/2

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*, Thomson, A., Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1990, pp. 247/8

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** [Travel: Pioneering airlines set standards that today's carriers could only exceed](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/travel-pioneering-airlines-set-standards-that-todays-carriers--could-only-exceed-1090730.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150925014455/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/travel-pioneering-airlines-set-standards-that-todays-carriers--could-only-exceed-1090730.html) 25 September 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) The Independent, published 1995-05-01, accessed 2011-03-06

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*, Thomson, A., Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1990, p. 247

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Court Line Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar 1 G-BAAA (photo)"](http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/Lockheed-L-1011-385-1-TriStar/0689282/L/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220129/http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/Lockheed-L-1011-385-1-TriStar/0689282/L/) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** ["Court Line Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar 1 G-BAAB (photo)"](http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/Lockheed-L-1011-385-1-TriStar/1233722/L/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091124123944/http://www.airliners.net/photo/Court-Line/Lockheed-L-1011-385-1-TriStar/1233722/L/) from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** ["*TriStar foot in Europe's door*, Air Transport ..., Flight International, 4 November 1971, p. 719"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202319.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019204323/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202319.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** ["*Court signs up*, Air Transport, Flight International, 24 August 1972, p. 267"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202158.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092818/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202158.html) from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_539_73-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_539_73-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_539_73-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_539_73-3) ["*Halcyon days for Court*, Air Transport, Flight International, 5 April 1973, p. 539"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200899.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044322/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200899.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_545_74-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L1011_introduction_545_74-1) ["*Halcyon days for Court*, Air Transport, Flight International, 5 April 1973, p. 545"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200909.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044412/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200909.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aircraft_39_75-0)** *Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... COURT LINE)*, Vol 43, No 7, p. 39, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** *Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 183

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** *Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 182

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** *Fly me, I'm Freddie!*, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 183, 185

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Clarksons_takeover_79-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Clarksons_takeover_79-1) ["*Clarksons bought by Court Line*, Air Transport, Flight International, 3 May 1973, p. 664"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%201132.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019071717/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%201132.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** ["*Court Line bids for Horizon*, World News, Flight International, 7 February 1974, p. 158"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200178.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121023205732/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200178.html) from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*, Thomson, A., Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1990, pp. 294/5

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** *Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... COURT LINE)*, Vol 43, No 7, pp. 38/9, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["*World's charter airlines*, Flight International, 10 October 1974, p. 460"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201594.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044500/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201594.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Collapse_84-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Collapse_84-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Collapse_84-2) *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*, Thomson, A., Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1990, pp. 299

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** *Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... COURT LINE)*, Vol 43, No 7, pp. 37, 39, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** ["*Bringing them back home*, World News, Flight International, 22 August 1974, p. 197"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201209.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019182734/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201209.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** *Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... COURT LINE)*, Vol 43, No 7, pp. 39, 40, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** *Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten ... COURT LINE)*, Vol 43, No 7, p. 40, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2010

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CourtLine_VitalStats_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CourtLine_VitalStats_89-1) ["*World Airline Directory*, Flight International, 20 March 1975, p. 483"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200547.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053442/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200547.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** *Court Line Limited (Final Report)*, Department of Trade, HMSO, London, 1978

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["*Airliner Market*, Air Transport, Flight International, 23 January 1975, p. 89"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200129.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019203535/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200129.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["*Airliner Market*, Air Transport, Flight International, 13 March 1975, p. 391"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200451.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019203447/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200451.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** ["*BAC One-Eleven*, Commercial Aircraft of the World, Flight International, 23 October 1975, p. 625"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%202311.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019203343/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%202311.html) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** *The Spirit of Dan-Air*, Simons, G.M., GMS Enterprises, Peterborough, 1993, pp88/9

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WorldAirlines_1970_95-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WorldAirlines_1970_95-1) ["*World Airlines 1970*, Flight International, 26 March 1970, p. 479"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200529.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150201205701/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200529.html) from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** ["ASN Aviation Safety Database — Autair International Airways"](https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/6427). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060928063419/http://www.aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=6427) from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** ["Autair Airspeed AS-57 Ambassador 2 G-ALZS (pre-accident photo)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060214125030/http://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=19670914-0&vnr=1&kind=PC). Archived from [the original](http://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=19670914-0&vnr=1&kind=PC) on 14 February 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["Autair Airspeed AS-57 Ambassador 2 G-ALZS (post-accident photo)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060225122224/http://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=19670914-0&vnr=1&kind=C). Archived from [the original](http://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=19670914-0&vnr=1&kind=C) on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2009.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-ASN180475_101-0)** ["G-AXMJ Accident description"](https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/329919). *Aviation Safety Network*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053533/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19740418-0) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** ["Home of the BAC 1-11 on the Web > Enter > Country guide to operators > Rest of Europe — Cyprus: Cyprus Airways, Ltd. (CY)"](http://www.bac1-11jet.co.uk/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000144/http://www.bac1-11jet.co.uk/) from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2011.

## References

- Simons, Graham M (1997). *Colours in the Sky: The Story of Autair International Airways and Court Line Aviation*. Peterborough: GMS Enterprises. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-870384-55-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870384-55-5).

- Merton Jones, AC (1976). [*British Independent Airlines since 1946*](https://archive.org/details/britishindepende0001mert). Merseyside Aviation Society and LAAS International. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-902420-08-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902420-08-9).

- "Flight International". *Flight International*. Sutton: Reed Business Information. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0015-3710](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710). (various backdated issues relating to Autair/Court Line, 1960–1974)

- Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980). *Fly me, I'm Freddie*. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-297-77746-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77746-7).

- Thomson, Adam (1999). *High Risk: The Politics of the Air*. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-283-99599-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99599-8).

## Further reading

- "Jets Monthly". *Airline History* (June 2011). Cudham: Kelsey Publishing Group: 48–52. ([*Kelsey Publishing Group* online](http://www.kelsey.co.uk))

- "Court Line Aviation". *Airliner World monthly magazine* (October 2018).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Court Line](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Court_Line).

- [Home of the BAC 1-11 on the Web > Enter > Country guide to operators > United Kingdom: Court Line Aviation, Ltd. (OU)](http://www.bac1-11jet.co.uk/)

- [Home of the BAC 1-11 on the Web > Enter > Model Number and Customer Code](http://www.bac1-11jet.co.uk/)

- [Court Line Aviation Staff & Fans Facebook Group](https://en-gb.facebook.com/groups/2422279711127245/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Court Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Line) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Line?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.