# Coregency

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Situation in a single-person monarchy in which two or more people hold the title

This article is about multiple sovereigns of a single state. For a single sovereign shared by multiple states, see [Personal union](/source/Personal_union).

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Pharaoh [Cleopatra VII](/source/Cleopatra_VII) and her eldest son and co-regent [Ptolemy XV](/source/Ptolemy_XV), carving on temple at [Dendera](/source/Dendera_Temple_complex)

A **coregency** is the situation where a [monarchical](/source/Monarchy) position (such as [prince](/source/Prince), [princess](/source/Princess), [king](/source/King), queen, [emperor](/source/Emperor) or empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more. It is distinct from [diarchies or duumvirates](/source/Diarchy) (such as [Andorra](/source/Andorra), ancient [Sparta](/source/Sparta) and [Rome](/source/Roman_Republic)), where monarchical power is permanently divided between two rulers; and also from [regencies](/source/Regent), where a person, who is not legally monarch themselves, exercises monarchical power on the behalf of reigning monarch who is absent or unable to rule (for example due to illness or young age).[1]

## Historical examples

Coregencies were common in the [Hellenistic period](/source/Hellenistic_period); according to one scholar, they "can usually be explained as a means of avoiding crises of succession or internal conflict, and of strengthening dynastic identity and ideology."[2] Other examples include the coregency of [Frederick I of Austria](/source/Frederick_I_of_Austria_(Habsburg)) and [Louis the Bavarian](/source/Louis_the_Bavarian) over the [Kingdom of Germany](/source/Kingdom_of_Germany). *[Jure uxoris](/source/Jure_uxoris)* kings in kingdoms such as [Portugal](/source/Portugal) and [Spain](/source/Spain) are also found ([Ferdinand V](/source/Ferdinand_V_of_Castile) and [Isabella I of Castile](/source/Isabella_I_of_Castile), [Philip I](/source/Philip_I_of_Castile) and [Joanna of Castile](/source/Joanna_of_Castile), [Peter III](/source/Peter_III_of_Portugal) and [Maria I of Portugal](/source/Maria_I_of_Portugal), etc.). In [Navarre](/source/Kingdom_of_Navarre), the husbands of queens regnant were styled as co-rulers.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Ancient Egypt

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In [Ancient Egypt](/source/Ancient_Egypt), coregency was quite problematic as the [Pharaoh](/source/Pharaoh) was seen as the incarnation/representation of the god Horus.[3] Therefore, according to the divine order Ma'at, only one King could exist at the same time. Yet, exceptions can be found, mainly in the Middle Kingdom, where the pharaoh occasionally appointed his successor (often one of his sons) as coregent, or joint king, to ensure a smooth succession. “This system was used, from at least as early as the Middle Kingdom, in order to ensure that the transfer of power took place with the minimum of disruption and instability”.[4] Coregencies are highly probable for [Amenemhat I](/source/Amenemhat_I) > [Senusret I](/source/Senusret_I) > [Amenemhat II](/source/Amenemhat_II) > [Senusret II](/source/Senusret_II).[5] Most probably the real king in power was the older one (father) adopting the younger ruler (son), while the co-regent had to wait until after the death of the older one to really have access to full royal power. Yet, the years of reigns normally were counted from the beginning of the coregency on. Due to this and to the fragmentary character of known sources, the establishment of [Egyptian chronology](/source/Egyptian_chronology) was quite complicated and remains disputed up to date. Yet, understanding the existence of co-regency reduced the chaos quite a lot.

The institution of coregency is different from that of [regency](/source/Regent), where an adult person (in Ancient Egypt often the mother of the king) functions as ruler in the name of the underage monarch. Some of the female regents of Egypt rose to a status of equal to the God-Kings, becoming co-rulers as can be seen in the famous case of [Hatshepsut](/source/Hatshepsut). After the death of her husband [Thutmose II](/source/Thutmose_II), Hatshepsut ruled in the name of Thutmose III, her nephew and stepson. Then, latest in year 7[6] of Thutmose III's reign, she took over [royal regalia](/source/Pharaoh#regalia) and was then [titled](/source/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary) King of Egypt under the Throne name (*[prenomen](/source/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt))*) [Maatkare](/source/Maatkare_Hatshepsut). For later periods of Pharaonic Egyptian history, the existence of the institution of coregency has been put into question by Egyptologists,[7] while, "the [Ptolemaic](/source/Ptolemaic_Kingdom) and [Roman](/source/Roman_Egypt) period examples being the most securely identified".[4]

In Hellenized Egypt during the [Ptolemaic period](/source/Ptolemaic_period), [Arsinoe II](/source/Arsinoe_II) was given the title of *nswt-bjtj*, which is usually translated as "King of Upper and Lower Egypt". Later royal wives like [Berenice II](/source/Berenice_II), [Arsinoe III](/source/Arsinoe_III) and [Cleopatra I Syra](/source/Cleopatra_I_Syra) were given the feminine form of the pharaonic titulary of their husbands, including "female Horus", "female pharaoh" and "female ruler", which is sometimes interpreted as a sign of coregency with their spouses.[8][9] However, neither of them appear as formal co-ruler in official protocols mentioning their husbands's regnal years.[10]

Official coregency between two royal spouses, when both were named as co-rulers in [Hellenistic](/source/Hellenistic_period) administration of the country, was for the first time introduced when [Cleopatra II](/source/Cleopatra_II) was named as [co-ruler](/source/Basileus) alongside her brothers: [Ptolemy VI](/source/Ptolemy_VI) (her husband) and [Ptolemy VIII Physcon](/source/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon).[11] After their reign, coregency continued in various forms, like simultaneous rule of siblings, spouses or parent and child, and it seems that from ideological point of view king was unable to rule without queen as his co-ruler, and likewise.[12]

Nominal co-rule during [Ptolemaic period](/source/Ptolemaic_Kingdom) was documented between:[13]

- [Ptolemy I Soter](/source/Ptolemy_I_Soter) and [Ptolemy II](/source/Ptolemy_II)

- [Ptolemy VI](/source/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor), [Cleopatra II](/source/Cleopatra_II) and [Ptolemy VIII Physcon](/source/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon)

- [Ptolemy VIII Physcon](/source/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon), [Cleopatra II](/source/Cleopatra_II) and [Cleopatra III](/source/Cleopatra_III)

- [Cleopatra II](/source/Cleopatra_II), [Cleopatra III](/source/Cleopatra_III) and [Ptolemy IX Lathyros](/source/Ptolemy_IX_Soter)

- [Cleopatra III](/source/Cleopatra_III) and [Ptolemy X](/source/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I)

- [Ptolemy X](/source/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I) and [Berenice III](/source/Berenice_III)

- [Ptolemy IX Lathyros](/source/Ptolemy_IX_Soter) and [Berenice III](/source/Berenice_III)

- [Berenice III](/source/Berenice_III) and [Ptolemy XI](/source/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II)

- [Ptolemy XII Auletes](/source/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes) and [Cleopatra V Tryphaena](/source/Cleopatra_V)

- [Cleopatra VI Tryphaena](/source/Cleopatra_VI) and [Berenice IV](/source/Berenice_IV)

- [Cleopatra VII](/source/Cleopatra_VII) consecutively with [Ptolemy XIII](/source/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator), [Ptolemy XIV](/source/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator) and [Ptolemy XV Caesarion](/source/Ptolemy_XV)

### Ancient Israel

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In the book *[The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings](/source/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings)*, [Edwin R. Thiele](/source/Edwin_R._Thiele) proposed co-regency as a possible explanation for discrepancies in the dates given in the [Hebrew Bible](/source/Hebrew_Bible) for the reigns of the kings of [Israel](/source/Israel) and [Judah](/source/Kingdom_of_Judah). At least one co-regency is explicitly documented in the Bible: the coronation of [King Solomon](/source/King_Solomon) occurred before the death of his father [David](/source/David).[14]

### Britain

Main articles: [Government of the United Kingdom](/source/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom), [List of British monarchs](/source/List_of_British_monarchs), and [List of English monarchs](/source/List_of_English_monarchs)

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King [Henry II of England](/source/Henry_II_of_England) installed his eldest surviving son, also named Henry, as junior king. [Henry the Young King](/source/Henry_the_Young_King) was not permitted to exercise royal authority and his title as co-king was effectively a [sinecure](/source/Sinecure) to denote his status as his father's chosen heir. Young Henry predeceased his father without ever ascending to the throne and is not included in the official [list of English monarchs](/source/List_of_English_monarchs).

The [Monarchy of England](/source/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom#English_monarchy) experienced joint rule under the terms of the [act sanctioning the marriage](/source/Act_for_the_Marriage_of_Queen_Mary_to_Philip_of_Spain) of [Mary I](/source/Mary_I_of_England) to [Philip II of Spain](/source/Philip_II_of_Spain). Philip notionally reigned as king of England (inclusive of [Wales](/source/Wales)) and Ireland [by right of his wife](/source/Jure_uxoris) from 1554 to 1558. Similarly, following the [Glorious Revolution](/source/Glorious_Revolution), [Mary II](/source/Mary_II_of_England) and her husband [William III](/source/William_III_of_England) held joint sovereignty over the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1688 to 1694.

### France

Following the extinction of the [Carolingian dynasty](/source/Carolingian_dynasty) in [West Francia](/source/West_Francia), the Western [Frankish](/source/Franks) nobles elected [Hugh Capet](/source/Hugh_Capet) as their new king. Upon his ascension Hugh secured the election of his only son [Robert](/source/Robert_II_of_France) as his co-king.[15] As such, when Hugh died it did not trigger an election for a new king, nor did Robert necessarily "inherit" the crown, but simply continued his kingship. Subsequent [Capetian](/source/House_of_Capet) kings would also name their eldest son or brother as co-ruler, until the tradition of [agnatic primogeniture](/source/Agnatic_primogeniture) was sufficiently established to transform the [King of France](/source/King_of_France) from an [elected monarch](/source/Elective_monarchy) to a [hereditary](/source/Hereditary_monarchy) one.[16]

### Lithuania

Several Grand Dukes of Lithuania shared power with close relatives.

It is believed that [Kęstutis](/source/K%C4%99stutis) was co-ruler alongside his brother [Algirdas](/source/Algirdas) and then Algirdas's son, [Jogaila](/source/Jogaila), before turning against him in 1382.[17] The civil war between uncle and nephew ended with the former's death. After period of sole rule, Jogaila - being mostly absent from Lithuania after he had ascended the throne of [Poland](/source/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland) - decided to name Kęstutis's son [Vytautas](/source/Vytautas_the_Great) as the Grand Duke in 1401, while remaining *de iure* dominant co-ruler as the Supreme Duke.[18][19]

Following Vytautas's death, other coregencies between Supreme Duke and his [submonarch](/source/Non-sovereign_monarchy) followed:

- [Švitrigaila](/source/%C5%A0vitrigaila) (Grand Duke) and [Jogaila](/source/Jogaila) (Supreme Duke) for a brief period, until [Švitrigaila declared war on Poland](/source/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1431%E2%80%931435))[20][21]

- [Sigismund Kęstutaitis](/source/Sigismund_K%C4%99stutaitis) (Grand Duke) and [Jogaila](/source/Jogaila) (Supreme Duke) until Jogaila's death.[22][23]

- [Sigismund Kęstutaitis](/source/Sigismund_K%C4%99stutaitis) (Grand Duke) and [Władysław Jagiellon](/source/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland) (Supreme Duke), until Sigismund's death[24]

- [Casimir Jagiellon](/source/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon) was named by [Władysław Jagiellon](/source/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland) as his regent in Lithuania, however Lithuanian nobles rejected it and declared Casimir the Grand Duke; Władysław didn't interfere, seemingly accepting his brother as co-ruler.[25][26]

Władysław's disappearance during the [battle of Varna](/source/Battle_of_Varna) left Casimir as sole claimant to the Lithuanian throne and coregency ceased to be for almost century, until [Sigismund the Old Jagiellon](/source/Sigismund_I_the_Old) declared his son [Sigismund Augustus](/source/Sigismund_II_Augustus) the Grand Duke as his junior co-ruler in 1529.[27][28]

Following Augustus's death, his sister [Anna Jagiellon](/source/Anna_Jagiellon) and her husband [Stephen Báthory](/source/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory) were elected by nobles as co-rulers of [united Poland and Lithuania](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth).[29]

### Poland

In the [Crown of the Kingdom of Poland](/source/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland) there were three known instances of coregency:

- [Jadwiga](/source/Jadwiga_of_Poland) co-ruled with her husband [Władysław II Jagiełło](/source/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o) who became [king by marriage](/source/Iure_uxoris)[30]

- [Sigismund II Augustus](/source/Sigismund_II_Augustus) was [elected](/source/Elective_monarchy) as co-ruler and heir of his father [Sigismund I the Old](/source/Sigismund_I_the_Old)[31][28]

- [Anna](/source/Anna_Jagiellon) was elected as [queen regnant](/source/Queen_regnant) and [Stephen Báthory](/source/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory) was chosen as her husband and co-ruler[32]

### Roman Empire

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It was common during the [Principate](/source/Principate) for a [Roman emperor](/source/Roman_emperor) or *[Augustus](/source/Augustus_(title))* to appoint *[Caesar](/source/Caesar_(title))* as designated heir and junior co-emperor, in many cases adopting them as their son, who did not necessarily have to be biologically related to them. This was merely a tradition and not a formal office until the [Tetrarchy](/source/Tetrarchy), which attempted to codify this arrangement, but quickly fell apart. It regained significance, including under [Zeno](/source/Zeno_(emperor)), as well as when [Justin I](/source/Justin_I) had his nephew [Justinian](/source/Justinian_I) named co-emperor shortly before his own death, [Constantine IV](/source/Constantine_IV) was also named co-emperor by his father [Constans II](/source/Constans_II) and who himself had several other co-emperors, and the practice was common in the centuries to come up through the [Palaiologans.](/source/Palaiologos)

### Russia

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Following the death of Tsar [Feodor III of Russia](/source/Feodor_III_of_Russia) in 1682, his brother [Ivan](/source/Ivan_V_of_Russia) and half-brother [Peter](/source/Peter_the_Great) were both crowned autocrats of Russia. This compromise was necessary because Ivan was unfit to rule due to physical and mental disabilities, while Peter's exclusive rule was opposed by Feodor and Ivan's older sister [Sofia Alekseyevna](/source/Sophia_Alekseyevna_of_Russia), who led a [Streltsy uprising](/source/Moscow_uprising_of_1682) against him and [his mother](/source/Natalya_Naryshkina)'s family. Because neither Tsar was of age to rule, Sofia subsequently claimed regency until she was removed from power by Peter in 1689. Ivan V and Peter I's joint reign continued, however, with Ivan maintaining formal seniority despite having little participation in the affairs of the state until his death in 1696, at which point Peter became the sole ruler.

### Sweden

Main articles: [Monarchy of Sweden](/source/Monarchy_of_Sweden) and [List of Swedish monarchs](/source/List_of_Swedish_monarchs)

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The monarchy in [Sweden](/source/Sweden) has had several periods of joint rule: [Erik and Alrik](/source/Erik_and_Alrik), [Yngvi and Alf](/source/Yngvi_and_Alf), [Björn at Hauge](/source/Bj%C3%B6rn_at_Hauge) and [Anund Uppsale](/source/Anund_Uppsale), [Eric the Victorious](/source/Eric_the_Victorious) and [Olof Björnsson](/source/Olof_Bj%C3%B6rnsson), Eric the Victorious and [Olof Skötkonung](/source/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung), [Halsten Stenkilsson](/source/Halsten_Stenkilsson) and [Inge I](/source/Inge_I_of_Sweden), and [Philip](/source/Philip_Halstensson) and [Inge II](/source/Inge_the_Younger).

### Vietnam

Coregency is a special feature of the [Trần dynasty](/source/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty), in which a senior king abdicated in favor of his chosen heir. This abdication, however, is only in name, as the abdicated king continued to rule while his successor sat on the throne as a learner.[33]

## See also

- [Condominium (international law)](/source/Condominium_(international_law))

- [Diarchy](/source/Diarchy)

- *[Jure uxoris](/source/Jure_uxoris)*

- [Personal union](/source/Personal_union)

- [Tetrarchy](/source/Tetrarchy)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["SAOC 19. The Coregency of Ramses II with Seti I and the Date of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures"](https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/saoc/saoc-19-coregency-ramses-ii-seti-i-and-date-great-hypostyle-hall-karnak). *isac.uchicago.edu*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Skuse, Matthew L. (2017). ["Coregency in the Reign of Ptolemy II: Findings from the Mendes Stela"](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0307513317722457). *The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology*. **103** (1): 89–101. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0307513317722457](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0307513317722457). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0307-5133](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5133). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [26948553](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26948553). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [191525385](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191525385).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Taterka, Filip (June 2019). ["The Co-Regency of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II Revisited"](https://doi.org/10.1177/0307513319885097). *The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology*. **105** (1): 43–57. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0307513319885097](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0307513319885097). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0307-5133](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5133).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (2008). *The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt*. British Museum Press. p. 81.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Schneider, Thomas (1994). *Lexikon der Pharaonen*. Artemis. pp. 52–54, 264–267.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Tyldesley, Joyce A. (1998). *Hatchepsut : the female pharaoh*. London: Penguin. p. 99. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-14-024464-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024464-6). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [39109151](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39109151).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Taterka, Filip. "The Co-Regency of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II Revisited." The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Archaeology 105.1 (2019): 43-57.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). ["Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule"](https://www.academia.edu/43290689). *University of Houston*: 125–128, 188, 456-457 (Appendix E).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ashton, Sally-Ann (2014-09-19). [*The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FO_fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112). Routledge. pp. 112–113. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-317-86873-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86873-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). ["Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule"](https://www.academia.edu/43290689). *University of Houston*: 126–128, 186–189, 439-442 (Appendix A).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). ["Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule"](https://www.academia.edu/43290689). *University of Houston*: 274–275.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). ["Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule"](https://www.academia.edu/43290689). *University of Houston*: 171–172, 439-442 (Appendix A).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). ["Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule"](https://www.academia.edu/43290689). *University of Houston*: 439-442 (Appendix A).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Bolen, Todd (2023-09-09). ["Solomon's Coronation and Coregency: Identifying Three Stages in the Succession"](https://dbts.edu/2023/09/09/solomons-coronation-and-coregency-identifying-three-stages-in-the-succession/). *Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary*. Retrieved 2026-05-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Robert II king of France"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-II-king-of-France). *Britannica*. Encyclopedia Britannica. July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Daileader, Philip (November 13, 2020). ["Capetian Dynasty and the End of Civil Wars in France"](https://www.wondriumdaily.com/capetian-dynasty-and-the-end-of-civil-wars-in-france/#:~:text=The%20Capetians%20changed%20the%20practice%20and%20replaced%20partible%20inheritance%20with,got%20something%20to%20rule%20over.). *Wondrium Daily*. Retrieved July 21, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Gudavičius, Edward & Jucas, Mecislovas & Matulevičius, Algirdas. ["Kęstutis"](https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/kestutis/). *[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija](/source/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija)*. Retrieved 6 January 2026.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Gudavičius, Edvardas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. ["Vytautas Didysis"](https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vytautas-didysis/). *[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija](/source/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija)* (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 12 February 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. p. 40. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. p. 45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Dundulis, Bronius. ["Švitrigaila"](https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/svitrigaila/). *[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija](/source/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija)* (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 12 February 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. p. 45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Dundulis, Bronius; Matulevičius, Algirdas. ["Žygimantas Kęstutaitis"](https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/zygimantas-kestutaitis/). *[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija](/source/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija)* (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 12 February 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. pp. 47, 494, 497. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. pp. 47, 494, 497. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Vladislovas Varnietis"](https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vladislovas-varnietis/). *[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija](/source/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija)* (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 12 February 2025.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. p. 538. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Besala_2015_27_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Besala_2015_27_28-1) Besala, Jerzy (2015). *Zygmunt August i jego żony. Studium historyczno-obyczajowe* (in Polish) (1st ed.). Zysk i S-ka. p. 27. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-7785-792-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7785-792-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. pp. 550–551. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. p. 481. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. p. 538. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Borkowska, Urszula (2012). *Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce* (in Polish). PWN. pp. 550–551. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-83-01-16692-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-16692-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** [THE MONGOL NAVY: KUBLAI KHAN’S INVASIONS IN ĐẠI VIỆT AND CHAMPA](https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps25.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221013102129/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps25.pdf) 2022-10-13 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) by Vu Hong Lien

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Coregency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregency) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregency?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.