# Constant Hawk

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**Constant Hawk** is a [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) [wide-area motion imagery](/source/Wide-area_motion_imagery) system flown on crewed [reconnaissance aircraft](/source/Reconnaissance_aircraft) in [Iraq](/source/Iraq_War) and [Afghanistan](/source/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)).

Constant Hawk was the first airborne Wide Area Persistent Sensor developed and deployed by the United States. It flew over 66 thousand flight hours in Iraq on five aircraft and is directly and indirectly credited with producing the intelligence data that dramatically reduced IED production and deployment.

Like similar wide-area surveillance systems, such as [Gorgon Stare](/source/Gorgon_Stare), [ARGUS-IS](/source/ARGUS-IS) or the [aerostat](/source/Aerostat)-mounted [Kestrel](/source/Kestrel_(surveillance_system)), Constant Hawk was designed to give operators a fuller view of an area (such as a battlefield or operating base) than they would normally get from standard full-motion [video cameras](/source/Video_camera).[1]

The Army first deployed Constant Hawk in 2006 as part of a Quick Reaction Capability to help combat enemy [ambushes](/source/Ambush) and [improvised explosive devices](/source/Improvised_explosive_device) (IEDs) in Afghanistan and Iraq.[1][2][3]

Constant Hawk flew on [Short 360](/source/Short_360)-300s in Iraq[2] under the command of [Task Force ODIN](/source/Task_Force_ODIN). The system was introduced to Afghanistan in 2009,[3] where it is still in use aboard [MC-12W Liberty](/source/Beechcraft_C-12_Huron) aircraft.[4]

## Development

Initial work on Constant Hawk began in the early 2000s (decade) at [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory](/source/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory) as part of the Sonoma Persistent Surveillance Program, a [U.S. Department of Energy](/source/U.S._Department_of_Energy) effort to monitor [nuclear proliferation](/source/Nuclear_proliferation).[5][6]

In 2005, Constant Hawk was passed to the [U.S. Department of Defense](/source/U.S._Department_of_Defense), which led to its development under the [Army Research Laboratory](/source/Army_Research_Laboratory) in Aberdeen, MD.[6][7]

Since 2005, MIT has been developing processing algorithms enabling efficient formation, exploitation and dissemination of Constant Hawk imagery.

In 2009, [BAE Systems](/source/BAE_Systems) provided an additional, [infrared](/source/Infrared) payload for Constant Hawk called the Airborne Wide Area Persistent Surveillance Sensor (AWAPSS).[3]

In 2013, the MIT sensor MASIVS was deployed by Constant Hawk increasing pixel counts by an order of magnitude and providing full color imagery processed in real-time on board the aircraft.

## Features

Constant Hawk includes a 96-[megapixel](/source/Megapixel) camera as part of its sensor suite[4] and software that detects changes and patterns in collected imagery.[8]

This allows intelligence analysts to detect roadside bombs and prepared ambushes.[8]

## Upgrades and similar systems

In 2007, the [U.S. Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps) developed an upgrade to Constant Hawk called Angel Fire.[9] In 2011, a Constant Hawk spinoff called Kestrel began deployment on [aerostats](/source/Aerostat) in Afghanistan.[1]

Additionally, many of Constant Hawk's capabilities have been miniaturized or improved in newer wide-area persistent surveillance systems such as Logos Technologies' [Kestrel](/source/Kestrel_(surveillance_system)). Kestrel reduces size and weight, while increasing image resolution and adding a day/night surveillance capability.[10][11]

In addition, the [U.S. Air Force](/source/United_States_Air_Force) is working on [Gorgon Stare](/source/Gorgon_Stare), a wide-area persistence surveillance system designed for the [MQ-9 Reaper](/source/MQ-9_Reaper). Gorgon Stare was initially scheduled for deployment in 2010.[12]

Another system still in development by [DARPA](/source/DARPA) is [ARGUS-IS](/source/ARGUS-IS).[13]

## See also

- [Wide-area motion imagery](/source/Wide-area_motion_imagery)

## References

1. Buxbaum, Peter. ["The Eyes Have It"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044740/http://www.tactical-isr-technology.com/tisr-home/372-tisr-2011-volume-1-issue-5-december/5063-the-eyes-have-it.html). Tactical ISR Technology. Archived from [the original](http://www.tactical-isr-technology.com/tisr-home/372-tisr-2011-volume-1-issue-5-december/5063-the-eyes-have-it.html) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. ["Constant Hawk"](http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/constant-hawk.htm). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. ["Night Eyes for the Constant Hawk: Opening the night for Counter-IED Surveillance"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120513065022/http://www.defense-update.com/features/2009/sept/1709009_awapss.html). Defense Update. Archived from [the original](http://defense-update.com/features/2009/sept/1709009_awapss.html) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. ["Walking Back the Cat: The US Army’s Constant Hawk"](http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Walking-Back-the-Cat-The-US-Armys-Constant-Hawk-06832/). Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. Harrison, Jay. ["Where did Constant Hawk come from?"](http://edgefighter.com/2010/08/27/where-did-constant-hawk-come-from/). Edgefighter. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. Heller, Arnie. ["From Video to Knowledge"](https://str.llnl.gov/AprMay11/pdfs/4.11.1.pdf). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. Defense Industry Daily Staff. ["US Army Awards Top 10 Inventions of 2006"](https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/us-army-awards-top-10-inventions-of-2006-03378/). *Defense Industry Daily*. Retrieved 5 June 2018.

1. ["Constant Hawk Delivers"](http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htintel/20070622.aspx). Strategy Page. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

1. Hoffmann, Michael. ["New Reaper Sensors Offer a Bigger Picture"](http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/02/airforce_WAAS_021609/). Air Force Times. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

1. Magnuson, Stew. ["Wide Area Surveillance Sensors Prove Value on Battlefields"](https://archive.today/20131217190755/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/November/Pages/WideAreaSurveillanceSensorsProveValueonBattlefields.aspx). National Defense Magazine. Archived from [the original](http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/November/Pages/WideAreaSurveillanceSensorsProveValueonBattlefields.aspx) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

1. Colucci, Frank. ["Persistence On Patrol"](http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/feature/Persistence-On-Patrol_79069.html#.UrCz4GRDuyN). Avionics Magazine. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

1. Putrich, Gayle. ["Gorgon Stare tests reveal long list of problems"](http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gorgon-stare-tests-reveal-long-list-of-problems-352261/). Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

1. ["Autonomous Real-time Ground Ubiquitous Surveillance-Imaging System (ARGUS-IS)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120804155030/http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/I2O/Programs/Autonomous_Real-time_Ground_Ubiquitous_Surveillance-Imaging_System_(ARGUS-IS).aspx). Information Innovation Office, DARPA. Archived from [the original](http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/I2O/Programs/Autonomous_Real-time_Ground_Ubiquitous_Surveillance-Imaging_System_%28ARGUS-IS%29.aspx) on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Constant Hawk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Hawk) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Hawk?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.