# Conocephalus

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{{Short description|Genus of cricket-like animals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Conocephalus_dorsalis_burri.JPG
| image_caption = Adult female short-winged conehead (''[Conocephalus dorsalis](/source/Conocephalus_dorsalis) burri'')
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Conocephalus
| authority = [Thunberg](/source/Carl_Peter_Thunberg), 1815
| subdivision_ranks = [Species](/source/Species)
| subdivision = See text
}}
thumb|''Conocephalus saltator'' female nymph, Fiji
[[File:Conocephalus albescens.jpg|thumb|''[Conocephalus albescens](/source/Conocephalus_albescens)'']]
[[File:Conocephalus fuscus01.jpg|thumb|''[Conocephalus fuscus](/source/Conocephalus_fuscus)'']]
[[File:Conocephalus magdalenae.jpg|thumb|''[Conocephalus magdalenae](/source/Conocephalus_magdalenae)'']]
'''''Conocephalus''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [bush crickets](/source/Tettigoniidae), known as '''coneheads''' (a term also sometimes applied to members of the related genus ''[Ruspolia](/source/Ruspolia)'').<!---''Conocephalus antiquatus'' <small>[Salter](/source/John_William_Salter), 1859 is the jr. homonym of a trilobite, now replaced by ''Elrathia antiquata''<ref>{{cite book|first= Charles Elmer|last= Resser|year= 1938|title= Cambrian System (Restricted) of the Southern Appalachians|series= Geological Society of America Special Paper|volume= 15|pages= 76|isbn= 081372015X}}</ref>---> It was described by [Carl Peter Thunberg](/source/Carl_Peter_Thunberg) in 1815.<ref>Thunberg CP (1815) ''Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg'' 5:214, 218, 271.</ref>

== Description ==
''Conocephalus'' range from 10 to 27 mm in length, measured from head to wingtip. They can be distinguished from the related genus ''[Orchelimum](/source/Orchelimum)'' by being smaller and slimmer in general, the face usually being green and the [ovipositors](/source/Ovipositor) of females usually being straight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Genus Conocephalus - Lesser Meadow Katydids |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/7068 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref>

The forewings vary in length. Some species always have short forewings, some usually have short forewings but occasionally have individuals with forewings longer than the abdomen, and some always have long forewings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Genus Conocephalus (lesser meadow katydids) |url=https://sina.orthsoc.org/g220a.htm |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=sina.orthsoc.org}}</ref>

Species can be distinguished by the shapes of the [cerci](/source/Cercus) (males) and ovipositor (females).<ref name=":1" />

== Ecology ==
Bush crickets of this genus live in fields and meadows, where they feed on leaves, flowers, pollen and seeds of grasses and forbs. They also sometimes prey on other insects. Females lay their eggs in grass stems.<ref name=":0" />

==Subgenera and species==
The ''Orthoptera Species File'' lists the following species, grouped into subgenera:<ref>[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1133373  Orthoptera Species File: ''Conocephalus'' Thunberg, 1815 (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 11 June 2021)]</ref>

=== ''Conocephalus (Amurocephalus)'' === 
- subgenus: Storozhenko, 2004 (China)
* ''[Conocephalus chinensis](/source/Conocephalus_chinensis)'' (Redtenbacher, 1891)

=== ''Conocephalus (Anisoptera)'' === 
- subgenus: Latreille, 1829 (Worldwide) - synonym ''Xiphidium'' Burmeister, 1838
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[Conocephalus aberrans](/source/Conocephalus_aberrans)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus adustus](/source/Conocephalus_adustus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus aigialus](/source/Conocephalus_aigialus)'' <small>Rehn & Hebard, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus algerinorum](/source/Conocephalus_algerinorum)'' <small>Massa, 1999</small>
* ''[Conocephalus angustifrons](/source/Conocephalus_angustifrons)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus angustivertex](/source/Conocephalus_angustivertex)'' <small>Pitkin, 1980</small>
* ''[Conocephalus armatipes](/source/Conocephalus_armatipes)'' <small>(Karsch, 1893)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus attenuatus](/source/Conocephalus_attenuatus)'' <small>(Scudder, 1869)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus bakeri](/source/Conocephalus_bakeri)'' <small>(Karny, 1920)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus bechuanensis](/source/Conocephalus_bechuanensis)'' <small>(Péringuey, 1916)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus beybienkoi](/source/Conocephalus_beybienkoi)'' <small>Storozhenko, 1981</small>
* ''[Conocephalus bidentatus](/source/Conocephalus_bidentatus)'' <small>Shi & Zheng, 1994</small>
* ''[Conocephalus bilineatus](/source/Conocephalus_bilineatus)'' <small>(Erichson, 1842)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus bivittatus](/source/Conocephalus_bivittatus)'' <small>(Bolívar, 1900)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus borellii](/source/Conocephalus_borellii)'' <small>(Giglio-Tos, 1897)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus borneensis](/source/Conocephalus_borneensis)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus brevicercus](/source/Conocephalus_brevicercus)'' <small>(Karsch, 1893)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus brevipennis](/source/Conocephalus_brevipennis)'' <small>(Scudder, 1862)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus caudalis](/source/Conocephalus_caudalis)'' <small>(Walker, 1869)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus chavesi](/source/Conocephalus_chavesi)'' <small>(Bolívar, 1905)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus cinereus](/source/Conocephalus_cinereus)'' <small>Thunberg, 1815</small>
* ''[Conocephalus cognatus](/source/Conocephalus_cognatus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus concolor](/source/Conocephalus_concolor)'' <small>(Burmeister, 1838)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus decaspinosus](/source/Conocephalus_decaspinosus)'' <small>Nagar & Swaminathan, 2016</small>
* ''[Conocephalus denticercus](/source/Conocephalus_denticercus)'' <small>(Karny, 1907)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus dorsalidentatus](/source/Conocephalus_dorsalidentatus)'' <small>Li, Zhang & Shi, 2019</small>
* ''[Conocephalus dorsalis](/source/Conocephalus_dorsalis)'' <small>(Latreille, 1804)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus ebneri](/source/Conocephalus_ebneri)'' <small>Harz, 1966</small>
* ''[Conocephalus equatorialis](/source/Conocephalus_equatorialis)'' <small>(Giglio-Tos, 1898)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus exemptus](/source/Conocephalus_exemptus)'' <small>(Walker, 1869)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus exitiosus](/source/Conocephalus_exitiosus)'' <small>(McNeill, 1901)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus exsul](/source/Conocephalus_exsul)'' <small>(Karny, 1911)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus fasciatus](/source/Conocephalus_fasciatus)'' <small>(De Geer, 1773)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus flavus](/source/Conocephalus_flavus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus formosus](/source/Conocephalus_formosus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus fulmeki](/source/Conocephalus_fulmeki)'' <small>(Ebner, 1927)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus fuscus](/source/Conocephalus_fuscus)'' <small>(Fabricius, 1793)</small>: disputed synonym ''C. discolor'' <small>(Thunberg, 1815)</small> - long-winged Conehead
* ''[Conocephalus gigantius](/source/Conocephalus_gigantius)'' <small>(Matsumura & Shiraki, 1908)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus goianus](/source/Conocephalus_goianus)'' <small>Piza, 1977</small>
* ''[Conocephalus gracilicercus](/source/Conocephalus_gracilicercus)'' <small>Li & Shi, 2018</small>
* ''[Conocephalus gracillimus](/source/Conocephalus_gracillimus)'' <small>Morse, 1901</small>
* ''[Conocephalus guangdongensis](/source/Conocephalus_guangdongensis)'' <small>Shi & Liang, 1997</small>
* ''[Conocephalus hainanensis](/source/Conocephalus_hainanensis)'' <small>Shi & Wang, 2015</small>
* ''[Conocephalus hastatus](/source/Conocephalus_hastatus)'' <small>(Charpentier, 1825)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus hilli](/source/Conocephalus_hilli)'' <small>Farooqi & Usmani, 2019</small>
* ''[Conocephalus honorei](/source/Conocephalus_honorei)'' <small>(Bolívar, 1900)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus hygrophilus](/source/Conocephalus_hygrophilus)'' <small>Rehn & Hebard, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus ictus](/source/Conocephalus_ictus)'' <small>(Scudder, 1875)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus inconspicuus](/source/Conocephalus_inconspicuus)'' <small>(Karny, 1920)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus infumatus](/source/Conocephalus_infumatus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus insularis](/source/Conocephalus_insularis)'' <small>(Morse, 1905)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus iriodes](/source/Conocephalus_iriodes)'' <small>Rehn & Hebard, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus iris](/source/Conocephalus_iris)'' <small>(Serville, 1838)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus japonicus](/source/Conocephalus_japonicus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus kisi](/source/Conocephalus_kisi)'' <small>Harz, 1967</small>
* ''[Conocephalus kwasiphaiensis](/source/Conocephalus_kwasiphaiensis)'' <small>Nagar & Swaminathan, 2016</small>
* ''[Conocephalus liangi](/source/Conocephalus_liangi)'' <small>Liu & Zhang, 2007</small>
* ''[Conocephalus liebermanni](/source/Conocephalus_liebermanni)'' <small>Ebner, 1953</small>
* ''[Conocephalus longipennis](/source/Conocephalus_longipennis)'' <small>(Haan, 1843)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus maculatus](/source/Conocephalus_maculatus)'' <small>(Le Guillou, 1841)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus magdalenae](/source/Conocephalus_magdalenae)'' <small>Naskrecki, 2000</small>
* ''[Conocephalus meadowsae](/source/Conocephalus_meadowsae)'' <small>Harz, 1970</small>
* ''[Conocephalus melaenus](/source/Conocephalus_melaenus)'' <small>(Haan, 1843)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus nanlingensis](/source/Conocephalus_nanlingensis)'' <small>Li, Xin & Shi, 2019</small>
* ''[Conocephalus nemoralis](/source/Conocephalus_nemoralis)'' <small>(Scudder, 1875)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus nigropleuroides](/source/Conocephalus_nigropleuroides)'' <small>Fox, 1912</small>
* ''[Conocephalus nigropleurum](/source/Conocephalus_nigropleurum)'' <small>(Bruner, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus occidentalis](/source/Conocephalus_occidentalis)'' <small>(Morse, 1901)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus oceanicus](/source/Conocephalus_oceanicus)'' <small>(Le Guillou, 1841)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus ochrotelus](/source/Conocephalus_ochrotelus)'' <small>Rehn & Hebard, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus percaudatus](/source/Conocephalus_percaudatus)'' <small>Bey-Bienko, 1955</small>
* ''[Conocephalus peringueyi](/source/Conocephalus_peringueyi)'' <small>Uvarov, 1928</small>
* ''[Conocephalus pictus](/source/Conocephalus_pictus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus recticaudus](/source/Conocephalus_recticaudus)'' <small>Bruner, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus redtenbacheri](/source/Conocephalus_redtenbacheri)'' <small>(Bolívar, 1905)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus rentzi](/source/Conocephalus_rentzi)'' <small>Farooqi & Usmani, 2018</small>
* ''[Conocephalus resacensis](/source/Conocephalus_resacensis)'' <small>Rehn & Hebard, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus resinus](/source/Conocephalus_resinus)'' <small>(Saussure & Pictet, 1898)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus rhodesianus](/source/Conocephalus_rhodesianus)'' <small>(Péringuey, 1916)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus saltator](/source/Conocephalus_saltator)'' <small>(Saussure, 1859)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus semivittatus](/source/Conocephalus_semivittatus)'' <small>(Walker, 1869)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus semraensis](/source/Conocephalus_semraensis)'' <small>Farooqi & Usmani, 2021</small>
* ''[Conocephalus shanghaiensis](/source/Conocephalus_shanghaiensis)'' <small>Zhou, Bi & Liu, 2010</small>
* ''[Conocephalus signatus](/source/Conocephalus_signatus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus spartinae](/source/Conocephalus_spartinae)'' <small>(Fox, 1912)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus spinosus](/source/Conocephalus_spinosus)'' <small>(Morse, 1901)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus starmuehlneri](/source/Conocephalus_starmuehlneri)'' <small>Kaltenbach, 1968</small>
* ''[Conocephalus strictus](/source/Conocephalus_strictus)'' <small>(Scudder, 1875)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus trifasciatus](/source/Conocephalus_trifasciatus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus trivittatus](/source/Conocephalus_trivittatus)'' <small>(Stål, 1861)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus truncatus](/source/Conocephalus_truncatus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus tumidus](/source/Conocephalus_tumidus)'' <small>Pitkin, 1980</small>
* ''[Conocephalus tumultuosus](/source/Conocephalus_tumultuosus)'' <small>Willemse, 1942</small>
* ''[Conocephalus unicolor](/source/Conocephalus_unicolor)'' <small>Bruner, 1915</small>
* ''[Conocephalus versicolor](/source/Conocephalus_versicolor)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus vestitus](/source/Conocephalus_vestitus)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus willemsei](/source/Conocephalus_willemsei)'' <small>Pitkin, 1980</small>
* ''[Conocephalus yunnanensis](/source/Conocephalus_yunnanensis)'' <small>Shi & Feng, 2009</small>
{{div col end}}

=== ''Conocephalus (Aphauropus)'' === 
- subgenus: Rehn & Hebard, 1915 (central America)
* ''[Conocephalus leptopterus](/source/Conocephalus_leptopterus)'' Rehn & Hebard, 1915

=== ''Conocephalus (Chloroxiphidion)'' === 
- subgenus: Hebard, 1922 (Africa, Australasia: probably incomplete)
* ''[Conocephalus albescens](/source/Conocephalus_albescens)'' (Walker, 1869)
* ''[Conocephalus bituberculatus](/source/Conocephalus_bituberculatus)'' (Redtenbacher, 1891)
* ''[Conocephalus dubius](/source/Conocephalus_dubius)'' Willemse, 1942
* ''[Conocephalus javanicus](/source/Conocephalus_javanicus)'' (Redtenbacher, 1891)
* ''[Conocephalus laetus](/source/Conocephalus_laetus)'' (Redtenbacher, 1891)
* ''[Conocephalus striata](/source/Conocephalus_striata)'' Willemse, 1942
* ''[Conocephalus upoluensis](/source/Conocephalus_upoluensis)'' (Karny, 1907)
* ''[Conocephalus vaginatus](/source/Conocephalus_vaginatus)'' Willemse, 1942

=== ''Conocephalus (Conocephalus)'' === 
- subgenus: Thunberg, 1815 (Worldwide)
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[Conocephalus bambusanus](/source/Conocephalus_bambusanus)'' <small>Ingrisch, 1990</small> (synonym ''C. abispinatus'' <small>Hsia & Liu, 1990</small>)
* ''[Conocephalus basutoanus](/source/Conocephalus_basutoanus)'' <small>Chopard, 1955</small>
* ''[Conocephalus bispinatus](/source/Conocephalus_bispinatus)'' <small>Pitkin, 1980</small>
* ''[Conocephalus brevivalvus](/source/Conocephalus_brevivalvus)'' <small>(Shi, Wang & Fu, 2005)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus brincki](/source/Conocephalus_brincki)'' <small>Chopard, 1955</small>
* ''[Conocephalus conocephalus](/source/Conocephalus_conocephalus)'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1767)</small><br>'''type species''' (as ''Gryllus conocephalus'' L.)
* ''[Conocephalus differentus](/source/Conocephalus_differentus)'' <small>Shi & Liang, 1997</small>
* ''[Conocephalus emeiensis](/source/Conocephalus_emeiensis)'' <small>Shi & Zheng, 1999</small>
* ''[Conocephalus lugubris](/source/Conocephalus_lugubris)'' <small>(Redtenbacher, 1891)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus obtectus](/source/Conocephalus_obtectus)'' <small>Karny, 1907</small>
* ''[Conocephalus saltans](/source/Conocephalus_saltans)'' <small>(Scudder, 1872)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus somali](/source/Conocephalus_somali)'' <small>(Burr, 1900)</small>
* ''[Conocephalus sulcifrontis](/source/Conocephalus_sulcifrontis)'' <small>Xia & Liu, 1992</small>
* ''[Conocephalus tridens](/source/Conocephalus_tridens)'' <small>Hebard, 1933</small>
* ''[Conocephalus xiai](/source/Conocephalus_xiai)'' <small>Liu & Zhang, 2007</small>
{{div col end}}

=== ''Conocephalus (Dicellurina)'' === 
- subgenus: Rehn & Hebard, 1938 (eastern USA)
* ''[Conocephalus allardi](/source/Conocephalus_allardi)'' (Caudell, 1910)

=== ''Conocephalus ([Megalotheca](/source/Conocephalus_(Megalotheca)))'' ===
- subgenus: Karny, 1907 (southern Africa, Madagascar)
* ''[Conocephalus longiceps](/source/Conocephalus_longiceps)'' (Péringuey, 1916)
* ''[Conocephalus marcelloi](/source/Conocephalus_marcelloi)'' Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2004
* ''[Conocephalus montana](/source/Conocephalus_montana)'' (Uvarov, 1928)
* ''[Conocephalus namibius](/source/Conocephalus_namibius)'' Gorochov, 2009
* ''[Conocephalus nigrifrons](/source/Conocephalus_nigrifrons)'' (Chopard, 1952)
* ''[Conocephalus parvula](/source/Conocephalus_parvula)'' (Péringuey, 1916)
* ''[Conocephalus phasma](/source/Conocephalus_phasma)'' Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2004
* ''[Conocephalus vaginalis](/source/Conocephalus_vaginalis)'' (Karny, 1907)
* ''[Conocephalus xiphidioides](/source/Conocephalus_xiphidioides)'' (Karny, 1907)
* ''[Conocephalus zlobini](/source/Conocephalus_zlobini)'' Gorochov, 2009

=== ''Conocephalus (Opeastylus)'' === 
- subgenus: Rehn & Hebard, 1915 (southern America)
* ''[Conocephalus longipes](/source/Conocephalus_longipes)'' (Redtenbacher, 1891)
* ''[Conocephalus vitticollis](/source/Conocephalus_vitticollis)'' (Blanchard, 1851)

=== ''Conocephalus (Perissacanthus)''  === 
- subgenus: Rehn & Hebard, 1915 (Paraguay)
* ''[Conocephalus strictoides](/source/Conocephalus_strictoides)'' (Caudell, 1906)

=== ''Conocephalus ([Xenocerculus](/source/Conocephalus_(Xenocerculus)))''===
- subgenus: Rubio & Braun 2024 (Argentina)
* ''[Conocephalus tuyu](/source/Conocephalus_tuyu)'' Rubio & Braun 2024

=== subgenus not assigned ===
* ''[Conocephalus aculeatus](/source/Conocephalus_aculeatus)'' Piza, 1969
* ''[Conocephalus affinis](/source/Conocephalus_affinis)'' Redtenbacher, 1891
* ''[Conocephalus goianus](/source/Conocephalus_goianus)'' Piza, 1977
* ''[Conocephalus algerinorum](/source/Conocephalus_algerinorum)'' Massa, 1999
* ''[Conocephalus cinereus](/source/Conocephalus_cinereus)'' Thunberg, 1815
* ''[Conocephalus differentus](/source/Conocephalus_differentus)'' Shi & Liang, 1997
* ''[Conocephalus emeiensis](/source/Conocephalus_emeiensis)'' Shi & Zheng, 1999
* ''[Conocephalus halophilus](/source/Conocephalus_halophilus)'' Ishikawa, 2004
* ''[Conocephalus melaenoides](/source/Conocephalus_melaenoides)'' Sänger & Helfert, 1995
* ''[Conocephalus sojolensis](/source/Conocephalus_sojolensis)'' Sänger & Helfert, 1995
* ''[Conocephalus spinosus](/source/Conocephalus_spinosus)'' (Morse, 1901)
* ''[Conocephalus stictomerus](/source/Conocephalus_stictomerus)'' Rehn & Hebard, 1915

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2993514}}

Category:Conocephalus
Category:Tettigoniidae genera

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Conocephalus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocephalus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocephalus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.