# Congregational mosque

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Type of mosque designated for Friday noon prayers

For a list of mosques named "Jama masjid", "Jameh mosque", "Great mosque", etc, see [List of grand mosques](/source/List_of_grand_mosques).

The [Masjid al-Haram](/source/Masjid_al-Haram) in [Mecca](/source/Mecca), [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia), regularly used for [Congregational prayer](/source/Congregational_prayer_(Islam)).[1][2]

A **congregational mosque** or **Friday mosque** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): مَسْجِد جَامِع, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *masjid jāmi‘*, or simply جَامِع, *jāmi‘*; [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language): *Cami*), or sometimes **great mosque** or **grand mosque** (جامع كبير, *jāmi‘ kabir*; *Ulu Cami*), is a [mosque](/source/Mosque) for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as *[jumu'ah](/source/Friday_prayer)*.[3] It can also host the [Eid prayers](/source/Eid_prayers) in situations when there is no *[musalla](/source/Musalla)* or *[eidgah](/source/Eidgah)* available nearby to host the prayers. In early [Islamic history](/source/History_of_Islam), the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area.[4][5] In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.[6][7][8]

## Etymology

The full [Arabic](/source/Arabic) term for this kind of mosque is *masjid jāmi‘* (مَسْجِد جَامِع), which is typically translated as "mosque of congregation" or "congregational mosque".[4] "Congregational" is used to translate *jāmi‘* (جَامِع), which comes from the Arabic [root](/source/Semitic_root) "ج - م - ع" which has a meaning ‘to bring together’ or ‘to unify’ (verbal form: جمع and يجمع).[9][4] In Arabic, the term is typically simplified to just *jāmi‘* (جَامِع). Similarly, in Turkish the term *cami* (Turkish pronunciation: [\[d͡ʒami\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish)) is used for the same purpose.[10] As the distinction between a "congregational mosque" and other mosques has diminished in more recent history, the Arabic terms *masjid* and *jami'* have become more interchangeable.[11][12]

## Historical background

### Early functions

[Mosque of Amr ibn al-As](/source/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As), founded in the seventh century as the first congregational mosque in Egypt, located in [Fustat](/source/Fustat) (now part of [Cairo](/source/Cairo))

Since the [early periods of Islam](/source/History_of_Islam), a functional distinction existed between large central mosques built and controlled by the state versus small local mosques built and maintained by the general population.[13] In the early years of Islam, under the [Rashidun caliphs](/source/Rashidun) and many of the [Umayyad caliphs](/source/Umayyad_Caliphate), each city generally had only one congregational mosque where Friday prayers were held, while smaller mosques for regular prayers were built in local neighbourhoods. In fact, in some parts of the Islamic world such as in [Egypt](/source/Egypt), Friday services were initially not permitted in villages and in other areas outside the main city where the congregational mosque stood.[14]

The ruler or governor of the city usually built his residence (the *dar al-imara*) next to the congregational mosque, and in this early period the ruler also delivered the *[khutbah](/source/Khutbah)* (Friday sermon) during Friday prayers.[13][15] This practice was inherited from the example of [Muhammad](/source/Muhammad_in_Islam) and was passed on the caliphs after him. In the provinces, the local governors who ruled on behalf of the caliph were expected to deliver the *khutbah* for their local community.[15] The *[minbar](/source/Minbar)*, a kind of pulpit from which the *khutbah* was traditionally given, also became a standard feature of congregational mosques by the early [Abbasid period](/source/Abbasid_period) (late eighth century).[16][17]

Until the 11th century at least, the congregational mosque of a city served many wider civic functions, differing somewhat from the more strictly religious character of mosques today.[6] It hosted judicial activities such as Muslim judges (*[qadis](/source/Qadi)*) announcing their judgments on cases. Its courtyard (*[sahn](/source/Sahn)*) often acted like a public forum for political and scholarly discussions as well as a semi-recreational area that sometimes contained gardens or trees. The courtyard could be occupied by sellers, [hawkers](/source/Hawker_(trade)), and others conducting business and even animals were sometimes brought inside. The range of informal activities inside the mosque was so diverse that some jurists (*[ulama](/source/Ulama)*) and rulers, such as the Abbasid caliph [al-Mu'tadid](/source/Al-Mu'tadid) (r. 892–902), attempted to place restrictions on them.[6] Until the emergence of the [madrasa](/source/Madrasa) as a distinct institution during the 11th century, the congregational mosque was also the main venue for religious education by hosting *[halqa](/source/Halaqa)*s (study circles).[18][6] As it was usually located in the heart of the city and attracted much traffic, the neighbourhood around the congegational mosque also commonly became one of the main [market areas](/source/Bazaar) in the city.[6]

### Proliferation

The *[mihrab](/source/Mihrab)* area of the [Umayyad Mosque](/source/Umayyad_Mosque) in [Damascus](/source/Damascus) today, with the *[minbar](/source/Minbar)* to the right

In later centuries, as the Islamic world became increasingly divided between different political states, as the Muslim population and the cities grew, and as new rulers wished to leave their mark of patronage, it became common to have multiple congregational mosques in the same city.[13][14] For example, [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad), the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, had just two congregational mosques by the late 9th century: the [Great Mosque of al-Mansur](/source/Great_Mosque_of_al-Mansur), located in the original [Round City](/source/Round_city_of_Baghdad) on the western shore of the [Tigris River](/source/Tigris_River), and the Mosque of [al-Mahdi](/source/Al-Mahdi), in the [Rusafa](/source/Al-Rusafa%2C_Iraq) quarter added on the eastern shore of the river.[18] During the 10th century, the number of congregational mosques grew to six, compared to hundreds of other local regular mosques. The Abbasid caliphs, who had by the mid-10th century had lost all political power, retained the privilege of designating congregational mosques in the city and of appointing their preachers.[18] By the 11th century, the Arab writer and traveler [Ibn Jubayr](/source/Ibn_Jubayr) notes eleven congregational mosques in the city.[14]

In another example, [Fustat](/source/Fustat), the predecessor of modern [Cairo](/source/Cairo), was founded in the seventh century with just one congregational mosque (the [Mosque of Amr ibn al-As](/source/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As)), but by the 15th century, under the [Mamluks](/source/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)), the urban agglomeration of Cairo and Fustat had 130 congregational mosques.[13] In fact, the city became so saturated with congregational mosques that by the late 15th century its rulers could rarely build new ones.[19] A similar proliferation of congregational mosques occurred in the cities of [Syria](/source/Syria), [Iraq](/source/Iraq), [Iran](/source/Iran), and [Morocco](/source/Morocco), as well as in the newly conquered [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople) ([Istanbul](/source/Istanbul)) under [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) rule.[13]

## Architecture

Further information: [Islamic architecture](/source/Islamic_architecture)

[Great Mosque of Kairouan](/source/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan) in Tunisia founded in the seventh century as the first congregational mosque in [Maghreb region](/source/Maghreb).

As both a prayer and a community space, mosque buildings allow for religious and social engagement.[7][8] The Qur'an does not state architectural parameters for a congregational mosque, and as a result there are both differences and similarities between congregational mosques of different regions.[20][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] As all male members of the community are expected to attend Friday prayers,[3] congregational mosques must be large enough to accommodate them and their size thus varies from community to community. The Qur'an does highlight that the prayer hall has to accommodate the population of the community.[21][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] Almost all congregational mosques feature a *minbar*, which is an elevated platform where the Friday sermon is given. The *minbar* is usually places near the *[qibla](/source/Qibla)* wall (the wall standing in the direction of prayer) and the *[mihrab](/source/Mihrab)*.[16][17]

## See also

- [Salat](/source/Salat), formal worship in Islam

- [Lists of mosques](/source/Lists_of_mosques) - [List of largest mosques](/source/List_of_largest_mosques) - [List of mosques](/source/List_of_mosques) - [List of the oldest mosques](/source/List_of_the_oldest_mosques)

## References

Look up ***[jama](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jama)*** or ***[masjid](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masjid)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_Oxford_Illustrated_History_of_the_Holy_Land_1-0)** Hugh Godfrey; Maturin Williamson; Robert G. Hoyland (2018). [*The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land*](https://books.google.com/books?id=uzdtDwAAQBAJ) (Hardcover). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). p. 340. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780198724391](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198724391). Retrieved 24 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Rosie Bsheer (2020). [*Archive Wars The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gyT3DwAAQBAJ). [Stanford University Press](/source/Stanford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781503612587](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503612587). Retrieved 24 April 2024. masjid al- haram jami` masajid Makkah ? " [ Does praying anywhere in Mecca

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_3-1) See: - M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mosque". *The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture*. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 548–549. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195309911](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911). Islam requires no physical structure for valid prayer, which may be performed anywhere, and a minimal *masjid* ("place of prostration") may consist only of lines marked on the ground, but a building constructed especially for the purpose is preferred, in particular for congregational prayer at Friday noon, the principal weekly service. Such a building may be called a *masjid* or a *jāmi* (Turk. *cami*), from *masjid al-jāmi῾* (Pers. *masjid-i jāmi῾*; Urdu *jāmi῾ masjid*), meaning "congregational mosque." This term is often rendered in English as "great mosque," or "Friday mosque," a translation of *masjid-i juma῾*, a Persian variant. - Uurlu, A. Hilâl; Yalman, Suzan (2020). ["Introduction"](https://books.google.com/books?id=q3QeEAAAQBAJ&dq=friday+mosque+english+term&pg=PT11). *The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics*. Intellect Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78938-304-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78938-304-1). The English term 'mosque' derives from the Arabic masjid, a term designating a place of prostration, whereas the term jami', which is translated variously as Friday mosque, great mosque or congregational mosque, originates from the Arabic term jama', meaning to gather. - Bearman, Peri (2014). "Masjid Jāmiʿ". In Emad El-Din, Shahin (ed.). *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780199739356](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356). The Friday prayer (*ṣalāt al-jumʿa*), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the *masjid jāmiʿ* (< Ar. *jamaʿa* "to assemble"), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable. - Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016-04-27). ["Glossary"](https://books.google.com/books?id=BPrjCwAAQBAJ&dq=ulu+cami+glossary&pg=PA356). *Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs*. Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58839-589-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-589-4). *masjid-i jami* (Turkish, **Ulu Cami**) Congregational mosque where the male Muslim community performs the Friday prayer, during which the khutba is pronounced; also known as a Great Mosque or a Friday Mosque. - Petersen, Andrew (1996). "jami or jami masjid". *Dictionary of Islamic architecture*. Routledge. p. 131. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781134613663](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134613663). A congregational mosque which can be used by all the community for Friday prayers. - Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Mosque". *The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195305135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135). *Jāmiʿ* is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with *masjid*. - Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). "Friday prayer". *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three*. Brill. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1873-9830](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830). All schools but the Ḥanbalīs require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the Ḥanbalīs hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanbalīs require forty, the Mālikīs twelve, and the Ḥanafīs only two or three praying behind the imām (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the Ḥanafī authorities of Bukhārā prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (*jāmiʿ*) erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Shāfiʿīs further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234–5). - Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001). [*Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250*](https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1) (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 20. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780300088670](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088670). They were thus not only religious buildings but also the main social and political centres, as implied by the construct *al-masjid al-jami῾*, usually translated as congregational mosque. - Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011). "Glossary". *Islam: Art and Architecture*. h.f.ullmann. p. 610. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783848003808](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783848003808). **Mosque** (Ar.: masjid, Turk.: cami, Engl.: "place of prostration") The general term masjid refers to mosques that could be used every day. The particularly important Friday (or congregational) mosques, where the communal Friday worship is held, are called masjid-i jami or -i juma.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_4-2) Bearman, Peri (2014). "Masjid Jāmiʿ". In Emad El-Din, Shahin (ed.). *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780199739356](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356). The Friday prayer (*ṣalāt al-jumʿa*), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the *masjid jāmiʿ* (< Ar. *jamaʿa* "to assemble"), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0522_5-0)** Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). "Friday prayer". *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three*. Brill. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1873-9830](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830). All schools but the Ḥanbalīs require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the Ḥanbalīs hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanbalīs require forty, the Mālikīs twelve, and the Ḥanafīs only two or three praying behind the imām (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the Ḥanafī authorities of Bukhārā prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (*jāmiʿ*) erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Shāfiʿīs further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234–5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:6_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:6_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:6_6-4) Bennison, Amira K. (2014). [*The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the 'Abbasid Empire*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NBNkzhvf7z4C&pg=PA83). Yale University Press. pp. 83–84. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-15489-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15489-4).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_7-1) Trevathan, Idries; Aljalhami, Mona; Macleod, Murdo; Mansour, Mona, eds. (2020). *The Art of Orientation: An Exploration of the Mosque Through Objects*. Munich Germany: Hirmer Publisher. pp. 20–21. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7774-3593-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-3593-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1229090641](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229090641).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_8-1) Mitias, Michael H.; Al Jasmi, Abdullah (2018). ["Form and Function in the Congregational Mosque"](https://doi.org/10.33134%2Feeja.169). *Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics*. **55** (1): 25. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.33134/eeja.169](https://doi.org/10.33134%2Feeja.169). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2571-0915](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2571-0915).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Mitias, Michael H.; Al Jasmi, Abdullah (2018). ["Form and Function in the Congregational Mosque"](https://doi.org/10.33134%2Feeja.169). *Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics*. **55** (1): 25–44. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.33134/eeja.169](https://doi.org/10.33134%2Feeja.169).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:24_10-0)** M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mosque". *The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture*. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 548–549. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195309911](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911). Islam requires no physical structure for valid prayer, which may be performed anywhere, and a minimal *masjid* ("place of prostration") may consist only of lines marked on the ground, but a building constructed especially for the purpose is preferred, in particular for congregational prayer at Friday noon, the principal weekly service. Such a building may be called a *masjid* or a *jāmi* (Turk. *cami*), from *masjid al-jāmi῾* (Pers. *masjid-i jāmi῾*; Urdu *jāmi῾ masjid*), meaning "congregational mosque." This term is often rendered in English as "great mosque," or "Friday mosque," a translation of *masjid-i juma῾*, a Persian variant.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0524_11-0)** Pedersen, J.; Hillenbrand, R.; Burton-Page, J.; Andrews, P.A.; Pijper, G.F.; Christie, A.H.; Forbes, A.D.W.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P.; Samb, A. (1991). "Masd̲j̲id". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, S. (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition*. Vol. 6. Brill. pp. 655–656. Linguistic usage varied somewhat in course of time with conditions. In the time of ʿUmar there was properly in every town only one *masd̲j̲id d̲j̲āmiʿ* for the Friday service. But when the community became no longer a military camp and Islam replaced the previous religion of the people, a need for a number of mosques for the Friday service was bound to arise. This demanded mosques for the Friday service in the country, in the villages on the one hand and several Friday mosques in the town on the other. This meant in both cases an innovation, compared with old conditions, and thus there arose some degree of uncertainty. The Friday service had to be conducted by the ruler of the community, but there was only one governor in each province; on the other hand, the demands of the time could hardly be resisted and, besides, the Christian converts to Islam had been used to a solemn weekly service. (...) The great spread of Friday mosques was reflected in the language. While inscriptions of the 8th/14th century still call quite large mosques *masd̲j̲id*, in the 9th/15th most of them are called *d̲j̲āmiʿ* (cf. on the whole question, van Berchem, CIA, i, 173-4); and while now the madrasa [q.v.] begins to predominate and is occasionally also called *d̲j̲āmiʿ*, the use of the word *masd̲j̲id* becomes limited. While, generally speaking, it can mean any mosque (e.g. al-Maḳrīzī, iv, 137, of the Muʾayyad mosque), it is more especially used of the smaller unimportant mosques.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:2424_12-0)** Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Mosque". *The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195305135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135). *Jāmiʿ* is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with *masjid*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:242_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:242_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:242_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:242_13-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:242_13-4) Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Mosque". *The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195305135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:052_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:052_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:052_14-2) Pedersen, J.; Hillenbrand, R.; Burton-Page, J.; Andrews, P.A.; Pijper, G.F.; Christie, A.H.; Forbes, A.D.W.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P.; Samb, A. (1991). "Masd̲j̲id". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, S. (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition*. Vol. 6. Brill. pp. 644–706.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2422_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2422_15-1) Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Khuṭbah". *The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195305135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_16-1) Petersen, Andrew (1996). "minbar". *Dictionary of Islamic architecture*. Routledge. pp. 191–192.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2423_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2423_17-1) M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Minbar". *The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780195309911](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:5_18-2) El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). [*The Abbasid Caliphate: A History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FTMiEAAAQBAJ). Cambridge History Press. p. 185. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781316634394](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316634394).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2008). "The Mamluk City: From Fustat to al-Qahira". In Jayyusi, Salma K. (ed.). *The City in the Islamic World (Volume 1)*. Brill. pp. 295–316. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004171688](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004171688).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:4_20-0)** Uluhanli, Leyla (2017). [*Mosques: Splendors of Islam*](https://www.rizzoliusa.com/book/9780847860357/). Rizzoli. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8478-6035-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-6035-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [975133976](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975133976).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Frishman, Martin; Khan, Hasan-Uddin, eds. (1994). *The Mosque: History, Architectural Development & Regional Diversity*. New York: Thames and Hudson. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-500-34133-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-34133-8). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [31758698](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31758698).

v t e Islamic architecture Styles Early Umayyad Abbasid Moorish Andalusian Umayyad Aghlabid Fatimid Anatolian Seljuk Ayyubid Chinese Hausa Indo-Islamic Bengali Deccan Qutb Shahi Mughal Indonesian Iranian Great Seljuk Ilkhanid Timurid Safavid Mamluk Moorish Almoravid Almohad Hafsid Marinid Zayyanid Ottoman Somali Sudano-Sahelian Swahili Tatar Yemeni Elements Materials Qadad Tadelakt Arches Chahartaq Discharging arch Four-centred arch Horseshoe arch Lambrequin arch Multifoil arch Ogee arch Pointed arch Squinch Vaulting Roofs Dome (Early Medieval Arabic domes / High Medieval Arabic domes / Late Medieval Arabic domes / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome) Semi-dome Tajug Chhajja Religious objects Anaza Bedug Dikka (or müezzin mahfili) Gonbad Husayniyya Imamzadeh Kiswah Loudspeakers Maqsurah Mihrab Minaret Minbar Qibla Zarih Decorations (For overview, see Islamic ornament) Ablaq Āina-kāri Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Girih tiles Haft-rang Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Jali Mo'araq Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) Shabaka Shamsa Sitara Socarrat Stucco decoration Zellij Rooms Andaruni Harem Iwan Liwan Mirador Hosh Qa’a Zenana Gardens Bagh Charbagh Islamic garden Mughal garden Paradise garden Persian gardens Reflecting pool Riad Outdoor objects Chhatri Eidgah Fina Mechouar Sebil Shadirvan Passive cooling Hypostyle Howz Jharokha Kucheh Mashrabiya Riwaq Sahn Salsabil Shabestan Shading Umbrellas Windcatcher Types Religious Congregational mosque Dar al-Muwaqqit Dargah Gongbei Jama'at Khana Külliye Kuttab (or maktab) Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Surau Sufi lodge (khanqah) Takyeh Türbe Zawiya Civilian Baradari Bazaar Caravanserai Bimaristan Ghorfa Hammam Hasht-Bihisht Kasbah Mahal Medina quarter Souq Well house Military Albarrana tower Alcázar Amsar Kasbah Ksar Qal'a Ribat Resources Aga Khan Award for Architecture ArchNet Museum with No Frontiers Influences Indo-Saracenic Revival Influences on Western architecture Moorish Revival Mudéjar Part of Islamic arts • Architecture portal • Islam portal

v t e Sufism terminology Sufis Abdal Ahl al-Khutwa Al-Insān al-Kāmil Bash Hezzab Dervish Fakir Hafiz Hezzab Imam Khatib Majzoob Marabout Mudaqiq [ar] Muqaddam Muqarrab Murshid Mutahaqiq [ar] Murid Nass al-Houdhour Pir Qalandar Qāriʾ Qutb Rabbani Salik Sheikh Siddiq Sufis ranks Talibe The Seven ranks [ar] Wali Wasil Concepts Aayane [ar] Aayane Thabita [ar] Aql Baqaa Dhawq Fana Ghaflah Hal Hijab Huwa Ihsan Ishq Ismul Azam Lataif-e-Sitta Maqam Nafs Qalb Ran Rūḥ Sadr Yaqeen Awrad Dhikr Djamaa [ar] Djoua [ar] Dua Ibara [ar] Ichara [ar] Latifa Lazimi Muhasabah Muraqabah Raising hands in Dua Sabr Sahar [ar] Salat al-Fatih Salawat Samt [ar] Shuhud [ar] Shukr Sufism pillars Tafakur Tahara [ar] Tahlia [ar] Takhlia [ar] Tawajud [ar] Tawakkul Tawassul Tazkiah Uzla [ar] Wajd Wazifa Zarruqiyya Wird Zuhd Waridates Barakah Basirah Bast [ar] Djadba [ar] Fath [ar] Haqiqa Hidayah Ilham Irfan Ishrak Karamat Kashf Khatir Ma'rifa Nūr Qabdh [ar] Rabita [ar] Ru'ya Secret Tajalli Thawab Uns [ar] Walayah Warid Misconducts Antinomianism Rahbaniya Shath Taqabbur Zandaqa Ceremonies Ashura Bay'ah Hadra Hizb Rateb Idjaza Mawlid Mawsim Salka Sbooa [fr] Sebiba Silsila Sufi orders Tariqa Tweeza Wezeea Ziyarat Arts Ashewiq [ar] Madih nabawi Nasheed Naʽat Qawwali Sama Sufi cosmology Sufism history Sufi literature Sufi metaphysics Sufi music Sufis persecution Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Sufi whirling Places Daara Dargah Datuk Keramat Eidgah Gonbad Gongbei Jama masjid Jama'at Khana Khalwa Khalawi Khanqah Külliye Kuttab Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mausoleum Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Ribat Surau Takya Turbah Türbe Zawiya Objects Ammama Balgha Burnous Djellaba Gandoura Jellabiya Khirqa Misbaha Miswak Prayer rug Qashabiya Tagelmust Taqiyah Tarboosh Turban

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Congregational mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_mosque) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_mosque?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.