# Congregation Beth Elohim

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Reform synagogue in Brooklyn, New York

Not to be confused with [Beth Elohim](/source/Union_Temple_of_Brooklyn#K._K._Beth_Elohim), founding member of the [Union Temple of Brooklyn](/source/Union_Temple_of_Brooklyn).

For similarly named synagogues, see [Beth Elohim](/source/Beth_Elohim_(disambiguation)).

Congregation Beth Elohim Hebrew: בֵּית אֱלֹהִים Sanctuary main entrance Religion Affiliation Reform Judaism Ecclesiastical or organisational status Synagogue Leadership Rabbi Rachel Timoner Rabbi Matthew Green (Associate) Rabbi Stephanie Kolin Rabbi Gerald I. Weider (Emeritus) Status Active Location Location 274 Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue, Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York City, New York Country United States Location in New York City Coordinates 40°40′16″N 73°58′27″W / 40.6712°N 73.9743°W / 40.6712; -73.9743 Architecture Architects Simon Eisendrath & B. Horowitz (Sanctuary) Mortimer Freehof & David Levy (Temple House) Type Synagogue Style Classical Revival (Sanctuary) Romanesque Revival (Temple House) Art Deco (Temple House) Established 1861 (as a congregation) Groundbreaking 1909 (Sanctuary) 1928 (Temple House) Completed 1910 (Sanctuary) 1929 (Temple House) Specifications Direction of façade West (Sanctuary) Capacity 1,200 worshippers Dome One Materials Cast stone Website cbebk.org Temple Beth Elohim; and The Temple House U.S. Historic district – Contributing property New York City Landmark Part of Park Slope Historic District (ID80002636) Significant dates Designated CP November 21, 1980 Designated NYCL July 17, 1973 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

**Congregation Beth Elohim** ([Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language): בֵּית אֱלֹהִים, [lit.](/source/Literal_translation) 'House of God'), also known as the **Garfield Temple** and the **Eighth Avenue Temple**, is a [Reform](/source/Reform_Judaism) [Jewish](/source/Jewish) congregation and historic [synagogue](/source/Synagogue) located at 274 Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue, in the [Park Slope](/source/Park_Slope%2C_Brooklyn) neighborhood of [Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn) in [New York City](/source/New_York_City), [New York](/source/New_York_(state)), United States.

Founded in 1861 as a more liberal breakaway from [Congregation Baith Israel](/source/Congregation_Baith_Israel_Anshei_Emes), for the first 65 years it attempted four mergers with other congregations, including three with Baith Israel, all of which failed. The congregation completed its current [Classical Revival](/source/Neoclassical_architecture) synagogue building in 1910 and its "Jewish Deco" ([Romanesque Revival](/source/Romanesque_Revival_architecture) and [Art Deco](/source/Art_Deco)) Temple House in 1929.[6][2] These two buildings were [contributing properties](/source/Contributing_property) to the Park Slope [historic district](/source/Historic_district_(United_States)), listed as a [New York City Landmark district](/source/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks) and listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places).[7][8]

The congregation went through difficult times during the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression), and the bank almost foreclosed on its buildings in 1946.[2] Membership dropped significantly in the 1930s because of the Depression, grew after [World War II](/source/World_War_II), and dropped again in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of demographic shifts.[9][10] Programs for young children helped draw [Jewish](/source/Jew) families back into the neighborhood and revitalize the membership.[9]

By 2006, Beth Elohim had over 1,000 members,[11] and, as of 2009[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_Beth_Elohim&action=edit), it was the largest and most active Reform congregation in Brooklyn,[12] the "oldest Brooklyn congregation that continues to function under its corporate name",[13] and its [pulpit](/source/Pulpit) was the oldest in continuous use in any Brooklyn synagogue.[14] In 2009, it was listed by *[Newsweek](/source/Newsweek)* as one of America's 25 "Most Vibrant" Jewish congregations.[15]

## Early years: Pearl Street

Congregation Beth Elohim was founded on September 29, 1861, by 41 [German and Bohemian Jews](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany) at Granada Hall on [Myrtle Avenue](/source/Myrtle_Avenue_(New_York_City)), members of [Congregation Baith Israel](/source/Congregation_Baith_Israel_Anshei_Emes) who had become disaffected after they attempted and failed to [reform practice](/source/Reform_movement_in_Judaism) there.[16] The synagogue name was chosen by a vote of the membership, and the services were led by George Brandenstein, who served as [cantor](/source/Hazzan), and was paid $150 (today $5,400) a year.[13][17] Brandenstein was hired as cantor, not [rabbi](/source/Rabbi), because "the congregation believed having a cantor was more important",[17] though in practice he filled both roles.[13] A *[shamash](/source/Gabbai)* (the equivalent of a [sexton](/source/Sexton_(office)) or [beadle](/source/Beadle#Religious_beadles)) was also hired for $75 a year.[17]

While searching for a permanent location, the congregation continued to meet and hold services at Granada Hall. Men and women sat together, unlike the [traditional separate seating](/source/Mechitza#Separate_seating_in_synagogue), and services were conducted in German and [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language).[18] Within a few months, the former Calvary [Protestant Episcopal](/source/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America) [church](/source/Church_(building)) on Pearl Street, between Nasau and Concord, was purchased for $5,100 (today $164,000) and renovated for another $2,000 (today $65,000).[19][20] The new building was dedicated on March 30, 1862,[19] and the congregation became known as "the Pearl street synagogue".[21] By 1868, membership had increased to 103, and by 1869, almost 100 students attended the Sunday school.[18]

Beth Elohim had originally conducted its [services](/source/Jewish_services) in the traditional manner, but on February 19, 1870 "inaugurated the moderate reform services" instead.[19] In an attempt to stem defections and make the synagogue more attractive to existing and potential members, that same month the congregation purchased, for $55,000 (today $1,400,000), the building of the Central [Presbyterian](/source/Presbyterianism) Church on Schermerhorn Street near Nevins Street.[19][22] Sufficient numbers of new members did not, however, materialize, and the congregation was forced to give up its new building, forfeit its $4,000 (today $102,000) deposit, and return to the Pearl Street building.[23] Instead, the Pearl street building was renovated, and an organ and choir added.[23] [Ignaz Grossmann](/source/Ignaz_Grossmann) served as rabbi from 1873 to 1876.[24]

Beth Elohim voted to retire Brandenstein in 1882, an action which created some controversy both within the congregation, and among other Brooklyn synagogues. Younger members of the congregation found no specific fault with Brandenstein, but wanted "a change", and succeeded in dismissing him and electing an entirely new board of officers. The final vote was 29 in favor, 21 against, out of a total membership of 53 or 54 (only the male heads of households were counted as members during this era).[21][25] Solomon Mosche[26] was hired to replace Brandenstein.[27]

In April 1883, Baith Israel, Beth Elohim, and [Temple Israel](/source/Union_Temple_(Brooklyn%2C_New_York)), Brooklyn's three leading synagogues, attempted an amalgamation.[28] This was the third such attempt; the previous two had failed when the members could not agree on synagogue ritual.[29] The combined congregation, which would purchase new premises, would have 150 members; members would be refunded half the purchase price of the [pews](/source/Pew) in their existing buildings.[30] Mosche and the rabbi of Temple Israel were to split the offices of rabbi and cantor: Baith Israel, at the time, had no rabbi.[29] Though this attempt also failed, in the following year the three congregations carried out combined activities, including a picnic and a celebration of the 100th birthday of [Moses Montefiore](/source/Moses_Montefiore).[31][32] Membership at that time still hovered around 50.[25]

Mosche fell ill in 1884, and after being unable to serve for six months, was replaced by 26-year-old William Sparger.[33] Despite his illness, Mosche lived until age 75, dying on November 3, 1911.[34]

Sparger was [Hungarian](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary) by birth, a graduate of the [Prince Rudolph University of Vienna](/source/University_of_Vienna), and, according to a contemporary *[New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* article, "belong[ed] to the extreme liberal school of Hebrew theology".[33] He introduced changes to the services, including improving the choir, bringing in a new prayer book, adding Friday night services,[23] and the "radical reform" of making the sermon the most important part of the service.[35] He appealed to younger congregants, and, under his direction, the synagogue experienced a large increase in attendance.[35]

## State Street

State Street building in 1891

Though more seats had been added to the synagogue by narrowing the aisles,[2] as a result of Sparger's innovations Beth Elohim outgrew its Pearl Street building, and a new one was sought.[35] After a three-year search, in 1885 Beth Elohim purchased the building of the Congregational Church at 305 State Street (near Hoyt) for $28,000 (today $1,000,000), and moved in that year.[2][36]

In 1891, [Temple Emanu-El](/source/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York) in [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) offered Sparger a salary larger than Beth Elohim could match, and he moved there.[37] Beth Elohim subsequently split the offices of cantor and rabbi, hiring G.[38] Taubenhaus as rabbi and the Mauritz Weisskopf as cantor.[18][37]

G. Taubenhaus when he was hired as rabbi in 1891

Born in [Warsaw](/source/Warsaw), Taubenhaus could read the [Pentateuch](/source/Chumash_(Judaism)) fluently in Hebrew at age four, and began studying the [Talmud](/source/Talmud) at age six. He attended the "Berlin theological seminary" (likely the [Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums](/source/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_die_Wissenschaft_des_Judentums)) for six years. Upon emigrating to the United States, he served at Kehillah Kodesh Bene Yeshurum in [Paducah, Kentucky](/source/Paducah%2C_Kentucky), [Temple Israel](/source/Temple_Israel_(Dayton%2C_Ohio)) in [Dayton, Ohio](/source/Dayton%2C_Ohio), and [Congregation B'nai Israel](/source/Congregation_B'nai_Israel_(Sacramento%2C_California)) in [Sacramento, California](/source/Sacramento%2C_California), before becoming the rabbi of the Shaari Zedek ("Gates of Hope") synagogue in New York. Differences with the latter congregation led to his resignation there shortly before being hired by Beth Elohim.[20][37] Taubenhaus's brother Joseph would be appointed rabbi at Baith Israel, Beth Elohim's parent congregation, in 1893, and another brother, Jacob/[Jean Taubenhaus](/source/Jean_Taubenhaus), was a famous French [chess master](/source/Chess_master).[39]

By the time of Taubenhaus's hiring, Beth Elohim was, according to the *Brooklyn Eagle*, "recognized as the leading Hebrew synagogue of Brooklyn".[40] The views of the congregation regarding *[kashrut](/source/Kashrut)* (the Jewish dietary laws) were by then quite liberal; in 1892, when Hyman Rosenberg was expelled as rabbi of Brooklyn's [Beth Jacob synagogue](/source/Congregation_Beth_Jacob_Ohev_Sholom) for [eating ham](/source/Kosher_animals), Taubenhaus stated that he did not believe his congregation would expel him for doing the same.[41]

In 1895, Samuel Radnitz succeeded Weisskopf as cantor, a role he filled until his death in 1944.[18]

By the turn of the twentieth century English had replaced German in the services and official minutes, and the second days of [holidays](/source/Jewish_holiday) eliminated.[2][18] The synagogue had 106 members and annual revenues of around $8,000 (today $310,000), and its [Sunday School](/source/Sunday_School) had approximately 300 pupils.[42]

Taubenhaus left the congregation in 1901, and the following year [Alexander Lyons](/source/Alexander_Lyons) was hired as the congregation's first American-born rabbi.[43] Lyons went on to serve the congregation for 37 years, until his death in 1939 at the age of 71.[44]

In 1907, the women's auxiliary was founded; until then, though seating was mixed, women had little say in the running of the synagogue.[43] That year the congregation had 110 member families and annual revenues of $9,259.55 (today $320,000). The congregational school, which held classes one day a week, had 15 teachers and 200 students.[45]

## Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue

### 1908–1929: New buildings

In 1908, the congregation purchased a 100-foot (30 m) by 112-foot (34 m) lot on the northeast corner of Garfield Place and Eighth Avenue. Plans were made to erect a new synagogue building there with a sanctuary seating 1,500 people, at an anticipated cost of $100,000 (today $3.6 million).[46] The structure was designed and built by the Manhattan architectural firm of Simon Eisendrath and B. Horowitz (or Horwitz).[3][46] Construction began in 1909[6] and completed in 1910.[14] Designed in the [Classical Revival](/source/Neoclassicism) style,[14] this "monumental example"[47] of "austere neo-Classical grandeur"[48] had five sides, representing the [five books of Moses](/source/Pentateuch),[14] a sanctuary that ultimately sat 1,200,[4] and was capped by a saucer [dome](/source/Dome).[5] The entrance faced the corner of Garfield and Eighth, and carved in stone over it was the Biblical verse fragment "MINE HOUSE SHALL BE AN HOUSE OF PRAYER FOR ALL PEOPLE" ([Isaiah 56:7](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1056.htm#7)). The basement held classrooms, an auditorium, and administrative offices, and behind the [Torah ark](/source/Torah_ark) was a combination Rabbi's study/Board meeting room.[4] The State Street building was sold to Congregation Mount Sinai.[49]

1909 was also the year [Judah Leon Magnes](/source/Judah_Leon_Magnes) proposed and founded his *Kehilla*, a "comprehensive communal organization for the Jews of New York", which operated until 1922.[50] Lyons opposed its creation, arguing that Jews in New York were too diverse to co-exist in one organization with a single set of standards, that Jews should not organize as Jews for anything except purely religious purposes, and that in any event Reform Judaism was the future and [Orthodox Judaism](/source/Orthodox_Judaism) would not survive. As Lyons put it,

To me Reform Judaism is an irresistible conviction. I believe it to be the religion of the Jewish future, while I regard orthodoxy as a survival that may have a galvanized life now and then, but on the whole is doomed.[51]

By 1919, Beth Elohim had 133 member families. The congregational school, which held classes once a week, had 305 students and 16 teachers.[52]

Negotiations to merge with [Union Temple](/source/Union_Temple_(Brooklyn%2C_New_York)) (the successor to Temple Israel) were started in 1925. A confirmation vote eventually passed, and the impending merger was announced in the *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*. However, younger congregants feared a loss of identity, and forced a withdrawal.[53]

Temple House

Instead, the congregation raised funds for a second building,[53] and in 1928–1929 built the six-story Temple House (used for all congregational activities) on the corner opposite the main sanctuary.[6][2] Designed by Mortimer Freehof and David Levy, the [cast stone](/source/Cast_stone) building's [architectural style](/source/Architectural_style) was "Jewish Deco", a mix of [Romanesque Revival](/source/Romanesque_Revival_architecture) and [Art Deco](/source/Art_Deco) decorative forms that was common in Jewish buildings of the period.[6] Romanesque features included the [fenestrations](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fenestration), while a prominent Art Deco feature was "the figure of [Moses](/source/Moses) and the [Tablets of Law](/source/Tablets_of_Stone), emphasizing the corner of the roof [parapet](/source/Parapet)."[54] The doorway and balcony at the east end of the building had "a distinctly [Moorish](/source/Moorish_Revival) flavor, featuring symbolic ornament: the [Star of David](/source/Star_of_David), the [Menorah](/source/Menorah_(Temple)), and the [Lion of Judah](/source/Lion_of_Judah)."[55] The names of major figures from the *[Tanakh](/source/Tanakh)* ([Hebrew Bible](/source/Hebrew_Bible)) were inscribed on the Garfield Place [facade](/source/Facade), and the Biblical verses "SHOW ME THY WAYS O LORD TEACH ME THY PATHS GUIDE ME" ([Psalms 25:4–5](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2625.htm#4)) on the Eighth Avenue facade. The building was also decorated with [bas-reliefs](/source/Bas-relief) of [Jonah being swallowed by a great fish](/source/Jonah#The_story_of_Jonah) and [Babylonian charioteers](/source/Chariot#Chariots_in_the_Bible).[56] It housed a 125-seat chapel, a large ballroom, social halls, class rooms for the religious school, meeting rooms, administrative offices, a library, handball courts, a gymnasium, and a swimming pool.[57]

Lyons took on a number of causes in the 1910s and 1920s. He worked with [Bishop](/source/Bishop) [David Greer](/source/David_Hummell_Greer) and Rabbi [Stephen Wise](/source/Stephen_Samuel_Wise) to expose conditions in [New York's tenements](/source/New_York_State_Tenement_House_Act),[58] dissociated himself from [Tammany Hall](/source/Tammany_Hall) candidates,[59] tried to secure a re-trial for [Leo Frank](/source/Leo_Frank),[60] and opposed some of the views of [Samuel Gompers](/source/Samuel_Gompers).[61] In 1912, Lyons was a founding member of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis, an organization of Reform rabbis from the [Eastern United States](/source/Eastern_United_States) that was created despite opposition from the [Central Conference of Reform Rabbis](/source/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis).[62][63][64] In 1919 he withdrew from the Brooklyn Victory Celebration Committee (celebrating the [Allied](/source/Allies_of_World_War_I) victory in [World War I](/source/World_War_I)) and asked that his contributed funds be donated instead to the [Red Cross](/source/Red_Cross); many committee members eventually resigned in protest over the overt politicization of the event, and its control by [William Randolph Hearst](/source/William_Randolph_Hearst).[65]

### 1930s: Landman joins, Great Depression, Lyons dies

[Isaac Landman](/source/Isaac_Landman), a graduate of [Hebrew Union College](/source/Hebrew_Union_College), joined Lyons as rabbi of Beth Elohim in 1931.[66][67] Born in Russia in 1880, Landman had come to the United States in 1890. In 1911, with the assistance of [Jacob Schiff](/source/Jacob_Schiff), [Julius Rosenwald](/source/Julius_Rosenwald), and [Simon Bamberger](/source/Simon_Bamberger), he founded a Jewish farm colony in [Utah](/source/Utah), and during [World War I](/source/World_War_I) he was "said to be the first Jewish [chaplain](/source/Military_Chaplain) in the [United States Army](/source/United_States_Army) to serve on foreign soil". A leader in [Jewish–Christian ecumenism](/source/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation),[68] he was editor of *American Hebrew Magazine* from 1918, served as the delegate of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now [Union for Reform Judaism](/source/Union_for_Reform_Judaism)) to the [1919 Paris Peace Conference](/source/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919), and in the late 1930s and early 1940s was editor of the new ten volume *[Universal Jewish Encyclopedia](/source/Universal_Jewish_Encyclopedia)*.[67]

Landman had also been a prominent opponent of [Zionism](/source/Zionism): when, in 1922, the [United States Congress](/source/United_States_Congress) was considering the Lodge–Fish resolution in support of the [Balfour Declaration](/source/Balfour_Declaration), Landman and Rabbi [David Philipson](/source/David_Philipson) had presented the Reform movement's (then) [anti-Zionist](/source/Anti-Zionism) position to the [House Committee on Foreign Affairs](/source/House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs). Landman also printed many opinions against the resolution and Zionism in his *American Hebrew Magazine*.[69] The bill was eventually unanimously supported by both houses of Congress,[70] and approved by [President](/source/President_of_the_United_States) [Harding](/source/Warren_G._Harding).[71]

During the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression) synagogue membership decreased significantly; experiencing financial difficulties,[2] the congregation stopped paying its mortgage.[10] Nevertheless, Beth Elohim was not completely moribund; in 1931 it opened its Academy of Adult Jewish Education, which "offered courses in Bible, religion and contemporary Jewish life", and operated throughout the Depression.[27] By 1937 the congregation had elected Lyons "rabbi for life".[72]

In 1938 Lyons made common cause with Thomas Harten, the black pastor of Holy Trinity Baptist Church. Speaking to a mixed black–Jewish audience at the church, Lyons informed the listeners that he was planning to attend the second [Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling](/source/Joe_Louis_vs._Max_Schmeling_II) [boxing](/source/Boxing) match in order to protest [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler)'s "view that a bout between a German and a Negro was improper". Lyons denounced the [Nazi racial ideas](/source/Nazism_and_race), which he noted discriminated against blacks as well as Jews, and encouraged the audience to boycott all German-made goods until "Hitler comes to his senses".[73]

Lyons died the following year,[44] and Landman served as sole rabbi.[10] After his death, the Central Conference of American Rabbis described Lyons as the "dean of the Brooklyn rabbinate from the point of view of service".[74]

### World War II and aftermath: Sack joins, Landman dies

The synagogue's fortunes improved in the 1940s, but in 1946, its bank threatened to foreclose on its buildings, in anticipation of their sale to the local [Catholic](/source/Roman_Catholicism) [diocese](/source/Diocese),[2] as the congregation had not paid the mortgage in many years.[10] The congregation succeeded in convincing the bank to re-negotiate its mortgage,[2] and reduce the outstanding loan, and Max Koeppel led a drive to pay it off completely.[10]

Eugene Sack, the father of [Second Circuit Court of Appeals](/source/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit) [judge](/source/Judge) [Robert D. Sack](/source/Robert_D._Sack),[75] joined Landman as rabbi in 1946.[10] While serving as assistant rabbi of [Congregation Rodeph Shalom of Philadelphia](/source/Congregation_Rodeph_Shalom_(Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania)), Sack had been instrumental in the founding of the Reform movement's [National Federation of Temple Youth](/source/North_American_Federation_of_Temple_Youth) in 1939,[76] and had presented a paper at its first biennial convention.[77] Starting in 1943 he spent 18 months in the [Pacific Theater of Operations](/source/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater) of [World War II](/source/World_War_II) as an [army chaplain](/source/Chaplain_Corps_(United_States_Army)); at one point he had to substitute peach juice for [Passover wine](/source/Passover#Four_cups_of_wine).[75][78]

Sack had also previously been involved in anti-Zionist efforts amongst the Reform rabbinate. In 1942 the Central Conference of American Rabbis had abandoned its former anti-Zionist stance, and adopted a resolution favoring the creation of a Jewish army in Palestine, to fight alongside other [Allied armies](/source/Allies_of_World_War_II), and under Allied command.[79] Sack and other prominent Reform rabbis opposed this; meeting on March 18, 1942, they agreed "there was a need to revitalize Reform Judaism, to oppose Jewish nationalism, and to publicize their point of view".[80] They planned "for a meeting of non-Zionist Reform Rabbis to discuss the problems that confront Judaism and Jews in the world emergency", to be held in [Atlantic City](/source/Atlantic_City).[81] 36 rabbis eventually attended the two-day conference on June 1, 1942, including Beth Israel's Landman.[82] The conference led to the formation of the anti-Zionist [American Council for Judaism](/source/American_Council_for_Judaism), "the only American Jewish organization ever formed for the specific purpose of fighting Zionism and opposing the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine."[83]

Landman died suddenly in 1946,[67][68] leaving Sack to head Beth Elohim alone; Sack would eventually serve as rabbi for 35 years.[10] Richard Harvey also joined as cantor in the 1940s;[10] he would serve until his death in the 1970s.[84]

After the war, Beth Elohim allowed women to become full members, granting them full voting privileges and allowing them to hold office. The congregation subsequently elected Jeanette Marks as a trustee. At this time the origins of the membership began to change, as Jews of Eastern European descent started joining the congregation.[10]

In the late 1940s the central vault ceiling of the main sanctuary cracked, and had to be repaired. At that time the pulpit was also rebuilt, so that the rabbi and cantor had separate pulpits. Underneath the sanctuary ran an underground stream which would regularly overflow, leading to flooding problems. The flooding was fixed in the 1950s with the installation of [check valves](/source/Check_valve), and a concrete slab floor was installed. Though the intent was to provide usable space in the basement, it was rarely used.[4]

By 1953, Beth Elohim had grown to over 700 families, and the religious school had over 550 students.[2] In the 1960s, however, membership began to decline, as young families moved to the suburbs.[10]

### 1970s–2000s: Decline, Weider joins, re-birth

Sanctuary interior

In 1970, the congregation again encountered difficulties, "faced with dwindling membership and bleak prospects". The members, however, created one of the earliest [nursery schools](/source/Nursery_school) in the neighborhood, which, along with the Brownstone Revival movement in Park Slope, helped draw Jewish families back into the temple and revitalize the membership.[9][85] One of those young families was that of Gerald I. Weider, a young rabbi who joined the synagogue's staff in 1978.[17][84][85]

A native of [the Bronx](/source/The_Bronx), Weider graduated from [Rutgers University](/source/Rutgers_University), and was ordained at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati in 1973 (he would be granted a Doctor of Divinity degree by Hebrew Union College in 1998). Before joining Beth Elohim, he served as Assistant Rabbi of [Temple Ohabei Shalom](/source/Temple_Ohabei_Shalom_(Brookline%2C_Massachusetts)) of Brookline, Massachusetts, and as the Associate Rabbi of [Washington Hebrew Congregation](/source/Washington_Hebrew_Congregation) in Washington, D.C. At Beth Elohim, he focused on programming and services for urban Jewish families.[85] Under his leadership, Beth Elohim opened after–school and early childhood centers in 1978, and a day camp the following year,[86] all housed in the Temple House.[57]

The 1970s also saw a return to more traditional practices in the service, under Weider's guidance. Some members began wearing [head coverings](/source/Kippah) in the sanctuary, some Hebrew prayers were added to the Sabbath service, and the Reform movement's new [High Holy Days](/source/High_Holy_Days) prayer book *The Gates of Repentance* was adopted.[84] The synagogue building and Temple House were [contributing properties](/source/Contributing_property) to the Park Slope [historic district](/source/Historic_district_(United_States)), which was listed as a [New York City Landmark district](/source/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks) in 1973, and added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) in 1980.[7][8]

Gerald Weider at his 25th anniversary as senior rabbi

In 1985, Weider and Beth Elohim, in cooperation with the rabbis of the [Park Slope Jewish Center](/source/Park_Slope_Jewish_Center) and [Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes](/source/Congregation_Baith_Israel_Anshei_Emes), proposed opening a liberal [Jewish day school](/source/Jewish_day_school) in Brooklyn. Though housed at Beth Elohim, it would not be affiliated with any specific Jewish movement, and was intended for children from all branches of Judaism.[87] Planning began in earnest in 1994; the school was modeled on New York's [Abraham Joshua Heschel School](/source/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel_School), as an outgrowth of Beth Elohim's [preschool program](/source/Preschool_education). The intent was to start with only first grade in 1995, but extend to eighth grade by 2000.[87][88] At the time Beth Elohim had approximately 500 member families and 141 children in the preschool.[88] The school opened in 1995, and continued for three years, growing to 38 students, before moving to new premises and becoming independent under the name "Hannah Senesh Community Day School".[87][89]

In the 1980s and 1990s Beth Elohim's buildings were repaired and refurbished a number of times. The sanctuary ceiling cracked in the early 1980s, and services were held in Temple House for a time. The congregation mounted a "Save our Sanctuary" campaign in 1982, and repaired the ceiling.[90] In the 1980s Beth Elohim also refurbished the Moses stained glass window, and painted the main sanctuary.[4] The congregation restored and renovated its buildings in 1990,[2] and in 1992 did emergency restoration work to the facade of Temple House and restored the pews.[90] In 1997 the synagogue began its "Kadimah Capital Campaign", which was intended to raise funds to repair and renovate the buildings.[4] By 1999, the congregation had restored Temple House's facade, rebuilt the collapsed Garfield St. entrance, made entry into the synagogue handicapped accessible, added a multipurpose space and classrooms in the basement of the sanctuary, and planned to add a fifth floor for more classrooms.[91] That year Sack (by then Rabbi Emeritus) died;[92] the year before his death his son, Robert, at his induction as a Second Circuit judge, had described his father as "the most open minded man he had ever known".[75]

Janet Leuchter joined as cantor in 2001. A native of Vineland, New Jersey, and 1999 graduate of Hebrew Union College, she had previously served as cantor of Temple Avodah in Oceanside, New York.[93]

### Weider retires, events since 2006

Weider retired as senior rabbi in 2006, after 28 years of service. He was succeeded by Andy Bachman.[94] At that time, Beth Elohim had over 500 members.[11] In 2007, the synagogue was a winner of the [Union for Reform Judaism](/source/Union_for_Reform_Judaism)'s Congregation of Learners award for medium size synagogues, for "those synagogues that provide an exceptional environment of varied and comprehensive learning opportunities and have imbued their synagogue communities with a culture of learning".[95]

Sanctuary interior

In 2009, Beth Elohim was described as the largest and most active Reform congregation in Brooklyn.[12] Prominent members included [U.S. Senator](/source/United_States_Senate) [Chuck Schumer](/source/Chuck_Schumer).[96] In April of that year, Beth Elohim was listed by *[Newsweek](/source/Newsweek)* as one of America's 25 "Most Vibrant" Jewish congregations.[15] In September, just four days before [Yom Kippur](/source/Yom_Kippur), a part of the sanctuary ceiling collapsed. No-one was hurt, but the sanctuary had to be closed. The nearby Old First Reformed Church—with which Beth Elohim had had close ties since the 1930s—offered its premises for the holiday (Sunday night and Monday), and accommodated over 1000 worshipers.[96] The day before the holiday, the synagogue was picketed by members of the [Westboro Baptist Church](/source/Westboro_Baptist_Church), who shouted antisemitic and anti-gay slogans.[97]

As of 2012[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congregation_Beth_Elohim&action=edit), Beth Elohim was the "oldest Brooklyn congregation that continues to function under its corporate name",[13] and its [pulpit](/source/Pulpit) was the oldest in continuous use in any Brooklyn synagogue.[14] Its rabbis were Andy Bachman, Shira Koch Epstein, and Marc Katz, the rabbi emeritus was Gerald Weider, and the cantor was Joshua Breitzer.[1]

Bachman, a graduate of [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/source/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison) with a 1996 rabbinic ordination from Hebrew Union College, became Beth Elohim's first new senior rabbi in 25 years on October 25, 2006.[11] Before becoming senior rabbi he had previously been an educator there from 1993 to 1998.[11] An advocate of more traditionalism in the Reform movement, in 2002 he started a small, more traditional, [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language)-focused spinoff [prayer group](/source/Minyan) at Beth Elohim,[98] and has spoken in favor of a more traditional liturgy.[99] Bachman and his wife, Rachel Altstein, have been instrumental in bringing 20- and 30-year-olds into the synagogue, and in December 2007, Bachman was named one of *[The Forward](/source/The_Forward)'*s "Forward 50".[100] In 2008 he was a regular contributor to the [Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive](/source/Washingtonpost.Newsweek_Interactive) website.[101] Epstein, born in the Bronx and raised in [New Milford, Connecticut](/source/New_Milford%2C_Connecticut), attended [Wesleyan University](/source/Wesleyan_University) and Hebrew Union College, and served as the coordinator of the Institute for Reform Zionism.[102] In 2008 she was a member of "Rabbis for Obama", a [cross-denominational](/source/Jewish_religious_movements) group of more than 300 American rabbis supporting [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama)'s [2008 presidential campaign](/source/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign).[103] Barrington Rhode Island native Marc Katz graduated from [Tufts University](/source/Tufts_University) and studied at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem before becoming Beth Elohim's rabbinic intern in 2009. He served as the congregation's Associate Rabbi until 2018 and is now the Rabbi at Temple Ner Tamid in Bloomfield, NJ.

On September 22, 2013, Beth Elohim celebrated its 150th anniversary and dedicated a new *[Sefer Torah](/source/Sefer_Torah)*. Members of Beth Elohim stated it was "the first Torah in New York City to be completed by a woman".[104] In June 2015, Andy Bachman departed to join the 92nd Street Y as the Director of Jewish Content and Community Ritual, and in addition, he founded "Water Over Rocks," a non-profit dedicated to memory and civic responsibility.[105] In July 2015, Rachel Timoner became the Senior Rabbi.[106]

In April 2020, Congregation Beth Elohim began discussing the possibility to merge with [Union Temple of Brooklyn](/source/Union_Temple_of_Brooklyn) for financial reasons.[107][108] They merged on March 26, 2021.[109]

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Leadership_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Leadership_1-1) [Leadership & Staff, Beth Elohim website](#refLeadership).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p228_2-11) [Olitzky & Raphael (1996)](#refOlitzky1996), p. 228.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kamil2005p152_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kamil2005p152_3-1) [Kamil & Wakin (2005)](#refKamil2005), p. 152.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TheMainSanctuary_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TheMainSanctuary_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-TheMainSanctuary_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-TheMainSanctuary_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-TheMainSanctuary_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-TheMainSanctuary_4-5) ["The Main Sanctuary", Beth Elohim website](#refTheMainSanctuary).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p375_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p375_5-1) [Morrone & Iska (2001)](#refMorrone2001), p. 375.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p376_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p376_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p376_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p376_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Morrone2001p376_6-4) [Morrone & Iska (2001)](#refMorrone2001), p. 376.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973_7-2) [Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973](#refParkSlopeHDDR1973), pp. xiii, xiv, 25, 60.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NRHPNomination1979_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NRHPNomination1979_8-1) [Park Slope Historic District, NRHP Registration Form, July 24, 1979](#refNRHPNomination1979), Section 7, p. 6.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sleeper1989p160_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sleeper1989p160_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sleeper1989p160_9-2) [Sleeper (1989)](#refSleeper1989), p. 160.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-TheTempleHouse_10-9) ["The Temple House", Beth Elohim website](#refTheTempleHouse).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Norsen2006_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Norsen2006_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Norsen2006_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Norsen2006_11-3) [Norsen (2006)](#refNorsen2006).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gersten2009_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gersten2009_12-1) [Gersten (2009)](#refGersten2009).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Origins_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Origins_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Origins_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Origins_13-3) ["Origins", Beth Elohim website](#refOrigins).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bergman2001p314_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bergman2001p314_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Bergman2001p314_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Bergman2001p314_14-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Bergman2001p314_14-4) [Bergman (2001)](#refBergman2001), p. 314.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Newsweek20090404_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Newsweek20090404_15-1) [*Newsweek*, April 4, 2009](#refNewsweek20090404).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p226_16-0)** [Olitzky & Raphael (1996)](#refOlitzky1996), p. 226.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gross1999_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gross1999_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gross1999_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Gross1999_17-3) [Gross (1999)](#refGross1999).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TimelessSymbolism_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TimelessSymbolism_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-TimelessSymbolism_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-TimelessSymbolism_18-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-TimelessSymbolism_18-4) ["Timeless Symbolism", Beth Elohim website](#refTimelessSymbolism).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stiles1870p816_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stiles1870p816_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Stiles1870p816_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Stiles1870p816_19-3) [Stiles (1870)](#refStiles1870), p. 816.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BE18910927_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BE18910927_20-1) [, *Brooklyn Eagle*, September 27, 1891](#refBE18910927).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BE18821004_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BE18821004_21-1) [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 4, 1882](#refBE18821004), p. 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Abelow1937pp23-24_22-0)** [Abelow (1937)](#refAbelow1937), pp. 23–24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Abelow1937p24_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Abelow1937p24_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Abelow1937p24_23-2) [Abelow (1937)](#refAbelow1937), p. 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [Landman, Isaac](/source/Isaac_Landman), ed. (1941). [*The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=OrttAAAAMAAJ). Vol. 5. New York, N.Y.: The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 105 – via [Google Books](/source/Google_Books).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BE18840527_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BE18840527_25-1) [*Brooklyn Eagle*, May 27, 1884](#refBE18840527), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Mosche_26-0)** Sources give different names for Mosche: - The [*American Jewish Year Book*, Vol. 14](#refAJYearBookV14), p. 125 and [Landman (1940)](#refLandman1940), p. 546 refer to him as "Solomon Mosche". - The *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)* ([September 17, 1882](#refBE18820917), p. 6, [April 26, 1883](#refBE18830426p1), p. 2, [May 27, 1884](#refBE18840527), p. 2) and [Abelow (1937)](#refAbelow1937), p. 24 refer to him as "the Rev. S. Moshe". - [*The New York Times*, July 11, 1884](#refNYT18840711), p. 8 refers to him as "the Rev. Mr. Mosher".

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Landman1940p546_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Landman1940p546_27-1) [Landman (1940)](#refLandman1940), p. 546.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BE18830407_28-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, April 7, 1883](#refBE18830407), p. 1.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refBE18830426p1_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refBE18830426p1_29-1) [*Brooklyn Eagle*, April 26, 1883](#refBE18830426p1), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-refBE18830426p2_30-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, April 26, 1883](#refBE18830426p2), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BE18840707_31-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, July 7, 1884](#refBE18840707), p. 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BE18841027_32-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 27, 1884](#refBE18841027), p. 1.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT18840711_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT18840711_33-1) [*The New York Times*, July 11, 1884](#refNYT18840711), p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-refAJYearBookV14p125_34-0)** [*American Jewish Year Book*, Vol. 14](#refAJYearBookV14), p. 125.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BE18911025p2_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BE18911025p2_35-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-BE18911025p2_35-2) [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 25, 1891](#refBE18911025p2), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT18850629_36-0)** [*The New York Times*, June 29, 1885](#refNYT18850629), p. 8.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BE18911025p3_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BE18911025p3_37-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-BE18911025p3_37-2) [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 25, 1891](#refBE18911025p3), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TaubenhausName_38-0)** Sources give different first names for Taubenhaus: - Contemporary newspaper accounts generally refer to him as "Dr. G. Taubenhaus" (e.g. [*The New York Times*, October 6, 1897](#refNYT18971006), p. 5, [*Brooklyn Eagle*, December 16, 1892](#refBE18921216), p. 1), and [Abelow (1937)](#refAbelow1937), p. 18 refers to him as "Rabbi G. Taubenhaus". His 1900 work [*Echoes of Wisdom*](#refTaubenhaus1900a), refers to him simply as "G. Taubenhaus". - His [1900](#refTaubenhaus1900b) / [1918](#refTaubenhaus1918) translation of the Talmud tractate Aboth, some contemporary accounts (e.g. [*The New York Times*, February 23, 1898](#refNYT18980223), p. 7), the [*American Jewish Year Book*, Vol. 7](#refAJYearBookV7), p. 108, and his wife's obituary ([*The New York Times*, August 6, 1960](#refNTY19600806), p. 19), refer to him as "Godfrey". - Some contemporary accounts refer to him as "Gottheil" (e.g. [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 25, 1891](#refBE18911025p1), p. 2. [*Brooklyn Eagle*, November 24, 1900](#refBE19001124), p. 5), as does a later Beth Elohim rabbi, Isaac Landman, in his *Universal Jewish Encyclopedia* ([Landman (1940)](#refLandman1940), p. 546). - ["Timeless Symbolism", Beth Elohim website](#refTimelessSymbolism) refers to him as "George". - His [1900](#refTaubenhaus1900b) / [1918](#refTaubenhaus1918) translation of the Talmud tractate Aboth also refers to him by his Hebrew name "Shayah" (there transliterated as "Shajah").

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BE18930501_39-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, May 1, 1893](#refBE18930501), p. 10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BE18911025p1_40-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 25, 1891](#refBE18911025p1), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BE18921216_41-0)** [*Brooklyn Eagle*, December 16, 1892](#refBE18921216), p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AJYearBookV2p328_42-0)** [*American Jewish Year Book*, Vol. 2](#refAJYearBookV2), p. 328.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NewCentury_43-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NewCentury_43-1) ["New Century", Beth Elohim website](#refNewCentury).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT19390607_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT19390607_44-1) [*The New York Times*, June 7, 1939](#refNYT19390607), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AJYearBookV9p262_45-0)** [*American Jewish Year Book*, Vol. 9](#refAJYearBookV9), p. 262.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BE19081007_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BE19081007_46-1) [*Brooklyn Eagle*, October 7, 1908](#refBE19081007)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973pxiii_47-0)** [Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973](#refParkSlopeHDDR1973), p. xiii.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973pxiv_48-0)** [Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973](#refParkSlopeHDDR1973), p. xiiv.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Abelow1937p53_49-0)** [Abelow (1937)](#refAbelow1937), p. 53.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kaufman1999p133_50-0)** [Kaufman (1999)](#refKaufman1999), p. 133.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19090314_51-0)** [*The New York Times*, March 14, 1909](#refNYT19090314), p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-refAJYearBookV21p439_52-0)** [*American Jewish Year Book*, Vol. 21](#refAJYearBookV21), p. 439.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Abramovitch2001p33_53-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Abramovitch2001p33_53-1) [Abramovitch & Galvin (2001)](#refAbramovitch2001), p. 33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973p25_54-0)** [Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973](#refParkSlopeHDDR1973), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ParkSlopeHDDR1973p60_55-0)** [Park Slope Historic District Designation Report, 1973](#refParkSlopeHDDR1973), p. 60.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shaw2008_56-0)** [Shaw (2008)](#refShaw2008).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BuildingsTheTempleHouse_57-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BuildingsTheTempleHouse_57-1) ["The Temple House", Our Buildings, Beth Elohim website](#refBuildingsTheTempleHouse).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19100226_58-0)** [*The New York Times*, October 26, 1910](#refNYT19100226), p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lyons19131029_59-0)** [Lyons (1913)](#refLyons19131029).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19141129_60-0)** [*The New York Times*, November 29, 1914](#refNYT19141129), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lyons19200613_61-0)** [Lyons (1920)](#refLyons19200613).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19120423_62-0)** [*The New York Times*, April 23, 1912](#refNYT19120423), p. 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19120619_63-0)** [*The New York Times*, June 19, 1912](#refNYT19120423), p. 9.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19140428_64-0)** [*The New York Times*, April 28, 1914](#refNYT19140428), p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19190208_65-0)** [*The New York Times*, February 8, 1919](#refNYT19190208), p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19310530_66-0)** [*The New York Times*, May 30, 1931](#refNYT19310530), p. 2.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-LandmanPapers_67-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-LandmanPapers_67-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-LandmanPapers_67-2) ["Isaac Landman Papers", University of Illinois at Chicago website](#refLandmanPapers).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT19460905_68-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT19460905_68-1) [*The New York Times*, September 5, 1946](#refNYT19460905), p. 20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cohen2003p68_69-0)** [Cohen (2003)](#refCohen2003), p. 68.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Reich2007p206_70-0)** [Reich (2007)](#Reich2007), p. 206.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Time19320404_71-0)** [*Time magazine*, April 4, 1932](#refTime19320404).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Abelow26_72-0)** [Abelow (1937)](#refAbelow1937), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Erenberg2006p102_73-0)** [Erenberg (2006)](#refErenberg2006), p. 102.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CCAR1939_74-0)** [*Yearbook of the Central Conference of American Rabbis*, 1939](#refCCAR1939), p. 301.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Zauderer2008_75-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Zauderer2008_75-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Zauderer2008_75-2) [Zauderer (2008)](#refZauderer2008).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-District5History_76-0)** See [District 5 history](#refDistrict5History) and [District 5 History (continued)](#refDistrict5HistoryCont), Women of Reform Judaism Atlantic District website.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zeidman2007pp4-5_77-0)** [Zeidman (2007)](#refZeidman2007), pp. 4–5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bronstein2007_78-0)** [Bronstein (2007).](#refBronstein2007)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kolsky1992p42_79-0)** [Kolsky (1992)](#refKolsky1992), p. 42.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kolsky1992p45_80-0)** [Kolsky (1992)](#refKolsky1992), p. 45.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kolsky1992p46_81-0)** [Kolsky (1992)](#refKolsky1992), p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kolsky1992p49_82-0)** [Kolsky (1992)](#refKolsky1992), p. 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kolsky1992pix_83-0)** [Kolsky (1992)](#refKolsky1992), p. ix.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AnotherRenaissance_84-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AnotherRenaissance_84-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-AnotherRenaissance_84-2) ["Another Renaissance - The 1970s'", Beth Elohim website](#refAnotherRenaissance).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-RabbiGeraldIWeider_85-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-RabbiGeraldIWeider_85-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-RabbiGeraldIWeider_85-2) ["Rabbi Emeritus Gerald I Weider", Beth Elohim website](#refRabbiGeraldIWeider).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Olitzky1996p229_86-0)** [Olitzky & Raphael (1996)](#refOlitzky1996), p. 229.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-KaneStreetJournal44_87-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-KaneStreetJournal44_87-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-KaneStreetJournal44_87-2) [Kane Street Synagogue Journal, Issue 44, November 3, 2006](#refKaneStreetJournal44).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-DaySchool1_88-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-DaySchool1_88-1) [Desantis (1994)](#refDesantis1994). See also [Olitzky & Raphael (1996)](#refOlitzky1996), p. 229.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DaySchool2_89-0)** See ["School History", Hannah Senesh Community Day School website](#refHannahSenneshSchool), [Levy (2005)](#refLevy2005), and [George (1997)](#refGeorge1997).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ContinuedGrowth_90-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ContinuedGrowth_90-1) ["Continued Growth - The 1980's", Beth Elohim website](#refContinuedGrowth).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1999restoration_91-0)** See [Gross (1999)](#refGross1999) and ["The Main Sanctuary", Beth Elohim website](#refTheMainSanctuary). The fifth floor was never built.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT19990613_92-0)** [*The New York Times*, June 13, 1999](#refNYT19990613).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cantor_93-0)** ["Cantor & Music", Beth Elohim website](#refCantor).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NussbaumCohen2006_94-0)** [Nussbaum Cohen (2006)](#refNussbaumCohen2006).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-URJLearners2007_95-0)** [Union for Reform Judaism, "Congregation of Learners, Best Practices in Adult Study" (2007)](#refURJLearners2007), p. 7.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-McLaughlin2009_96-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-McLaughlin2009_96-1) [McLaughlin (2009)](#refMcLaughlin2009).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Muessig2009_97-0)** [Muessig (2009)](#refMuessig2009).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NussbaumCohen2002_98-0)** [Nussbaum Cohen (2002)](#refNussbaumCohen2002).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lando2007_99-0)** [Lando (2007)](#refLando2007).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Forward50-2007_100-0)** [*The Forward*, December 12, 2007](#refForward50-2007).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-OnFaith_101-0)** [Andy Bachman, On Faith website](#refOnFaith).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RabbiShiraKochEpstein_102-0)** See ["Rabbi Shira Koch Epstein", Beth Elohim website](#refLeadership) and ["IRZ – The ARZA Institute for Reform Zionism", Association of Reform Zionists of America website](#refARZA).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fingerhut2008_103-0)** [Fingerhut (2008)](#refFingerhut2008).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-News12Brooklyn2013_104-0)** [*News 12 Brooklyn*, September 22, 2013)](#refNews12Brooklyn2013).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramer2015_105-0)** [Cramer 2015](#CITEREFCramer2015).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevit2015_106-0)** [Levit 2015](#CITEREFLevit2015).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2020_107-0)** [Feldman 2020](#CITEREFFeldman2020).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanau2020_108-0)** [Hanau 2020](#CITEREFHanau2020).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECongregation_Beth_Elohim_History_109-0)** [Congregation Beth Elohim History](#CITEREFCongregation_Beth_Elohim_History).

## References

**Brooklyn Eagle, no byline**

- ["Penitential. The First Sabbath in the Jewish New Year—Sermon by the Rev. S. Moshe."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612113602/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODIvMDkvMTcjQXIwMDYwOA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, September 17, 1882, p. 6.

- ["Peculiar. The Action of the Congregation Beth Elohim in Pearl Street."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612114227/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODIvMTAvMDQjQXIwMDQxMQ%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 4, 1882, p. 4.

- ["Hebrews Consolidating. A Movement to Unite Three Congregations—Important Action Taken on the Subject"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092824/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODMvMDQvMDcjQXIwMDExNg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, April 7, 1883, p. 1.

- ["Consolidation of Local Hebrew Churches."](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092833/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODMvMDQvMjYjQXIwMDIwNA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom) (part 1), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, April 26, 1883, p. 2.

- ["Consolidation of Local Hebrew Churches."](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092838/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODMvMDQvMjYjQXIwMDIxMQ%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom) (part 2), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, April 26, 1883, p. 2.

- [Hebrews. The Agitation on the Question of the Changing the Jewish Sabbath."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612114651/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODQvMDUvMjcjQXIwMDIwMA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, May 27, 1884, p. 2.

- ["A Hebrew Sunday School Union. The First Combined Picnic to be Held in Prospect Park."](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092843/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODQvMDcvMDcjQXIwMDQyNw%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, July 7, 1884, p. 4.

- ["Montefiore — Brooklyn Honoring the Centenarian."](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092848/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODQvMTAvMjcjQXIwMDEwMg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 27, 1884, p. 1.

- ["Judaism in Brooklyn. The Ancient Faith of Israel and Its Local Adherents."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612033032/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTEvMDkvMjcjQXIwMTkwOQ%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, September 27, 1891, p. 19.

- ["Thirtieth Anniversary. A Notable Celebration in Synagogue Beth Elohim Today."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612120346/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTEvMTAvMjUjQXIwMDIwOA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom) (part 1), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 25, 1891, p. 2.

- ["Thirtieth Anniversary. A Notable Celebration in Synagogue Beth Elohim Today."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612120818/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTEvMTAvMjUjQXIwMDIwMg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom) (part 2), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 25, 1891, p. 2.

- ["Thirtieth Anniversary. A Notable Celebration in Synagogue Beth Elohim Today."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612121400/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTEvMTAvMjUjQXIwMDIwNQ%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom) (part 3), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 25, 1891, p. 2.

- ["How They Regard Ham. Views of Local Rabbis on Mr. Rosenburg's Expulsion."](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092911/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTIvMTIvMTYjQXIwMDEwMg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, December 16, 1892, p. 1.

- ["A New Rabbi for Baith Israel: Rev. M. Friedlander succeeded by Rev Joseph Taubenhaus."](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092922/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTMvMDUvMDEjQXIwMTAxNA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, May 1, 1893, p. 10.

- ["Ancient Hebrew Testament. Spirit and Will of God to Rule the World Above all Race and Creed."](https://web.archive.org/web/20110612121454/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE5MDAvMTEvMjQjQXIwMDUwMg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, November 24, 1900, p. 5.

- "Fine Temple to be Erected by Beth Elohim Congregation", *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 7, 1908, Picture and Sporting Section.

**New York Times, no byline**

- ["City and Suburban News; New-York. Brooklyn. Westchester County. New-Jersey"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/07/11/103623271.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. July 11, 1884. p. 8.

- ["City and Suburban News.; New-York. Brooklyn. Long Island"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/06/29/103025456.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. June 29, 1885. p. 8.

- ["Jews' Greatest Fast Day. The Day of Atonement Inaugurated with Impressive Services Throughout the City"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/10/06/105954657.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. October 6, 1897. p. 5.

- ["Gibier -- Hoen"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/02/23/102106083.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. February 23, 1898. p. 7.

- ["Rabbi Lyons Urges Reform Judaism; Orthodoxy, Brooklyn Preacher Says, Is Doomed – Opposes New Jewish Federation. AMERICANS FIRST, HE SAYS Conspicuous American Loyalty the Best Defense Against Intolerance – Strictly Jewish Movements a Mistake"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/03/14/106717083.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. March 14, 1909. p. 6.

- ["Preachers Expose Tenement Evils; Bishop Greer and Rabbis Wise and Lyons Find Rooms Overcrowded Dark, Unsanitary"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/02/26/102036712.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. February 26, 1910. p. 6.

- ["Rabbis Convene Here. Form Organization In the Interests of Liberal Judaism"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/04/23/104847573.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. April 23, 1912. p. 24.

- ["Eastern Rabbis Reply.; Answer Central Conference on Scope of Their Work"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/06/19/104898073.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. June 19, 1912. p. 9.

- ["Jewish College Center.; Reform Rabbis Adopt Suggestion for Young Men's Association"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/04/28/100311151.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. April 28, 1914. p. 9.

- ["Retry Leo Frank, Says Rabbi Lyons; Necessary to Vindicate Courts from Charge of Yielding to Prejudice and Passion"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/11/29/100118266.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. November 29, 1914. p. 13.

- ["More Members Quit Committee; A.J. O'Keefe, One of the Executive Board, Sends His Resignation to Riegelmann"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/02/08/97070016.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. February 8, 1919. p. 11.

- "Landman Takes New Post.; Jewish Editor Will Also Be Rabbi of a Brooklyn Congregation.", *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, May 30, 1931, p. 2.

- "Rabbi Lyons, 71, Brooklyn Leader; Sought Cooperation Between Christians and Jews--Dies in His Residence Aided St. John Cathedral Civic Worker and Promoter of World Peace--With 8th Ave. Temple for 37 Years", *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, June 7, 1939, p. 29.

- "Rabbi Landman, 65, Reformist is Dead; Brooklyn Preacher a Leader in Hebrew-Christian Moves for Religious Friendship", *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, September 5, 1946, p. 20.

- "Taubenhaus-Carrie", *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, August 6, 1960, p. 19.

- ["Sack, Eugene J., Rabbi."](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/13/classified/paid-notice-deaths-sack-eugene-j-rabbi.html), *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, June 13, 1999.

**Congregation Beth Elohim website**

- ["Origins"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724181937/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/History/Origins.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Timeless Symbolism"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724222109/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/History/Timeless-Symbolism.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["New Century"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080807181402/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/History/New-Century.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["The Temple House"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724222309/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/History/The-Temple-House.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Another Renaissance - The 1970s'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081006225850/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/History/Another-Renaissance-The-1970-s.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Continued Growth - The 1980's"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724222347/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/History/Continued-Growth-The-1980-s.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["The Main Sanctuary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080724181857/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/Buildings/The-Main-Sanctuary.html). Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["The Temple House"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090105020630/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/Buildings/The-Temple-House.html), Our Buildings, Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Rabbi Emeritus Gerald I Weider"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090917015429/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/Rabbis/Rabbi-Emeritus-Gerald-I.-Weider.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Rabbi Daniel Bronstein"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080518090604/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/Rabbis/Rabbi-Daniel-Bronstein.html), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Cantor & Music"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100817011619/http://www.congregationbethelohim.org/index.php/Music/), Beth Elohim website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- ["Clergy & Staff"](https://cbebk.org/clergy-and-staff/), Beth Elohim website. Accessed January 21, 2021.

**Other**

- Abelow, Samuel Philip. *History of Brooklyn Jewry*, Scheba Publishing Company, 1937.

- Abramovitch, Ilana; Galvin, Seán. *Jews of Brooklyn*, University Press of New England, Nov 1, 2001. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58465-003-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-003-4)

- [American Jewish Committee](/source/American_Jewish_Committee) (1900–1901). ["Directory of Local Organizations"](http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1900_1901_5_LocalOrgs.pdf) (PDF). *[American Jewish Year Book](/source/American_Jewish_Year_Book)*. Vol. 2. [Jewish Publication Society](/source/Jewish_Publication_Society).

- [American Jewish Committee](/source/American_Jewish_Committee) (1905–1906). ["Biographical Sketches"](http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1905_1906_3_Biographies.pdf) (PDF). *[American Jewish Year Book](/source/American_Jewish_Year_Book)*. Vol. 7. [Jewish Publication Society](/source/Jewish_Publication_Society).

- [American Jewish Committee](/source/American_Jewish_Committee) (1907–1908). ["Assorted Statistics"](http://www.ajcarchive.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1907_1908_3_Directories.pdf) (PDF). *[American Jewish Year Book](/source/American_Jewish_Year_Book)*. Vol. 9. [Jewish Publication Society](/source/Jewish_Publication_Society).

- [American Jewish Committee](/source/American_Jewish_Committee) (1912–1913). ["Review of the Year (1912-1913)"](http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1912_1913_4_YearReview.pdf) (PDF). *[American Jewish Year Book](/source/American_Jewish_Year_Book)*. Vol. 14. [Jewish Publication Society](/source/Jewish_Publication_Society).

- [American Jewish Committee](/source/American_Jewish_Committee) (1919–1920). ["Directories"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100613153123/http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1919_1920_5_Directories.pdf) (PDF). *[American Jewish Year Book](/source/American_Jewish_Year_Book)*. Vol. 21. [Jewish Publication Society](/source/Jewish_Publication_Society). Archived from [the original](http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1919_1920_5_Directories.pdf) (PDF) on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.

- ["IRZ – The ARZA Institute for Reform Zionism"](http://www.arza.org/news/irz/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101211160728/http://www.arza.org/news/irz/) 2010-12-11 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Association of Reform Zionists of American website. Accessed November 1, 2009.

- Bergman, Edward F. *The Spiritual Traveler: New York City : the guide to sacred spaces and peaceful places*, Hidden Spring, 2001. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58768-003-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-003-8)

- Bronstein, Dan. ["Our Cause is the Same"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110725102254/http://brooklynjews.org/weblog/?p=638), Veterans Day Sermon, Congregation Beth Elohim, November 9, 2007. Accessed November 1, 2009.

- *Yearbook of the Central Conference of American Rabbis*, [Central Conference of American Rabbis](/source/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis), 1939.

- Cohen, Naomi W. *The Americanization of Zionism, 1897-1948*, [University Press of New England](/source/University_Press_of_New_England), 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58465-346-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-346-2)

- Cramer, Philissa (June 2, 2015). ["Andy Bachman Takes New Post at 92nd Street Y"](https://forward.com/fast-forward/309284/andy-bachman/). *The Forward*. Retrieved July 17, 2025.

- Desantis, John. ["NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: BROWNSTONE BROOKLYN; Reform Synagogue to Open Private School"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/17/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brownstone-brooklyn-reform-synagogue-to-open-private-school.html), *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, July 17, 1994.

- Erenberg, Lewis A. *The Greatest Fight of Our Generation: Louis Vs. Schmeling*, [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press), 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-517774-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517774-9)

- Feldman, Ari (May 28, 2020). ["Two marquee Reform synagogues are in merger talks - and they won't be the last"](https://forward.com/news/447559/brooklyn-reform-temple-merger/). *[The Forward](/source/The_Forward)*. Retrieved June 22, 2025.

- Fingerhut, Eric. ["Chicago rabbis organize nationwide Rabbis for Obama group, 300 sign on"](http://www.jewishjournal.com/elections/article/chicago_rabbis_organize_nationwide_rabbis_for_obama_group_300_sign_on_20080/), *[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles](/source/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles)*, September 9, 2008.

- ["Forward 50 2007"](http://www.forward.com/forward-50-2007/), *[The Forward](/source/The_Forward)*, December 12, 2007.

- Gersten, Lana. ["Food Fight: Brooklyn Co-op Mulls Israel Ban"](http://www.forward.com/articles/103174/). *[The Forward](/source/The_Forward)*, published February 18, 2009, issue of February 27, 2009.

- George, Tara. ["Assisted Living It Up at Facility for Seniors"](http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/ny_local/1997/12/23/1997-12-23_assisted_living_it_up_at_fac.html)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], *[Daily News](/source/Daily_News_(New_York))*, December 23, 1997.

- Gross, Geraldine K. ["Spiritual Pioneers: Three Brooklyn synagogues and one on Staten Island among those feted for more than a century of service to New York Jewry."](https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144837/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79391789.html), *[The Jewish Week](/source/The_Jewish_Week)*, December 15, 1999.

- ["School History"](https://www.hannahsenesh.org/templates/page_2.asp?docid=808)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], Welcome, Hannah Sennesh Community School website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- Hanau, Shira (May 28, 2020). ["2 major Brooklyn Reform synagogues in merger talks as COVID-19 pandemic cuts into revenue"](https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/2-major-brooklyn-reform-synagogues-in-merger-talks-as-covid-19-pandemic-cuts-into-revenue). *Jewish Telegraphic Agency*. Retrieved July 17, 2025.

- Kamil, Seth; Wakin, Eric; Baker, Kevin. *The Big Onion guide to Brooklyn: Ten Historic Walking Tours*, [New York University Press](/source/New_York_University_Press), 2005. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8147-4785-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4785-8)

- Kaufman, David. *Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History*, Brandeis University Press, [University Press of New England](/source/University_Press_of_New_England), 1999. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87451-893-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-893-1)

- "Liberal Jewish Day School Sought", Kane Street Synagogue, ["*The Synagogue Journal*, Issue 44"](http://kanestreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/binder44_jewsinamerica.pdf) (PDF). (1.80 MB), November 23, 2006.

- Keys, Lisa. ["Enterprise Zone. Resistance is Futile: 'Star Trek' is Invading N.Y.C."](http://www.nypost.com/seven/09302006/entertainment/enterprise_zone_entertainment_lisa_keys.htm)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], *[New York Post](/source/New_York_Post)*, September 30, 2006.

- Kolsky, Thomas A. *Jews Against Zionism: The American Council for Judaism, 1942-1948*, [Temple University Press](/source/Temple_University_Press), 1992. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56639-009-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-009-5)

- Landman, Isaac. *The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia*, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Co. Inc., 1940.

- Lando, Michal. ["Reform Judaism is undergoing a radical revamp"](http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411448927&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], *[The Jerusalem Post](/source/The_Jerusalem_Post)*, September 20, 2007.

- Levit, Donny (July 29, 2015). ["Spirituality, Activism & Community: Rabbi Rachel Timoner Joins Congregation Beth Elohim"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150928224058/http://parkslopestoop.com/blog/neighbors/spirituality-activism-community-rabbi-rachel-timoner-joins-congregation-beth-elohim). *Park Slope Stoop*. Corner Media Group. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.

- Levy, Julia. ["Jewish Day School in Brooklyn To Build a Home of Its Own"](http://www.nysun.com/new-york/jewish-day-school-in-brooklyn-to-build-a-home/8422/), *[The New York Sun](/source/The_New_York_Sun)*, January 28, 2005.

- Lyons, Alexander (October 29, 1913). ["Rabbis Not Tammany Partisans"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/10/29/100655554.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. p. 10.

- Lyons, Alexander (June 13, 1920). ["Gompers and the Public"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/06/13/96355773.pdf) (PDF). Editorial. *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. p. 26.

- McLaughlin, Mike. ["Old First Reformed Church to house Congregation Beth Elohim to celebrate Yom Kippur"](http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/brooklyn/2009/09/26/2009-09-26_church_is_friend_to_jews_in_need.html), *[Daily News](/source/Daily_News_(New_York))*, September 26, 2009.

- Morrone, Francis; Iska, James. *An Architectural Guidebook to Brooklyn*, Gibbs Smith, 2001, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58685-047-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58685-047-0)

- Muessig, Ben. ["Kansas bigotry falls flat at Brooklyn synagogues"](http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/32/39/32_39_bm_westboro_protests_saturday.html), *[The Brooklyn Paper](/source/The_Brooklyn_Paper)*, September 27, 2009.

- [National Register of Historic Places Nomination, Park Slope historic District](https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094331/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=3286), NPS Forms 10-300/10-300a, [United States Department of the Interior](/source/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior)/[National Park Service](/source/National_Park_Service), July 24, 1979.

- ["Park Slope Historic District Designation Report"](http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0709.pdf) (PDF). [New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission](/source/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission). 1973. Retrieved December 31, 2023.

- ["Congregation Beth Elohim in Park Slope dedicates new Torah for 150th anniversary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150602035037/http://brooklyn.news12.com/news/congregation-beth-elohim-in-park-slope-dedicates-new-torah-for-150th-anniversary-1.6119015), *[News 12 Brooklyn](/source/News_12_Brooklyn)*, September 22, 2103.

- ["America's 25 Most Vibrant Congregations"](http://www.newsweek.com/id/192586), *[Newsweek](/source/Newsweek)*, April 4, 2009. Accessed November 1, 2009.

- Norsen, Francesca. ["Congregation Beth Elohim Set to Install New Rabbi"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110525174419/http://www.brooklyneagle.com/archive/category.php?category_id=27&id=9114), *[Brooklyn Eagle](/source/Brooklyn_Eagle)*, October 20, 2006.

- Nussbaum Cohen, Debra. ["The New Gen-X Judaism"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070704154035/http://www.kehilathadar.org/Aboutus/jewishweek08-02-02.html), *[The Jewish Week](/source/The_Jewish_Week)*, August 2, 2002.

- Nussbaum Cohen, Debra. ["Outreach Rabbi Takes Pulpit"](http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/outreach_rabbi_takes_pulpit), *[The Jewish Week](/source/The_Jewish_Week)*, January 20, 2006.

- [Olitzky, Kerry M.](/source/Kerry_Olitzky); Raphael, Marc Lee. *The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook*, [Greenwood Press](/source/Greenwood_Publishing_Group), 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-313-28856-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28856-2)

- ["Our History"](https://cbebk.org/history/). Congregation Beth Elohim. Retrieved June 22, 2025.

- Reich, Bernard, "The United States and Israel: The Nature of a Special Relationship", in Lesch, David W. *The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment* (Fourth edition), [Westview Press](/source/Westview_Press), 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8133-4349-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4349-5)

- Shaw, Paul. ["Lettering Grows in Brooklyn"](http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/lettering-grows-in-brooklyn), *Voice: AIGA Journal of Design*, January 23, 2008.

- Sleeper, Jim. *In Search of New York*, Transaction Publishers, 1989. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88738-767-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-767-8)

- Stiles, Henry Reed. *A History of the City of Brooklyn: Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh*, Volume III, 1870.

- Taubenhaus, G. [*Echoes of Wisdom OR Talmudic Sayings with Classic, especially Latin, Parallelisms*](https://archive.org/stream/echoesofwisdomor00taubiala/echoesofwisdomor00taubiala_djvu.txt), Ha. Edrich and Sons, 1900.

- Taubenhaus, Godfrey. ["Tractate Aboth, with Aboth of R. Nathan, Derech Eretz Rabba, and Zuta"](https://archive.org/stream/neweditionbabyl16taubgoog#page/n5/mode/1up), *Babylonian Talmud*, Michael L. Rodkinson, New Talmud Publishing Company, 1900.

- Taubenhaus, Godfrey. ["Tractate Aboth, with Aboth of R. Nathan, Derech Eretz Rabba, and Zuta"](http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/t05/abo00.htm), *Babylonian Talmud*, Michael L. Rodkinson, The Talmud Society, 1918.

- ["Zion, Ten Years After"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101027092002/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743439,00.html), *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*, April 4, 1932.

- ["Congregation of Learners, Best Practices in Adult Study"](http://urj.org/kd/_temp/97E52FCF-A3EF-01EB-9E74B6AF94416765/ljl%20col_2007.pdf) (PDF). *[Union for Reform Judaism](/source/Union_for_Reform_Judaism)*. 2007. Retrieved November 1, 2009.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- [University of Illinois at Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago), [Isaac Landman Papers](https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081221/http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/ILandmanb.html), Inventory of the collection, [University of Illinois at Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago) website. Accessed August 8, 2010.

- [The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post), [Andy Bachman](https://web.archive.org/web/20080229171045/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/andy_bachman/archives.html), On Faith, [Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive](/source/Washingtonpost.Newsweek_Interactive). Accessed November 1, 2009.

- Women of Reform Judaism Atlantic District, [District 5 history](https://web.archive.org/web/20100311053514/http://www.wrjatlantic.org/html/district_5.html), Women of Reform Judaism Atlantic District website (excerpted from the District Manual of 1976). Accessed August 8, 2010.

- Women of Reform Judaism Atlantic District, [District 5 history (cont.)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105759/http://wrjatlantic.org/html/district_5_cont_.html), Women of Reform Judaism Atlantic District website (excerpted from the District Manual of 1976). Accessed August 8, 2010.

- [Zauderer, Mark C.](/source/Mark_C._Zauderer) ["Remarks of Mark C. Zauderer, FBC President, on the Award of the Council's Learned Hand Award to the Honorable Robert D. Sack, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit Court of Appeals"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110710233315/http://www.federalbarcouncil.com/eventDetail.ihtml?ID=199), Law Day Celebration, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, May 2008.

- Zeidman, Ben (Fall 2007). ["Motivations of the National Federation of Temple Youth 1939-1949"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110614155209/http://www.nfty.org/_kd/Items/actions.cfm?action=Show&item_id=7920&destination=ShowItem). *[North American Federation of Temple Youth](/source/North_American_Federation_of_Temple_Youth)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.nfty.org/_kd/Items/actions.cfm?action=Show&item_id=7920&destination=ShowItem) on June 14, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2010.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Congregation Beth Elohim](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Congregation_Beth_Elohim).

- [Official website](https://cbebk.org)

- [Rabbi Rachel Timoner's website](http://racheltimoner.net/)

- [Rabbi Andy Bachman's website](http://www.andybachman.com/)

- [Rabbi Marc Katz's Website](http://www.rabbimarckatz.com)

- ["Rebuking narrow-mindedness"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/05/31/103115322.pdf) (PDF)., summary of a sermon given by Rabbi William Sparger of Congregation Beth Elohim, in *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, May 31, 1886, p. 2.

- ["The Day of Atonement; Jews, Rich and Poor Alike, Spend the Day in Fasting and Prayer"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/10/07/102097746.pdf) (PDF)., summary of a sermon given by Rabbi G. Taubenhaus of Congregation Beth Elohim, in *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, October 7, 1897, p. 7.

- ["Sweeping Dust Into the Air"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/10/12/118482147.pdf) (PDF)., letter to the editor by Rabbi Alexander Lyons of Congregation Beth Elohim, in *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*, October 12, 1902, p. 6.

v t e Synagogues in the United States By state Alabama Beth-El (Anniston) Knesseth Israel (Birmingham) Beth-El (Birmingham) Emanu-El (Birmingham) B'nai Sholom (Huntsville) Sha’arai Shomayim (Mobile) Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem (Montgomery) Beth Or (Montgomery) Alaska Arizona Beth Israel (Scottsdale) Emanuel (Tempe) Kol Ami (Tucson) Arkansas Shalom (Fayetteville) California Los Angeles Stephen Wise Temple (Bel Air) Beth Jacob (Beverly Hills) Emanuel (Beverly Hills) Valley Beth Shalom (Encino) Beth Israel (Highland Park & Eagle Rock) Temple Israel (Hollywood) Beth Am IKAR (LA) Wilshire Boulevard (LA) Beth Chayim Chadashim (Mid City) Ahavat Shalom (Northridge) Kehillat Israel (Pacific Palisades) Ner Tamid (Rancho Palos Verdes) Jewish Temple and Center (Pasadena) Pacific Jewish Center (Venice) Sephardic Temple (Westwood) Sinai Temple (Westwood) Bay Area Beth Israel (Berkeley) Beyt Tikkun (Berkeley) Peninsula Temple Sholom (Burlingame) B'nai Israel (Daly City) Beth Am (Los Altos Hills) Kehilla Community (Oakland) Temple Sinai (Oakland) Am Tikvah (San Francisco) Beth Sholom (San Francisco) Emanu-El (San Francisco) House of Love and Prayer (San Francisco) The Kitchen (San Francisco) Sherith Israel (San Francisco) Rodef Sholom (San Rafael) Kol Shofar (Tiburon) Beth Israel (Fresno) Chabad (Poway) B'nai Israel (Sacramento) Beth Israel (San Diego) Temple Israel (Stockton) Colorado Beth HaMedrosh Hagodol-Beth Joseph (Denver) Temple Emanuel (Denver) Temple Sinai (Denver) Temple Emanuel (Pueblo) Temple Aaron (Trinidad) Connecticut B'nai Israel (Bridgeport) Beth Shalom Rodfe Zedek (Chester) Knesseth Israel (Ellington) Ahavath Achim (Fairfield) Mishkan Israel (Hamden) Beth Israel (Hartford West) Tephereth Israel (New Britain) Beth Israel (New Haven) Agudath Sholom (Stamford) Israel (Westport) B'nai Jacob (Woodbridge) Hebrew Congregation of Woodmont Delaware District of Columbia Adas Israel Bet Mishpachah DC Minyan Kesher Israel Machar Ohev Sholom Rosh Pina Sixth & I Temple Micah Washington Hebrew Florida Ahavath Chesed (Jacksonville) Bal Harbour (Surfside) Bet Shira (Miami) Edmond J. Safra (Miami) Beth Sholom (Miami Beach) Cuban Hebrew (Miami Beach) Emanu-El (Palm Beach) New (Palm Beach) Beth-El (Pensacola) Georgia Beth Jacob (Atlanta) Shearith Israel (Atlanta) Temple (Atlanta) B'nai Israel (Augusta) Beth Israel (Macon) B'nai Torah (Sandy Springs) Mickve Israel (Savannah) Hawaii Aloha Jewish Chapel (Pearl Harbor) Emanu-El (Honolulu) Idaho Ahavath Beth Israel (Boise) Illinois Chicagoland Anshe Emet Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel Beth Shalom Emanuel Congregation KAM Isaiah Israel Loop Synagogue Makom Solel Lakeside Mishkan North Shore Congregation Israel Beth El (Highland Park) Temple Sholom Sinai Tzedek Moses Montefiore (Bloomington) Jewish Community Center (Mattoon) Anshai Emeth (Peoria) Indiana Achduth Vesholom (Fort Wayne) Indianapolis Hebrew Iowa B'nai Israel (Council Bluffs) Beit Shalom (Davenport) United Orthodox (Sioux City) Kansas Beth Israel Abraham Voliner (Kansas City) B'nai Jehudah (Overland Park) Kentucky Adath Israel Brith Sholom (Louisville) Anshei Sfard (Louisville) Keneseth Israel (Louisville) Adath Israel (Owensboro) Temple Israel (Paducah) Louisiana B'nai Israel (Alexandria) Gemiluth Chassodim (Alexandria) Anshe Sfard (New Orleans) Beth Israel (New Orleans) Sinai (New Orleans) Touro (New Orleans) B'Nai Zion (Shreveport) Maine Beth Israel (Bangor) Etz Chaim (Portland) Shaarey Tphiloh (Portland) Maryland Baltimore B'nai Israel Hebrew Beth Am Shearith Israel Shomrei Emunah Tiferes Yisroel Naval Academy (Annapolis) Beth El (Bethesda) Bethesda Jewish Congregation Beth Shalom (Columbia) B'er Chayim (Cumberland) B'Nai Israel (Easton) Beth Sholom (Frederick) Kol Ami (Frederick) Emanuel (Kensington) Oseh Shalom (Laurel) Magen David Sephardic (North Bethesda) Ohev Sholom Talmud Torah (Olney) Beth El (Pikesville) Beth Tfiloh (Pikesville) Har Sinai – Oheb Shalom (Pikesville) Beth Sholom and Talmud Torah (Potomac) Beth Israel (Salisbury) Young Israel Shomrai Emunah (Silver Spring) B'nai Israel (Rockville) Massachusetts Temple Israel (Boston) Ohabei Shalom (Brookline) Kahal B'raira (Cambridge) Agudath Shalom (Chelsea) Beth Israel (Malden) Adams Street (Newton) Shaarei Tefillah (Newton) Beth Israel (North Adams) Beth Israel (Onset) Anshe Amunim (Pittsfield) Sinai Temple (Springfield) Ahavath Torah (Stoughton) Beth Israel (Worcester) Emanuel Sinai (Worcester) Michigan Beth El (Alpena) Beth Emeth (Ann Arbor) Beth Israel (Ann Arbor) Beth El (Detroit) Birmingham Temple (Detroit) Isaac Agree Downtown (Detroit) Temple Emanuel (Grand Rapids) Temple Jacob (Hancock) Beth Sholom (Marquette) Beth Israel (Jackson) Temple Israel (West Bloomfield) Minnesota Beth Jacob (Mendota Heights) Temple Israel (Minneapolis) Adath Jeshurun (Minnetonka) Beth El (St Louis Park) Mount Zion (St Paul) Or Emet (St Paul) Mississippi Adath Israel (Cleveland) Beth Israel (Jackson) Beth Israel (Meridian) B'nai Israel (Tupelo) Missouri United Hebrew (Chesterfield) B'nai Amoona (Creve Coeur) Shaare Emeth (Creve Coeur) Temple Israel (Creve Coeur) Beth El (Jefferson City) Montana Nebraska B'nai Jeshurun / South Street (Lincoln) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey Beth Sholom (Cherry Hill) Kol Ami (Cherry Hill) Synagogue of Deal Beth Hillel (Deerville) Ahavath Torah (Englewood) Barnert (Franklin Lakes) Agudath Achim (Freehold) Etz Ahaim Sephardic (Highland Park) United Synagogue of Hoboken Beth-El (Jersey City) Adas Emuno (Leonia) B'Nai Abraham (Livingston) Shaari Emeth (Manalapan) Marlboro Jewish Center B'nai Israel (Millburn) Beth Hillel Beth Abraham (Millville) Morristown Jewish Center Beth Israel (Ridgewood) Rosenhayn Synagogue Oheb Shalom (South Orange) Beth El (Voorhees) New Mexico Albert (Albuquerque) B'nai Israel (Albuquerque) New York The Bronx Adath Israel Hebrew Institute Riverdale Center Riverdale Temple Brooklyn Magen David (Bensonhurst) Chevra Anshei Lubawitz (Borough Park) Shomrei Emunah (Borough Park) Young Israel Beth El (Borough Park) Kane Street/Baith Israel Anshei Emes (Cobble Hill) 770 (Crown Heights) CAY (Crown Heights) Kol Israel (Crown Heights) Beth El (Flatbush) Khal Hisachdus Yirieim Veretzky (Flatbush) Shaare Zion (Gravesend) Edmond J. Safra (Homecrest) Ocean Parkway (Kensington) Manhattan Beach Jewish Center B'nai Yosef (Mapleton) East Midwood (Midwood) Kingsway Center (Midwood) Sephardic Center (Mills Basin) Beth Elohim (Park Slope) Kolot Chayeinu (Park Slope) Park Slope (Park Slope) Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom (Williamsburg) Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper St, Williamsburg) Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney St, Williamsburg) Long Island Jewish Center (Atlantic Beach) Jewish Center (East Hampton) East Meadow Beth-El Jewish Center North Country Reform (Glen Cove) Beth-El (Great Neck) Tifereth Israel (Greenport) Jericho Jewish Center Emanu-El (Long Beach) RSNS (Plandome) Beth Israel (Port Washington) Adas Israel (Sag Harbor) Aish Kodesh (Woodmere) Manhattan Altneu Sixth Street (East Village) Meserich (East Village) Beth Israel (Garment District) Millinery Center (Garment District) Old Broadway (Harlem) Actor's Temple (Hells Kitchen) Fort Tryon (Hudson Heights) Lincoln Square (Lincoln Square) Bialystoker (Lower East Side) City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism (Lower East Side) Chasam Sopher (Lower E. Side) Eldridge Street (Lower E. Side) Kehila Kedosha Janina (Lower E. Side) Shul of New York (Lower E. Side) Stanton Street (Lower East) Talmud Torah Adereth El (Midtown East) Lab/Shul (Lower W. Side) Beit Simchat Torah (Midtown) Central Synagogue (Midtown) Sutton Place (Midtown) TriBeCa Synagogue (Tribeca) Temple Emanu-El (Upper E. Side) Fifth Avenue (Upper E. Side) Temple Israel (Upper E. Side) Kehilath Jeshurun (Upper E. Side) Or Zarua (Upper E. Side) Park Avenue (Upper E. Side) Park East (Upper E. Side) Edmond J. Safra (Upper E. Side) Shaaray Tefila (Upper E. Side) TUJ (Upper E. Side) Ansche Chesed (Upper W. Side) B'nai Jeshurun (Upper W. Side) Habonim (Upper W. Side) Jewish Center (Upper W. Side) Kol Zimrah (Upper W. Side) Ohab Zedek (Upper W. Side) Ramath Orah (Upper W. Side) Rodeph Sholom (Upper W. Side) Romemu (Upper W. Side) Shaare Zedek (Upper W. Side) Shearith Israel (Upper W. Side) SAJ (Upper W. Side) Stephen Wise (Upper W. Side) Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights K'hal Adath Jeshurun (Washington Hts.) Mount Sinai (Washington Hts.) Queens Center of Israel (Astoria) Etz Hayim (Bayside) Tifereth Israel (Corona) Free Synagogue of Flushing Georgian Jews (Forest Hills) Queens Center (Forest Hills) Rego Park (Rego Park) Beth Emeth (Albany) Beth David (Amenia) Beth Zion (Buffalo) Beth El (Chappaqua) Beth Shalom (Clifton Park) B'nai Israel (Fleischmanns) Hunter (Hunter) Kerhonkson Synagogue (Kerhonkson) Loch Sheldrake Synagogue Agudas Achim (Livingston Manor) Hebrew Congregation (Mountaindale) Jewish Center (Norwich) Beth Israel (Plattsburgh) Kneses Tifereth Israel (Port Chester) B'rith Kodesh (Rochester) Beth Tzedek (Getzville) South Fallsburg Hebrew Association Emanu-El (Staten Island) Anshei Glen Wild (Sullivan Co.) Bikur Cholim B'nai Israel (Swan Lake) Society of Concord (Syracuse) Berith Sholom (Troy) Beth Joseph Synagogue (Tupper Lake) Spring Glen Synagogue (Wawarsing) Ulster Heights Synagogue (Wawarsing) West Point Jewish Chapel Temple Israel (White Plains) B'nai Israel (Woodbourne) Ohave Shalom (Woodridge) Lincoln Park (Yonkers) North Carolina Beth Israel (Asheville) Temple Israel (Charlotte) Temple Israel (Kinston) Emanuel (Statesville) Temple of Israel (Wilmington) North Dakota B'nai Israel (Grand Forks) Ohio Tifereth-Israel (Beachwood) Agudas Achim (Bexley) Golf Manor (Cincinnati) Rockdale (Cincinnati) Wise Temple (Cincinnati) Anshe Chesed Fairmount (Cleveland) Oheb Zedek Cedar Sinai (Cleveland) Park Synagogue (Cleveland) Silver Sanctuary (Cleveland) Temple Israel (Columbus) Temple Israel (Dayton) Beth Israel (Hamilton) B'nai Israel (Toledo) Oklahoma B'nai Israel (Oklahoma City) Temple Israel (Tulsa) Oregon Beth Israel (Eugene) Beth Israel (Portland) Havurah Shalom (Portland) Neveh Shalom (Portland) Shaarie Torah (Portland) Pennsylvania Philadelphia Beit Harambam Temple Beth Zion-Beth Israel B'nai Abraham Frank Memorial Germantown Jewish Centre Keneseth Israel Kesher Israel Mikveh Israel Rodeph Shalom Shivtei Yeshuron-Ezras Israel Society Hill South Philadelphia Shtiebel Vilna Congregation YPC Shari-Eli Beth Israel (Altoona) Beth Israel (Chester Co.) B'nai Shalom (Easton) Anshe Hesed (Erie) Beth Shalom (Elkins Park) Kesher Israel (Harrisburg) Ohev Sholom (Harrisburg) Beth Israel (Honesdale) Beth Israel (Lebanon) Beth Or (Maple Glen) Adath Israel (Merion) B'nai Jacob (Middletown) Har Zion Temple (Penn Valley) Rodef Shalom (Pittsburgh) Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha (Pittsburgh) Kesher Zion (Reading) Beth Israel (Washington) Main Line Reform Temple (Wynnewood) Beth Israel (York) Rhode Island Touro (Newport) Beth-El (Providence) Sons of Jacob (Providence) South Carolina Beth Israel (Beaufort) Beth Elohim (Charleston) House of Peace (Columbia) Beth Israel (Florence) Beth Elohim (Georgetown) Kol Ami (Fort Mill) Sinai (Sumter) Tennessee Adas Israel (Brownsville) Mizpah (Chattanooga) B'nai Israel (Jackson) Baron Hirsch (Memphis) Temple Israel (Memphis) Ohabai Sholom (Nashville) Sherith Israel (Nashville) Texas Agudas Achim (Austin) Beth Israel (Austin) Emanuel (Beaumont) B'nai Abraham (Brenham) Emanu-El (Dallas) Beth Jacob (Galveston) B'nai Israel (Galveston) Beth Israel (Houston) Beth Yeshurun (Houston) Sinai (Houston) Beth-El (San Antonio) Utah B'rith Sholem (Ogden) Kol Ami (Salt Lake City) Vermont Ohavi Zedek (Burlington) Old Ohavi Zedek (Burlington) Rutland Jewish Center Virginia Agudas Achim (Alexandria) Beth El (Alexandria) Beth Israel (Charlottesville) Rodef Shalom (McLean) Sinai (Newport News) Commodore Levy Chapel (Norfolk) Beth Ahabah (Richmond) Kol Emes (Richmond) Beth Israel (Roanoke) Adath Israel (Rutland) House of Israel (Staunton) Beth El (Winchester) Washington Beth Israel (Bellingham) Bikur Cholim Machzikay Hadath (Seattle) Ezra Bessaroth (Seattle) Kavana Cooperative (Seattle) Sephardic Bikur Holim (Seattle) De Hirsch Sinai (Seattle and Belleview) West Virginia Ohev Sholom (Huntington) Shalom (Wheeling) Wisconsin Beth El (Madison) Beth Israel Ner Tamid (Milwaukee) Emanu-El B'ne Jeshurun (River Hills) Wyoming Mt Sinai (Cheyenne) Territories Virgin Islands Oldest U.S. synagogues History Category People US places of worship

v t e National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn Historic districts Albemarle–Kenmore Terraces Boerum Hill Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn Navy Yard Carroll Gardens Clinton Hill Clinton Hill South Cobble Hill Crown Heights North Ditmas Park DUMBO Industrial District Fort Greene Fulton Ferry Greenpoint Houses at 216–264 Ovington Avenue Hunterfly Road Lefferts Manor Park Slope Pratt Institute Prospect Heights Prospect Lefferts Gardens Prospect Park South Rockwood Chocolate Factory Senator Street State Street Houses Stuyvesant Heights Sunset Park Wallabout Wallabout Industrial Willoughby–Suydam Historic properties Residences 216–264 Ovington Avenue Alku and Alku Toinen Astral Apartments Bay View Houses William B. Cronyn House Hubbard House James W. and Lucy S. Elwell House Lefferts-Laidlaw House Litchfield Villa Hendrick I. Lott House Old Stone House Quarters A John Rankin House Renaissance Apartments Jackie Robinson House Saitta House State Street Houses Stoothoff–Baxter–Kouwenhaven House Joost Van Nuyse House Williamsburg Houses Wyckoff House Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead Houses of worship Churches Andrews United Methodist Church Bay Ridge United Methodist Church Christ Evangelical English Lutheran Church Church of the Holy Innocents Congregational Church of the Evangel Cuyler Presbyterian Church Emmanuel Baptist Church Flatbush Reformed Dutch Church Complex Flatlands Dutch Reformed Church Friends Meetinghouse and School Greenwood Baptist Church Hanson Place Seventh-day Adventist Church Immanuel Congregational Church Iglesia Pentecostal La Luz del Mundo New Lots Reformed Church and Cemetery New Utrecht Reformed Church Next Step Community Church Old First Reformed Church Plymouth Church Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Lord St. Ann & the Holy Trinity Church St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church and Rectory St. George's Protestant Episcopal Church Church of St. Luke and St. Matthew St. Mary's Episcopal Church St. Paul's Episcopal Church South Bushwick Reformed Church South Congregational Church Synagogues Beth El Jewish Center of Flatbush Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park Congregation Beth Elohim Congregation Beth Israel East Midwood Jewish Center Jewish Center of Brighton Beach Jewish Center of Kings Highway Kingsway Jewish Center Congregation Kol Israel Magen David Synagogue Manhattan Beach Jewish Center Ocean Parkway Jewish Center Park Slope Jewish Center Shaari Zedek Synagogue Union Temple of Brooklyn Young Israel of Flatbush Government buildings Military buildings 14th Regiment Armory 23rd Regiment Armory Brooklyn Army Terminal Brooklyn Navy Yard Casemate Fort, Whiting Quadrangle Storehouse No. 2, U.S. Navy Fleet Supply Base Post offices Bensonhurst Flatbush Kensington Williamsburg Others 75th Precinct Police Station 83rd Precinct Police Station and Stable Brooklyn Borough Hall Federal Building and Post Office Flatbush Town Hall Former 18th Police Precinct Station House and Stable Old Brooklyn Fire Headquarters Schools Boys High School Erasmus Hall High School Friends Meetinghouse and School Public School 7 Public School 9 and Public School 9 Annex Public School 39 Public School 65K Public School 71K Public School 108 Transit Bridges and tunnels Brooklyn Bridge Cobble Hill Tunnel Joralemon Street Tunnel Manhattan Bridge Roads Eastern Parkway Ocean Parkway Subway stations Ninth Avenue 15th Street–Prospect Park Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center Avenue U Bay Parkway Beverley Road Borough Hall Fourth Avenue New Utrecht Avenue Ocean Parkway Wilson Avenue Other Coney Island Yard Electric Motor Repair Shop Coney Island Yard Gatehouse Floyd Bennett Field Lehigh Valley Railroad Barge No. 79 Mary A. Whalen Substation 401 Other structures B&B Carousell Beth Olam Cemetery Prospect Park Boathouse Brooklyn Academy of Music Brooklyn Museum Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse Brooklyn Trust Company Building Buildings at 375–379 Flatbush Avenue and 185–187 Sterling Place Cemetery of the Evergreens Center for Brooklyn History Central Library Coney Island Cyclone Coney Island Fire Station Pumping Station Coney Island Yard Electric Motor Repair Shop Coney Island Yard Gatehouse Cypress Hills National Cemetery Feuchtwanger Stable Gage and Tollner Grand Prospect Hall Grecian Shelter Green-Wood Cemetery Industrial Complex at 221 McKibbin Street Kings County Savings Bank Kings Theatre Kismet Temple Knickerbocker Field Club Lincoln Club McGolrick Park Nassau Brewing Company New York Congregational Home for the Aged Offerman Building Old Gravesend Cemetery Parachute Jump Parkway Theatre Prospect Park Public Bath No. 7 Ridgewood Reservoir Weir Greenhouse William Ulmer Brewery Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building National Historic Landmarks Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Historic District Center for Brooklyn History Green-Wood Cemetery Plymouth Church Quarters A Jackie Robinson House St. Ann & the Holy Trinity Church Wyckoff-Bennett Homestead See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn and List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Congregation Beth Elohim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Elohim) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Elohim?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.