# Conditional mood

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Grammatical mood

The **conditional mood** ([abbreviated](/source/List_of_glossing_abbreviations) **cond**) is a [grammatical mood](/source/Grammatical_mood) used in [conditional sentences](/source/Conditional_sentences) to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.

It may refer to a distinct [verb](/source/Verb) form that expresses the conditional set of circumstances proper in the [dependent clause](/source/Dependent_clause) or *[protasis](/source/Protasis_(linguistics))* (e.g. in [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language) or [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language)), or which expresses the hypothetical state of affairs or uncertain event contingent to it in the [independent clause](/source/Independent_clause) or *[apodosis](/source/Apodosis_(linguistics))*, or both (e.g. in [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_language) or [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language)). Some languages distinguish more than one conditional mood; the East African language [Hadza](/source/Hadza_language), for example, has a *potential* conditional expressing possibility, and a *[veridical](/source/Veridical)* conditional expressing certainty. Other languages[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)*] do not have a conditional mood at all.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] In some informal contexts, such as language teaching, it may be called the "conditional [tense](/source/Grammatical_tense)".

Some languages have verb forms called "conditional" although their use is not exclusive to conditional expression. Examples are the [English](/source/English_verbs) and [French](/source/French_verbs) conditionals (an [analytic](/source/Analytic_language) construction in English,[a] but [inflected](/source/Inflection) verb forms in French), which are morphologically [futures-in-the-past](/source/Future-in-the-past),[1] and of which each has thus been referred to as a "**so-called conditional**"[1][2] ([French](/source/French_language): *soi-disant conditionnel*[3][4][5]) in modern and contemporary linguistics (e.g. French *je chanterais*, from [Late Latin](/source/Late_Latin) *cantāre habēbam*, in *si vous me le permettiez, je chanterais*, "if you allowed me to do so, I would sing" [so-called conditional] vs. *j'ai dit que je chanterais*, "I said that I would sing" [future-in-the-past]). The English *would* construction may also be used for past habitual action ("When I was young I would happily walk three miles to school every day").

This article describes the formation of the conditional forms of verbs in certain languages. For fuller details of the construction of conditional sentences, see [Conditional sentence](/source/Conditional_sentence) (and for English specifically, [English conditional sentences](/source/English_conditional_sentences)).

## Germanic languages

### English

[English](/source/English_grammar) does not have[b] an [inflective](/source/Inflection) (morphological) conditional mood, except in as much as the [modal verbs](/source/English_modal_verbs) *could*, *might*, *should* and *would* may in some contexts be regarded as conditional forms of *can*, *may*, *shall* and *will* respectively. What is called the English conditional mood (or just the conditional) is formed [periphrastically](/source/Periphrastic) using the modal verb *would* in combination with the bare [infinitive](/source/Infinitive) of the following verb. (Occasionally *should* is used in place of *would* with a first person subject – see [*shall* and *will*](/source/Shall_and_will). Also the aforementioned modal verbs *could*, *might* and *should* may replace *would* in order to express appropriate [modality](/source/Linguistic_modality) in addition to conditionality.)

English has three types of [conditional sentences](/source/Conditional_sentence),[6] which may be described as *factual* ("conditional 0": "When I feel well, I sing"), *predictive* ("conditional I": "If I feel well, I shall sing"), and *[counterfactual](/source/Counterfactual_conditional)* ("conditional II" or "conditional III": "If I felt well, I would sing"; "If I had felt well, I would have sung"; or "Were I well (if I were well) I would have sung"). As in many other languages, it is only the counterfactual type that causes the conditional mood to be used.

Conditionality may be expressed in several [tense–aspect](/source/Tense%E2%80%93aspect) forms.[7] These are the conditional simple (*would sing*), the conditional progressive (*would be singing*), the [conditional perfect](/source/Conditional_perfect) (*would have sung*), and conditional perfect progressive (*would have been singing*). For the uses of these, see [Uses of English verb forms](/source/Uses_of_English_verb_forms). The conditional simple and conditional progressive may also be called the *present conditional*, while the perfect forms can be called *past conditional*.

For details of the formation of conditional clauses and sentences in English, see [English conditional sentences](/source/English_conditional_sentences).

### German

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In [German](/source/German_language), the following verbal constructions are sometimes referred to as *conditional* (German: *Konditional*):

- *[Konjunktiv II](/source/Subjunctive_mood#Konjunktiv_II)*, corresponds to English's present conditional. It is formed either with vowel change or with the auxiliary verb *werden* in its [subjunctive](/source/Subjunctive_mood) form, plus the infinitive:[8]

- - *Ich käme* ("I would come") - *Ich würde kommen* ("I would come")

- *Konjunktiv II, [Plusquamperfekt](/source/Pluperfect#German)* corresponds to English's past conditional. It is a form of the [perfect](/source/Perfect_(grammar)) construction, using a form of the auxiliary *haben* or *sein* (depending on the main verb) together with the past [participle](/source/Participle) of the main verb. The auxiliary in this case takes past subjunctive form: *hätte/st/t/n* (in the case of *haben*) or *wäre/st/t/n* (in the case of *sein*).[9]

- - *Ich hätte gesungen* ("I had [subjunctive] sung", i.e. "I would have sung") - *Sie wären gekommen* ("They were [subjunctive] come", i.e. "They would have come")

For more information, see [German conjugation](/source/German_conjugation).

### Dutch

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The main conditional construction in [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) involves the past tense of the verb *zullen*, the auxiliary of the future tenses, cognate with English 'shall'.

- - *Ik zou zingen* 'I would sing', lit. 'I should sing' — referred to as *onvoltooid verleden toekomende tijd* 'imperfect past future tense' - *Ik zou gegaan zijn* 'I would have gone', lit. 'I should have gone' — referred to as *voltooid verleden toekomende tijd* 'perfect past future tense'

The latter tense is sometimes replaced by the past perfect (*voltooid verleden tijd* or *plusquamperfectum*).

- - *Ik was gegaan*, lit. 'I had gone'

## Romance languages

While [Latin](/source/Latin) did not conjugate separately for the conditional (it used the imperfect and the pluperfect subjunctive for present and perfect conditional, respectively), most of the [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages) developed a conditional paradigm. The evolution of those forms (and of the innovative Romance [future tense](/source/Future_tense) forms) is a well-known example of [grammaticalization](/source/Grammaticalization) whereby a syntactically and semantically-independent word becomes a bound morpheme with a highly-reduced semantic function. The Romance conditional (and future) forms are derived from the Latin infinitive, followed by a finite form of the verb *[habēre](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habeo#Latin)*. This verb originally meant "to have" in Classical Latin but in [Late Latin](/source/Late_Latin) picked up a grammatical use as a temporal or modal auxiliary. The fixing of word order (infinitive + auxiliary) and the phonological reduction of the inflected forms of *habēre* eventually led to the fusion of the two elements into a single synthetic form.

In [French](/source/French_language), [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language), [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language) and [Occitan](/source/Occitan_language), the conditional endings come from the imperfect of Latin *[habēre](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habeo#Latin)*. For example, in the first person singular:

Language Example Late Latin cantāre habēbam Vulgar Latin *cantar-ea Old Italian cantarìa Spanish cantaría Portuguese cantaria Catalan cantaria Occitan cantariái French chanterais Old French chantereie, -eve

A trace of the historical presence of two separate verbs can still be seen in the possibility of [mesoclisis](/source/Mesoclisis) in conservative varieties of European Portuguese in which an object pronoun may appear between the verb stem and the conditional ending (e.g. *cantá-lo-ia*; see [Portuguese personal pronouns § Proclisis, enclisis, and mesoclisis](/source/Portuguese_personal_pronouns#Proclisis,_enclisis,_and_mesoclisis)).

### Italian

Old [Italian](/source/Italian_language) had originally three different forms of conditional:[10]

- one based on *infinitive* + conditional endings from the *perfect* of Latin *[habēre](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habeo#Latin)*, (Tuscan type), e.g. *canterebbe* - he would sing (literally from 'he had to sing');

- one based on *infinitive* + conditional endings from the *imperfect* of Latin *[habēre](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habeo#Latin)*, (Sicilian/Provençal type), e.g. *cantarìa* (literally from 'he was having to sing');

- one derived directly from Latin *[pluperfect](/source/Pluperfect)*, e.g. *cantàra* (literally from 'he had sung').

Only the Tuscan form survives in modern Italian:

- future stem *canter-* + Old It. preterit *abbe* '(s)he had' > Old It. *canterabbe*[11] '(s)he would have sung' > It. *canterebbe* '(s)he would sing'

The second and third types have slowly disappeared remaining until the 19th century in some poetic composition for metric needs.[10]

### Romanian

[Romanian](/source/Romanian_language) uses a periphrastic construction for the conditional, e.g. 1sg *aș*, 2sg *ai*, 3sg/pl *ar*, 1pl *am*, 2pl *ați* + *cânta* 'sing'. The modal clitic mixes forms of Latin *habēre*:

- *ai*, *am*, and *ați* (if not auxiliary clitics) are presumably from the Latin imperfect (**eas, eamus, eatis < habēbās, habēbāmus, habēbātis*);

- *ar* (< older *ară*, *are*) allegedly comes from the imperfect subjunctive (3sg '*habēret* and 3pl *habērent*); and

- *aș* (< older *ași*) continues Latin pluperfect subjunctive *habessim* (cf. Italian impf. subj. *avessi*, French *eusse*) which formed the basis of the Romance imperfect subjunctive.[12]

Old Romanian, on the other hand, used a periphrastic construction with the imperfect of *vrea* 'to want' + verb, e.g. *vrea cânta* 'I would sing', *vreai cânta* 'you would sing', etc.[13] Until the 17th century, Old Romanian also preserved a synthetic conditional, e.g. *cântare* 'I would sing', *cântarem* 'we would sing', and *darear* 'he would give', retained from either the Latin [future perfect](/source/Latin_conjugation#Future_perfect) or [perfect subjunctive](/source/Latin_conjugation#Perfect_subjunctive) (or a mixture of both).[14] [Aromanian](/source/Aromanian_language) and [Istro-Romanian](/source/Istro-Romanian_language) have maintained the same synthetic conditional:

- Aromanian: *s-cãntárimu* 'I would sing', *s-cãntári(și)*, *s-cãntári*, *s-cãntárimu*, *s-cãntáritu*, *s-cãntári*; and

- Istro-Romanian: *aflår* 'I would find', *aflåri*, *aflåre*, *aflårno*, *aflåritu*, *aflåru*.[15]

### Portuguese

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In Portuguese, the conditional is formed by the imperfect form of *habēre* affixed to the main verb's infinitive. However, in the spoken language, the periphrastic form is also extremely common.

Grammatical person falar 'to speak' comer 'to eat' rir 'to laugh' Eu Falaria / Iria falar / Ia falar Comeria / Iria comer / Ia comer Riria / Iria rir / Ia rir Tu Falarias / Irias falar / Ias falar Comerias / Irias comer / Ias comer Ririas / Irias rir / ias rir Ele/Ela Falaria / Iria falar / Ia falar Comeria / Iria comer / Ia comer Riria / Iria rir / Ia rir Nós Falaríamos / Iríamos falar / Íamos falar Comeríamos / Iríamos comer / Íamos comer Riríamos / Iríamos rir / Íamos rir Vós Falaríeis / Iríeis falar / Íeis falar Comeríeis / Iríeis comer / Íeis comer Riríeis / Iríeis rir / Íeis rir Eles/Elas Falariam / Iriam falar / Iam falar Comeriam / Iriam comer / Iam comer Ririam / Iriam rir / Iam rir

The Portuguese conditional is also called past future *futuro do pretérito*, as it describes both conjectures that would occur given a certain condition and actions that were to take place in the future, from a past perspective. When the conditional has the former purpose, it imperatively comes along with a conditional subordinate clause in the past subjunctive.

The conditional is also one of the two Portuguese tenses that demand *mesoclisis* when *proclisis* is forbidden since *enclisis* is always considered ungrammatical.

- *Não o falaríamos/ Não te falaríamos* (we would not say it/ we would not say it to you) Grammatical use of *proclisis*.

- *Falá-lo-íamos/ Falar-te-íamos* (we would say it/ we would say it to you) Grammatical use of *mesoclisis*.

- *O falaríamos/ Te falaríamos* (we would say it/ we would say it to you) Ungrammatical use of *proclisis*.

- *Falaríamo-lo/ Falaríamo-te* (we would say it/ we would say it to you) Ungrammatical use of *enclisis*.

### Spanish

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In [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language), the conditional is formed by the [infinitive](/source/Infinitive) of the verb with a postfix (*-ía*) for all verbs. For [irregular verbs](/source/Spanish_irregular_verbs), the stem is modified.

Grammatical person comprar 'to buy' vender 'to sell' dormir 'to sleep' tener 'to have' Meaning yo compraría vendería dormiría tendría I would ... tu comprarías venderías dormirías tendrías you would ... él/ella/usted compraría vendería dormiría tendría he/she/you would ... nosotros compraríamos venderíamos dormiríamos tendríamos we would ... vosotros compraríais venderíais dormiríais tendríais you would ... ellos/ellas/ustedes comprarían venderían dormirían tendrían they would ...

## Slavic languages

### Russian

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In [Russian](/source/Russian_grammar), the conditional mood is formed by the past tense of the verb with the [particle](/source/Grammatical_particle) бы, *by*, which usually follows the verb. For example:

- Я **хотел** петь, *ja **khotél** pet'* ("I **wanted** to sing")

- Я **хотел бы** петь, *ja **khotél by** pet'* ("I **would like**, lit. **would want**, to sing")

This form is sometimes also called the [subjunctive mood](/source/Subjunctive_mood). For more information on its usage, see [Russian verbs](/source/Russian_verbs).

### Polish

[Polish](/source/Polish_grammar) forms the conditional mood in a similar way to Russian, using the particle *by* together with the past tense of the verb. This is an [enclitic](/source/Enclitic) particle, which often attaches to the first stressed word in the clause, rather than following the verb. It also takes the personal endings (in the first and second persons) which usually attach to the past tense. For example:

- *śpiewałem/śpiewałam* ("I sang", masculine/feminine)

- *śpiewał(a)**by**m*, or *ja **by**m śpiewał(a)* ("I **would** sing")

The clitic can move after conjunctions, e.g.:

- *gdy**bym** śpiewał* ("if I sang"), forming a conditional conjunction *gdyby, jeśliby* is also possible here

- *myślę, że **by** śpiewał* ("I think that he would sing")

Note that the clitic can not form a single verb with certain conjunctions, nor start the subordinate clause, as it would change the meaning to the [subjunctive](/source/Subjunctive_mood#Polish),[16] e.g.

- *chcę, że**by** śpiewał* or a shorter *chcę, **by** śpiewał* ("I want him to sing")

There is also a past conditional, which also includes the past tense of the [copular verb](/source/Copular_verb) *być*, as in *był(a)bym śpiewał(a)* ("I would have sung"), but this is rarely used.

For details see [Polish verbs](/source/Polish_verbs).

## Uralic languages

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### Hungarian

Hungarian uses a marker for expressing the conditional mood. This marker has four forms: *-na, -ne, -ná* and *-né*. In the present tense, the marker appears right after the verb stem and just before the affix of the verbal person. For example: 'I would sit': *ül* (sit) + *ne* + *k* (referring to the person I) = *ülnék*. (In Hungarian, when a word ends with a vowel, and a suffix or a marker or an affix is added to its end, the vowel becomes long.) When making an if-sentence, the conditional mood is used in both apodosis and the protasis:

- *Elmen**né**k Olaszországba, ha len**ne** elég pénzem.* "I would go to Italy if I had enough money."

In Hungarian, the past tense is expressed with a marker as well, but two verbal markers are never used in sequence. Therefore, the auxiliary verb *volna* is used for expressing the conditional mood in the past. The word *volna* is the conditional form of the verb *van* (be). The marker of past is *-t/-tt*, and is put exactly the same place as the marker of conditional mood in the present.

- *Elmen**t**em **volna** Olaszországba, ha le**tt** **volna** elég pénzem.* "I would have gone to Italy if I had had enough money."

Expressing a future action with the conditional mood is exactly the same as the present, although an additional word referring to either a definite or indefinite time in the future is often used: *majd* (then), *holnap* (tomorrow), etc.

- *Ha **holnap** ráér**né**k, megcsinál**ná**m a házimat.* "If I had time tomorrow, I would do my homework."

The conditional mood is often used with potential suffixes attached to the verb stem (*-hat/-het*), and the two are therefore often confused.

- *Megeheted az ebédem, ha akarod.* "You can/may eat my lunch if you want to." (Not conditional)

- *Megehet**né**d az ebédem, ha akar**ná**d.* "You could eat my lunch if you wanted to." (Conditional with potential suffixes)

- *Megehetted **volna** az ebédem, ha akartad **volna**.* "You could have eaten my lunch, if you had wanted to." (Conditional with potential suffixes in the past)

### Finnish

In Finnish the conditional mood is used in both the apodosis and the protasis, just like in Hungarian. It uses the conditional marker *-isi-*:

- *Osta**isi**n talon, jos ansaits**isi**n paljon rahaa.* "I would buy a house if I earned a lot of money."

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The [English conditional sentence](/source/English_conditional_sentence) uses a [past tense](/source/Past_tense) form or the [subjunctive mood](/source/Subjunctive_mood) in the *protasis* and the aforementioned conditional in the *apodosis*. This is exemplified by the English sentence "If you loved me you would support me" – here the conditional *would support* appears in the apodosis, while the protasis (the condition clause) uses instead the past simple form *loved*. Not every conditional sentence, however, involves the conditional mood. For example, in the sentence "If I win, he will be disappointed", the conditional circumstance is expressed using the [future](/source/Future_tense) marker *will*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** There is actually one example of inflective conditional mood left from former stages of the English language: "if I *were* you" instead of "if I *would be* you" cf. German: "*wenn ich du **wäre***".

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Tense_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Tense_2-1) Comrie, Bernard (1985). [*Tense*](https://books.google.com/books?id=KmFMW40zyFcC). p. 75. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780521281386](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521281386).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Meyer, Paul Georg (2005). [*Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=I2hXL8WClNUC&pg=PA202). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783823361916](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783823361916).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Aug. Scheler (1845). [*Mémoire sur la conjugaison française considérée sous le rapport étymologique*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah9bAAAAQAAJ). p. 17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rogge_5-0)** A. Rogge (1874). [*Étude sur l'emploi qu'on fait en français des temps et des modes dans les phrases hypothétiques*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0OhgAAAAcAAJ).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Fréd. Guillaume Wolper (1874). [*Étude sur le conditionnel*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K2poAAAAcAAJ).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Mead, Hayden; Stevenson, Jay (1996), *The Essentials of Grammar*, [New York](/source/New_York_City): [Berkley Books](/source/Berkley_Books), p. 55, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-425-15446-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-15446-5), [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [35301673](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35301673)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Weisberg, Valerie H. (1986), [*English Verbs, Every Irregular Conjugation*](https://archive.org/details/englishverbsever0000weis/page/108), [Van Nuys, California](/source/Van_Nuys%2C_California): V.H. Weisberg, p. [108](https://archive.org/details/englishverbsever0000weis/page/108), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9610912-5-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610912-5-5), [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [13770299](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13770299)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Listen, Paul (2005), [*The big yellow book of German verbs*](https://archive.org/details/bigyellowbookofg00paul/page/19), [Chicago](/source/Chicago): [McGraw-Hill](/source/McGraw-Hill), p. [19](https://archive.org/details/bigyellowbookofg00paul/page/19), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-07-146955-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146955-5), [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [61370368](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61370368)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Listen, Paul (2005), [*The big yellow book of German verbs*](https://archive.org/details/bigyellowbookofg00paul/page/28), [Chicago](/source/Chicago): [McGraw-Hill](/source/McGraw-Hill), p. [28](https://archive.org/details/bigyellowbookofg00paul/page/28), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-07-146955-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146955-5), [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [61370368](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61370368)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-academia.edu_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-academia.edu_12-1) Linguistica storica dell'italiano, Sarà Macchi [https://www.academia.edu/5785033/Linguistica_storica_dellitaliano](https://www.academia.edu/5785033/Linguistica_storica_dellitaliano)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** James Noel Adams, *Social Variation and the Latin Language* (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013), 660.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Ti Alkire and Carol Rosen, *Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction* (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010), 276.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Alkire & Rosen, *Romance Languages*, 275.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Rodica Zafiu, "The Verb: Mood, Tense and Aspect", in *The Grammar of Romanian*, ed. [Gabriela Panã Dindelegan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriela_Pan%C3%A3_Dindelegan&action=edit&redlink=1) (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013), 41.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Blair A. Rudes, "The Functional Development of the Verbal Suffix +*esc*+ in Romance", in *Historical Morphology*, ed. Jacek Fisiak (The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1980), 336.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-tomaszewicz_18-0)** Anastasia Smirnova, Vedrana Mihaliček, Lauren Ressue, *Formal Studies in Slavic Linguistics*, Cambridge Scholar Publishing, Newcastle upon Type, Wielka Brytania, 2010: Barbara Tomaszewicz, Subjunctive Mood in Polish and the Clause Typing Hypothesis

## Further reading

- Aski, Janice M. 1996. "Lightening the Teacher's Load: Linguistic Analysis and Language Instruction". *Italica* 73(4): 473–492.

- Benveniste, E. 1968. "Mutations of linguistic categories". In Y. Malkiel and W.P. Lehmann (eds) *Directions for historical linguistics*, pp. 83–94. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.

- Joseph, Brian D. 1983. *The synchrony and diachrony of the Balkan infinitive: a study in general, areal, and historical linguistics*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-27318-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27318-8).

v t e Linguistic modalities and grammatical moods Realis (what is) Indicative/declarative Aggressive Energetic Evidential (Sensory) Generic/gnomic Mirative Frustrative Irrealis (what is not known to be) Deontic (what should be) Benedictive Debitive Deliberative Dynamic Injunctive Necessitative Permissive Precative Prohibitive Propositive Commissive (promises, threats) - Directive (commands, requests, requirements) Imperative Jussive Hortative/Cohortative (subtypes of Optative) Volitive (hopes, wishes, fears) Desiderative Imprecative Optative Epistemic (what may be) (inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.) Alethic Assumptive Deductive Dubitative Hypothetical Inferential/renarrative/oblique Interrogative Potential Presumptive Speculative Subjunctive Dependent circumstances (what would be) Conditional Eventive

Authority control databases International GND National Czech Republic Other Yale LUX

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