# Conasprella

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***Conasprella*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [sea snails](/source/Sea_snail), marine [gastropod](/source/Gastropod) [mollusks](/source/Mollusk) in the family [Conidae](/source/Conidae), the [cone snails](/source/Conus) and their allies.[1] This genus was formerly (February 2015) treated by some experts as a member of the family [Conilithidae](/source/Conilithidae) and as an "alternative representation" of this group of species.

## Distinguishing characteristics

The [Tucker & Tenorio 2009 taxonomy](/source/Tucker_%26_Tenorio_cone_snail_taxonomy_2009) distinguishes *Conasprella* from *Conus* in the following ways:[2]

- Genus ***Conus*** *[sensu stricto](/source/Sensu_stricto)* Linnaeus, 1758

- - Shell characters (living and fossil species) - The basic shell shape is conical to elongated conical, has a deep anal notch on the shoulder, a smooth [periostracum](/source/Periostracum) and a small [operculum](/source/Operculum_(gastropod)). The shoulder of the shell is usually nodulose and the [protoconch](/source/Protoconch) is usually multispiral. Markings often include the presence of tents except for black or white color variants, with the absence of spiral lines of minute tents and textile bars. - Radular tooth (not known for fossil species) - The [radula](/source/Radula) has an elongated anterior section with serrations and a large exposed terminating cusp, a non-obvious waist, blade is either small or absent and has a short barb, and lacks a basal spur. - Geographical distribution - These species are found in the [Indo-Pacific](/source/Indo-Pacific) region. - Feeding habits - These species eat other [gastropods](/source/Gastropod) including [cones](/source/Conidae).[2]

- Genus *Conasprella* Thiele, 1929

- - Shell characters (living and fossil species) - The [protoconch](/source/Protoconch) is multispiral with 2.5 whorls, the shell is conical in shape, the spire is elevated, the early whorls have nodules at the periphery. The body whorl has evenly spaced cords or sulci that reach the midbody to the shoulder, and the whorls may have cords on top. The anterior notch is absent and the anal notch is deep. The [periostracum](/source/Periostracum) is smooth, and the operculum is small. - Radular tooth (not known for fossil species) - The blade is short and covers one-third of the anterior section of the [radular tooth](/source/Radula). The posterior blade is absent, a basal spur is present, and the barb is short. A shaft fold and interior posterior fold is present, however the shaft fold is difficult to detect. - Geographical distribution - These species are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region. - Feeding habits - These species are presumed to be [vermivorous](/source/Vermivore) (meaning that they prey on marine worms) based upon their [radular](/source/Radula) [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)).[2]

## Species list

This list of species is based on the information in the **[World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species)** ([WoRMS](/source/WoRMS)) list. Species within the genus *Conasprella* include:[1]

According to the 2014 taxonomy, the following species include the following subgenera: *Boucheticonus*, *Coltroconus*, *Conasprella*, *Dalliconus*, *Endemoconus*, *Fusiconus*, *Kohniconus*, *Lilliconus*, *Parviconus*, *Pseudoconorbis*, and *Ximenoconus*, as well as *[Conasprella delessertii](/source/Conasprella_delessertii)* (Récluz, 1843), a species "incertae sedes".[3] These subgenera are accepted and are considered alternative representations.

- *[Conasprella aculeiformis](/source/Conasprella_aculeiformis)* (Reeve, 1844)
- *[Conasprella agassizi](/source/Conasprella_agassizi)* (Dall, 1886)
- *[Conasprella ageri](/source/Conasprella_ageri)* Hendricks, 2015
- *[Conasprella alexandremonteiroi](/source/Conasprella_alexandremonteiroi)* (Cossignani, 2014)
- *[Conasprella alisi](/source/Conasprella_alisi)* (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Richard, 1995)
- *[Conasprella allamandi](/source/Conasprella_allamandi)* (Petuch, 2013)
- *[Conasprella anacarolinae](/source/Conasprella_anacarolinae)* Cossignani, 2019
- *[Conasprella anaglyptica](/source/Conasprella_anaglyptica)* (Crosse, 1865)
- *[Conasprella aphrodite](/source/Conasprella_aphrodite)* (Petuch, 1979)
- *[Conasprella aquitanica](/source/Conasprella_aquitanica)* (Mayer, 1858)
- *[Conasprella arawak](/source/Conasprella_arawak)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella arcuata](/source/Conasprella_arcuata)* (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829)
- *[Conasprella armiger](/source/Conasprella_armiger)* (Crosse, 1858)
- *[Conasprella articulata](/source/Conasprella_articulata)* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1873)
- *[Conasprella aturensis](/source/Conasprella_aturensis)* (Peyrot, 1931)
- *[Conasprella baccata](/source/Conasprella_baccata)* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1877)
- *[Conasprella baileyi](/source/Conasprella_baileyi)* (Röckel & da Motta, 1979)
- *[Conasprella bajanensis](/source/Conasprella_bajanensis)* (Nowell-Usticke, 1968)
- *[Conasprella berschaueri](/source/Conasprella_berschaueri)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella berwerthi](/source/Conasprella_berwerthi)* (Hoernes & Auinger, 1879)
- *[Conasprella bianchii](/source/Conasprella_bianchii)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella boholensis](/source/Conasprella_boholensis)* (Petuch, 1979)
- *[Conasprella booti](/source/Conasprella_booti)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella boriqua](/source/Conasprella_boriqua)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016)
- *[Conasprella boucheti](/source/Conasprella_boucheti)* (Richard, 1983)
- *[Conasprella bozzettii](/source/Conasprella_bozzettii)* (Lauer, 1991)
- *[Conasprella burckhardti](/source/Conasprella_burckhardti)* (Böse, 1906)
- *[Conasprella carlagrezziae](/source/Conasprella_carlagrezziae)* (Petuch, Coltro & Berschauer, 2020)
- *[Conasprella carvalhoi](/source/Conasprella_carvalhoi)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017)
- *[Conasprella centurio](/source/Conasprella_centurio)* (Born, 1778)
- *[Conasprella cercadensis](/source/Conasprella_cercadensis)* (Maury, 1917)
- *[Conasprella chaac](/source/Conasprella_chaac)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella chinchorroensis](/source/Conasprella_chinchorroensis)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella coletteae](/source/Conasprella_coletteae)* (Petuch, 2013)
- *[Conasprella comatosa](/source/Conasprella_comatosa)* (Pilsbry, 1904)
- *[Conasprella coriolisi](/source/Conasprella_coriolisi)* (Moolenbeek & Richard, 1995)
- *[Conasprella coromandelica](/source/Conasprella_coromandelica)* (E. A. Smith, 1894)
- *[Conasprella crabosi](/source/Conasprella_crabosi)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella culebrana](/source/Conasprella_culebrana)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016)
- *[Conasprella damasoi](/source/Conasprella_damasoi)* (Cossignani, 2007)
- *[Conasprella damasomonteiroi](/source/Conasprella_damasomonteiroi)* (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella delessertii](/source/Conasprella_delessertii)* (Récluz, 1843)
- *[Conasprella dictator](/source/Conasprella_dictator)* (Melvill, 1898)
- *[Conasprella dieteri](/source/Conasprella_dieteri)* (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)
- *[Conasprella edpetuchi](/source/Conasprella_edpetuchi)* (Monnier, Limpalaër, Roux & Berschauer, 2015)
- *[Conasprella elegans](/source/Conasprella_elegans)* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1895)
- *[Conasprella elokismenos](/source/Conasprella_elokismenos)* (Kilburn, 1975)
- *[Conasprella emarginata](/source/Conasprella_emarginata)* (Reeve, 1844)
- *[Conasprella ericmonnieri](/source/Conasprella_ericmonnieri)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella eucoronata](/source/Conasprella_eucoronata)* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903)
- *[Conasprella eugrammata](/source/Conasprella_eugrammata)* (Bartsch & Rehder, 1943)
- *[Conasprella fenzani](/source/Conasprella_fenzani)* (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
- *[Conasprella ferreirai](/source/Conasprella_ferreirai)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017)
- *[Conasprella fijiensis](/source/Conasprella_fijiensis)* (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008)
- *[Conasprella fluviamaris](/source/Conasprella_fluviamaris)* (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
- *[Conasprella gattegnoi](/source/Conasprella_gattegnoi)* (Poppe & Tagaro, 2017)
- *[Conasprella geeraertsi](/source/Conasprella_geeraertsi)* (Poppe & Tagaro, 2017)
- *[Conasprella gordyi](/source/Conasprella_gordyi)* (Röckel & Bondarev, 2000)
- *[Conasprella gregorioi](/source/Conasprella_gregorioi)* (Crabos & G. S. P. Oliveira, 2021)
- *[Conasprella grohi](/source/Conasprella_grohi)* (Tenorio & Poppe, 2004)
- *[Conasprella gubernatrix](/source/Conasprella_gubernatrix)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella guidopoppei](/source/Conasprella_guidopoppei)* (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 2005)
- *[Conasprella henckesi](/source/Conasprella_henckesi)* (Coltro, 2004)
- *[Conasprella henriquei](/source/Conasprella_henriquei)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella herndli](/source/Conasprella_herndli)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella hivana](/source/Conasprella_hivana)* (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)
- *[Conasprella hopwoodi](/source/Conasprella_hopwoodi)* (Tomlin, 1937)
- *[Conasprella howelli](/source/Conasprella_howelli)* (Iredale, 1929)
- *[Conasprella iansa](/source/Conasprella_iansa)* (Petuch, 1979)
- *[Conasprella icapui](/source/Conasprella_icapui)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella ichinoseana](/source/Conasprella_ichinoseana)* (Kuroda, 1956)
- *[Conasprella imitator](/source/Conasprella_imitator)* (A. P. Brown & Pilsbry, 1911)
- *[Conasprella insculpta](/source/Conasprella_insculpta)* (Kiener, 1847)
- *[Conasprella ione](/source/Conasprella_ione)* (Fulton, 1938)
- *[Conasprella itapua](/source/Conasprella_itapua)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella ixchel](/source/Conasprella_ixchel)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella janapatriceae](/source/Conasprella_janapatriceae)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016)
- *[Conasprella janowskyae](/source/Conasprella_janowskyae)* (J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2011)
- *[Conasprella jaspidea](/source/Conasprella_jaspidea)* (Gmelin, 1791)
- *[Conasprella joanae](/source/Conasprella_joanae)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella joliveti](/source/Conasprella_joliveti)* (Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008)
- *[Conasprella josei](/source/Conasprella_josei)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2016)
- *[Conasprella kantangana](/source/Conasprella_kantangana)* (da Motta, 1982)
- *[Conasprella kellyae](/source/Conasprella_kellyae)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella keppensi](/source/Conasprella_keppensi)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella kimioi](/source/Conasprella_kimioi)* (Habe, 1965)
- *[Conasprella kitteredgei](/source/Conasprella_kitteredgei)* (Maury, 1917)
- *[Conasprella kohni](/source/Conasprella_kohni)* (McLean & Nybakken, 1979)
- *[Conasprella laudelinoi](/source/Conasprella_laudelinoi)* (Crabos & G. S. P. Oliveira, 2021)
- *[Conasprella lemuriana](/source/Conasprella_lemuriana)* Monnier, Tenorio, Bouchet & Puillandre, 2018
- *[Conasprella lenhilli](/source/Conasprella_lenhilli)* (Cargile, 1998)
- *[Conasprella lentiginosa](/source/Conasprella_lentiginosa)* (Reeve, 1844)
- *[Conasprella levenensis](/source/Conasprella_levenensis)* (Monnier & Tenorio, 2017)
- *[Conasprella lindapowersae](/source/Conasprella_lindapowersae)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2017)
- *[Conasprella lizarum](/source/Conasprella_lizarum)* (Raybaudi Massilia & da Motta, 1992)
- *[Conasprella longurionis](/source/Conasprella_longurionis)* (Kiener, 1847)
- *[Conasprella lorenzi](/source/Conasprella_lorenzi)* Monnier & Limpalaër, 2012
- *[Conasprella lucida](/source/Conasprella_lucida)* (W. Wood, 1828)
- *[Conasprella lusca](/source/Conasprella_lusca)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella mahogani](/source/Conasprella_mahogani)* (Reeve, 1843)
- *[Conasprella marcusi](/source/Conasprella_marcusi)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016)
- *[Conasprella marinae](/source/Conasprella_marinae)* (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella masinoi](/source/Conasprella_masinoi)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016)
- *[Conasprella mazei](/source/Conasprella_mazei)* (Deshayes, 1874)
- *[Conasprella mcgintyi](/source/Conasprella_mcgintyi)* (Pilsbry, 1955)
- *[Conasprella memiae](/source/Conasprella_memiae)* (Habe & Kosuge, 1970)
- *[Conasprella mindana](/source/Conasprella_mindana)* (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792)
- *[Conasprella minutissima](/source/Conasprella_minutissima)* Harzhauser & Landau, 2016
- *[Conasprella nereis](/source/Conasprella_nereis)* (Petuch, 1979)
- *[Conasprella ogum](/source/Conasprella_ogum)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella olangoensis](/source/Conasprella_olangoensis)* (Poppe & Tagaro, 2017)
- *[Conasprella orbignyi](/source/Conasprella_orbignyi)* (Audouin, 1831)
- *[Conasprella otohimeae](/source/Conasprella_otohimeae)* (Kuroda & Itô, 1961)
- *[Conasprella pacei](/source/Conasprella_pacei)* (Petuch, 1987)
- *[Conasprella pagoda](/source/Conasprella_pagoda)* (Kiener, 1847)
- *[Conasprella paumotu](/source/Conasprella_paumotu)* (Rabiller & Richard, 2014)
- *[Conasprella pepeiu](/source/Conasprella_pepeiu)* (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)
- *[Conasprella perplexa](/source/Conasprella_perplexa)* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1857)
- *[Conasprella pfluegeri](/source/Conasprella_pfluegeri)* (Petuch, 2003)
- *[Conasprella philippequiquandoni](/source/Conasprella_philippequiquandoni)* (Cossignani, 2019)
- *[Conasprella pomponeti](/source/Conasprella_pomponeti)* (Petuch & Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella poremskii](/source/Conasprella_poremskii)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella prugnaudorum](/source/Conasprella_prugnaudorum)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018)
- *[Conasprella pseudokimioi](/source/Conasprella_pseudokimioi)* (da Motta & Martin, 1982)
- *[Conasprella pseudorbignyi](/source/Conasprella_pseudorbignyi)* (Röckel & Lan, 1981)
- *[Conasprella puncticulata](/source/Conasprella_puncticulata)* (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792)
- *[Conasprella pusio](/source/Conasprella_pusio)* (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792)
- *[Conasprella rachelae](/source/Conasprella_rachelae)* (Petuch, 1988)
- *[Conasprella rainesae](/source/Conasprella_rainesae)* (McGinty, 1953)
- *[Conasprella ramalhoi](/source/Conasprella_ramalhoi)* (Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1986)
- *[Conasprella ramosorum](/source/Conasprella_ramosorum)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019)
- *[Conasprella raoulensis](/source/Conasprella_raoulensis)* (Powell, 1958)
- *[Conasprella roatanensis](/source/Conasprella_roatanensis)* (Petuch & Sargent, 2011)
- *[Conasprella roberti](/source/Conasprella_roberti)* (Richard, 2009)
- *[Conasprella rutila](/source/Conasprella_rutila)* (Menke, 1843)
- *[Conasprella saecularis](/source/Conasprella_saecularis)* (Melvill, 1898)
- *[Conasprella sargenti](/source/Conasprella_sargenti)* (Petuch, 2013)
- *[Conasprella sauros](/source/Conasprella_sauros)* (Garcia, 2006)
- *[Conasprella scaripha](/source/Conasprella_scaripha)* (Dall, 1910)
- *[Conasprella schirrmeisteri](/source/Conasprella_schirrmeisteri)* (Coltro, 2004)
- *[Conasprella serafimi](/source/Conasprella_serafimi)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019)
- *[Conasprella sieboldii](/source/Conasprella_sieboldii)* (Reeve, 1848)
- *[Conasprella simonei](/source/Conasprella_simonei)* (Petuch & R. F. Myers, 2014)
- *[Conasprella somalica](/source/Conasprella_somalica)* (Bozzetti, 2013)
- *[Conasprella spirofilis](/source/Conasprella_spirofilis)* (Habe & Kosuge, 1970)
- *[Conasprella stearnsii](/source/Conasprella_stearnsii)* (Conrad, 1869)
- *[Conasprella stenostoma](/source/Conasprella_stenostoma)* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1850)
- *[Conasprella stocki](/source/Conasprella_stocki)* (Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990)
- *[Conasprella tammymyersae](/source/Conasprella_tammymyersae)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019)
- *[Conasprella subturrita](/source/Conasprella_subturrita)* (d'Orbigny, 1852)
- *[Conasprella tayrona](/source/Conasprella_tayrona)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017)
- *[Conasprella tiki](/source/Conasprella_tiki)* (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)
- *[Conasprella tirardi](/source/Conasprella_tirardi)* (Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1996)
- *[Conasprella toincabrali](/source/Conasprella_toincabrali)* (Petuch & Berschauer, 2019)
- *[Conasprella torensis](/source/Conasprella_torensis)* (Sturany, 1903)
- *[Conasprella tornata](/source/Conasprella_tornata)* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833)
- *[Conasprella traceyi](/source/Conasprella_traceyi)* (J. K. Tucker & Stahlschmidt, 2010)
- *[Conasprella traversiana](/source/Conasprella_traversiana)* (E. A. Smith, 1875)
- *[Conasprella valianti](/source/Conasprella_valianti)* (Petuch, Coltro & Berschauer, 2020)
- *[Conasprella vanhyningi](/source/Conasprella_vanhyningi)* (Rehder, 1944)
- *[Conasprella vantwoudti](/source/Conasprella_vantwoudti)* (Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2015)
- *[Conasprella viminea](/source/Conasprella_viminea)* (Reeve, 1849)
- *[Conasprella wakayamaensis](/source/Conasprella_wakayamaensis)* (Kuroda, 1956)
- *[Conasprella wendrosi](/source/Conasprella_wendrosi)* (Tenorio & Afonso, 2013)
- *[Conasprella ximenes](/source/Conasprella_ximenes)* (Gray, 1839)

**The following species were brought into synonymy:**[1]

- *Conasprella albobrunnea* Bozzetti, 2017: synonym of *[Conasprella eucoronata](/source/Conasprella_eucoronata)* (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903)
- *Conasprella biraghii* (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992): synonym of *[Lilliconus biraghii](/source/Lilliconus_biraghii)* (G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1992)
- *Conasprella cancellata* Hwass in Bruguière, 1792: synonym of [Conus cancellatus](/source/Conus_cancellatus) Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
- *Conasprella guyanensis* (Van Mol, 1973): synonym of *[Conasprella bajanensis](/source/Conasprella_bajanensis)* (Nowell-Usticke, 1968)
- *Conasprella hivanus* (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008): synonym of *[Conasprella hivana](/source/Conasprella_hivana)* (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008) (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
- *Conasprella hypochlorus* (Tomlin, 1937): synonym of *[Conasprella insculpta](/source/Conasprella_insculpta)* (Kiener, 1847)
- *Conasprella sagei* (Korn & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993): synonym of *[Lilliconus sagei](/source/Lilliconus_sagei)* (Korn & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993)

## List of synonyms of the genus *Conasprella*

- *Bathyconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Boucheticonus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
- *Coltroconus* Petuch, 2013
- *Conasprella (Boucheticonus)* Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Coltroconus)* Petuch, 2013 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Conasprella)* Thiele, 1929 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Dalliconus)* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Endemoconus)* Iredale, 1931 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Fusiconus)* da Motta, 1991 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Kohniconus)* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Lilliconus)* G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Parviconus)* Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis)* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conasprella (Ximeniconus)* Emerson & Old, 1962 · accepted, alternate representation
- *Conus (Conasprella)* Thiele, 1929
- *Dalliconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Duodenticonus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
- *Endemoconus* Iredale, 1931
- *Fumiconus* da Motta, 1991
- *Fusiconus* da Motta, 1991
- *Globiconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Jaspidiconus* Petuch, 2003
- *Kermasprella* Powell, 1958
- *Kohniconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Lilliconus* G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994
- *Mamiconus* Cotton & Godfrey, 1932
- *Parviconus* Cotton & Godfrey, 1932
- *Perplexiconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Pseudoconorbis* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Viminiconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
- *Ximeniconus* Emerson & Old, 1962
- *Yeddoconus* Tucker & Tenorio, 2009

## Significance of "alternative representation"

Prior to 2009, all [cone](/source/Conidae) species were placed within the family [Conidae](/source/Conidae) and were placed in one genus, *[Conus](/source/Conus)*. In 2009 however, J.K. Tucker and M.J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized [species](/source/Species) that were in the family. Their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of [cone snails](/source/Conidae), including the family [Conilithidae](/source/Conilithidae). This classification was based upon [shell](/source/Gastropod_shell) [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)), [radular](/source/Radula) differences, [anatomy](/source/Anatomy), [physiology](/source/Physiology), [cladistics](/source/Cladistics), with comparisons to molecular (DNA) studies.[2] Published accounts of genera within the [Conidae](/source/Conidae) (or [Conilithidae](/source/Conilithidae)) that include the genus *Conasprella* include J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet *et al.*, (2011).[4]

Testing in order to try to understand the [molecular phylogeny](/source/Molecular_phylogeny) of the [Conidae](/source/Conidae) was initially begun by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn,[5] and is continuing, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to mDNA testing.

However, in 2011, some experts preferred to use the traditional classification, where all species are placed in *[Conus](/source/Conus)* within the single family [Conidae](/source/Conidae): for example, according to the November 2011 version of the [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species), all species within the family Conidae are in the genus *[Conus](/source/Conus)*. The binomial names of species in the 82 cone snail genera listed in Tucker & Tenorio 2009 are recognized by the [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species) as "alternative representations."[6] Debate within the scientific community regarding this issue continues, and additional [molecular phylogeny](/source/Molecular_phylogeny) studies are being carried out in an attempt to clarify the issue.[2][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

All this has been superseded in 2015 by the new classification of the Conidae[3]

## References

1. Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428971](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428971) on 2015-02-28

1. Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.

1. [Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). *One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails*. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23](https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055)

1. Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.

1. Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology ["SEASHELL COLLECTOR | Interview of Pr Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120227030848/http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html) on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2011-12-04.

1. [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14107) **Classification:** Traditionally, all cone shells have been included in the Linnaean genus Conus. Tucker & Tenorio (2009) have recently proposed an alternative shell- and radula-based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones. In WoRMS, we currently still recognize a single family Conidae (following Puillandre et al. 2011), but Tucker & Tenorio's 80 genera classification is presented as "alternative representation". [P. Bouchet, 14 Aug. 2011]

1. C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), *A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa*, Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135

1. P. Bouchet, Yu I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre (March 2011), *A New Operational Classification of the Conoidea*, Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:273-308, at p. 275.

1. N. Puillandre, E. Strong, P. Bouchet, M. Boisselier, V. Couloux, & S. Samadi (2009), *Identifying gastropod spawn from DNA barcodes: possible but not yet practicable*, Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1311-1321.

1. P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), *The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution.* Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.

1. S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), *Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific?* Evolution 62:1618-1634.

1. R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), *Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands* Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.

1. T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), *Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus*, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.

1. T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), *Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock*, Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.

1. B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), *Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)*, Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.

1. Tucker, J. K. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2010) *A second species of Pseudoconorbis (Gastropoda: Conoidea) from India. [Miscellanea Malacologica](/source/Miscellanea_Malacologica)* 4(3):31-34.

1. Tucker, J. K., Tenorio, M. J. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2011) *The genus Benthofascis (Gastropoda: Conoidea): a revision with descriptions of new species.* Zootaxa 2796:1-14.

1. Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), *Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea)*, Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350-363.

1. Tucker, J. K. & Tenorio, M. J. (2011) *New species of Gradiconus and Kohniconus from the western Atlantic (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Conidae, Conilithidae).* Miscellanea Malacologica 5(1):1-16.

1. Petuch, E. J. & Sargent, D. M. (2011) *New species of Conidae and Conilithidae (Gastropoda) from the tropical Americas and Philippines. With notes on some poorly-known Floridian species.* Visaya 3(3):116-137.

1. Petuch & Drolshage (2011) *Compendium of Florida Fossil Shells, Volume 1* MDM Publications, Wellington, FL., 432 pp.

- Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2013) *Illustrated catalog of the living cone shells.* 517 pp. Wellington, Florida: MdM Publishing.

## Further reading

- Kohn A. A. (1992). *Chronological Taxonomy of*Conus*, 1758-1840*. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
- Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). [The Cone Collector **1**](http://www.seashell-collector.com/Html/theconecollector/The%20Cone%20Collector%201.pdf): 1-28.
- Berschauer D. (2010). *Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family* [The Cone Collector **15**](http://www.seashell-collector.com/Html/theconecollector/tcc_15.pdf): pp. 51–54
- Puillandre N., Meyer C.P., Bouchet P., and Olivera B.M. (2011), *Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea)*, Zoologica Scripta 40(4) 350–363.

## External links

- [To World Register of Marine Species](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=428971)
- [Gastropods.com: *Conidae* setting forth the genera recognized therein.](http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Family_CONIDAE.shtml)
- [Gastropods.com: *Conilithidae* setting forth the genera recognized therein.](https://web.archive.org/web/20120323142711/http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Family_CONILITHIDAE.shtml)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Conasprella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conasprella?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.