# Common wheat > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Common_wheat > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Common_wheat.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat > Source revision: 1348811997 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Species of plant}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{Speciesbox |name = Common wheat |image = Blé tendre (GRAPELLI) AO-5-cliche Jean Weber (5) (23975019962).jpg |image_alt = [Ear](/source/Ear_(botany))s |genus = Triticum |species = aestivum |authority = [L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) |synonyms_ref = |synonyms = * ''Triticum sativum'' {{au|Lam.}} * ''Triticum vulgare'' {{au|Vill.}} }} thumb|ssp. ''aestivum'' [[File:Triticum aestivum subsp. vavilovii MHNT.BOT.2015.34.15.jpg|thumb|''Triticum aestivum subsp. vavilovii'' [MHNT](/source/MHNT)]] '''Common wheat''' ('''''Triticum aestivum'''''), also known as '''bread wheat''', is a cultivated [wheat](/source/wheat) species. {{ Cite journal | pmid = 23192148 | year = 2012 | last1 = Brenchley | first1 = R. | title = Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing | journal = [Nature](/source/Nature_(journal)) | volume = 491 | issue = 7426 | pages = 705–10 | last2 = Spannagl | first2 = M. | last3 = Pfeifer | first3 = M. | last4 = Barker | first4 = G. L. | last5 = d'Amore | first5 = R. | last6 = Allen | first6 = A. M. | last7 = McKenzie | first7 = N. | last8 = Kramer | first8 = M. | last9 = Kerhornou | first9 = A. | last10 = Bolser | first10 = D. | last11 = Kay | first11 = S. | last12 = Waite | first12 = D. | last13 = Trick | first13 = M. | last14 = Bancroft | first14 = I. | last15 = Gu | first15 = Y. | last16 = Huo | first16 = N. | last17 = Luo | first17 = M. C. | last18 = Sehgal | first18 = S. | last19 = Gill | first19 = B. | last20 = Kianian | first20 = S. | last21 = Anderson | first21 = O. | last22 = Kersey | first22 = P. | last23 = Dvorak | first23 = J. | last24 = McCombie | first24 = W. R. | last25 = Hall | first25 = A. | last26 = Mayer | first26 = K. F. | last27 = Edwards | first27 = K. J. | last28 = Bevan | first28 = M. W. | author-link28 = Michael W. Bevan | last29 = Hall | first29 = N. | doi = 10.1038/nature11650 | pmc = 3510651 | bibcode = 2012Natur.491..705B }} {{Cite book | editor = Bonjean, Alain P. and William J. Angus | year = 2001 | title = The world wheat book: a history of wheat breeding | location = [Andover, Massachusetts](/source/Andover%2C_Massachusetts), US | publisher = Intercept | isbn = 978-1-898298-72-4 | page = 1131 }} Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding. {{ Cite book | editor = Caligari, P.D.S. and P.E. Brandham | year = 2001 | title = Wheat taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival | location = [London](/source/London) | publisher = [The Linnean Society of London](/source/The_Linnean_Society_of_London) | issue = Special Issue No. 3 | page = 190 }} {{Cite book | editor = Heyne, E.G. | year = 1987 | title = Wheat and wheat improvement | location = [Madison, Wis.](/source/Madison%2C_Wis.), US | publisher = [American Society of Agronomy](/source/American_Society_of_Agronomy) | isbn = 978-0-89118-091-3 | page = 765 }} {{ Cite book | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | author1-link = Daniel Zohary | first2 = Maria | last2 = Hopf | author2-link = Maria Hopf | year = 2000 | title = Domestication of Old World plants: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia | location = [Oxford](/source/Oxford) | publisher = [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press) (OUP) | isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | page = 316 }} Standard reference for evolution and early history. About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is this species; it is the most widely grown of all crops and the [cereal](/source/cereal) with the highest monetary yield.{{cite web|title= ''Triticum aestivum'' (bread wheat)|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332110-2|publisher= [Kew Gardens](/source/Kew_Gardens) |access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324190659/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332110-2|archive-date=2017-03-24}} == Taxonomy== {{Further |Taxonomy of wheat}} Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics. === List of common cultivars === * Albimonte{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.02.008| title = Occurrence of different inter-varietal and inter-organ defence strategies towards supra-optimal zinc concentrations in two cultivars of ''Triticum aestivum'' L. | journal = [Environmental and Experimental Botany](/source/Environmental_and_Experimental_Botany) | volume = 66| issue = 2| page = 220| year = 2009| last1 = Sanità Di Toppi | first1 = L. | last2 = Castagna | first2 = A. | last3 = Andreozzi | first3 = E. | last4 = Careri | first4 = M. | last5 = Predieri | first5 = G. | last6 = Vurro | first6 = E. | last7 = Ranieri | first7 = A. | bibcode = 2009EnvEB..66..220S }} * Manital * Shirley * Hilliard === Phylogeny === Bread wheat is an [allohexaploid](/source/allohexaploid) {{endash}} a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species. Of the six sets of chromosomes, four come from [emmer](/source/emmer) (''Triticum turgidum'', itself a [tetraploid](/source/tetraploid)) and two from ''[Aegilops tauschii](/source/Aegilops_tauschii)'' (a wild [diploid](/source/diploid) goatgrass). Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild [einkorn](/source/einkorn) (''T. urartu'') and ''[A. speltoides](/source/Aegilops_speltoides)'' (another wild goatgrass). {{ Cite journal | year = 2016 | volume = 7 | page = 991 |vauthors=Mondal S, Rutkoski JE, Velu G, Singh PK, Crespo-Herrera LA, Guzmán C, Bhavani S, Lan C, He X, Singh RP | journal = [Frontiers in Plant Science](/source/Frontiers_in_Plant_Science) | title = Harnessing Diversity in Wheat to Enhance Grain Yield, Climate Resilience, Disease and Insect Pest Resistance and Nutrition Through Conventional and Modern Breeding Approaches | doi = 10.3389/fpls.2016.00991 | pmid = 27458472 | pmc = 4933717 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016FrPS....7..991M }} {{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1251788 | pmid = 25035500 | title = A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') genome | journal = [Science](/source/Science_(journal)) | date = 2014 | volume = 345 | issue = 6194 | article-number = 1251788 | first = K. F. X. | last = Mayer| s2cid = 206555738 | url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt8rk2x6pj/qt8rk2x6pj.pdf?t=pv39mk }} {{ Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1250092 | pmid = 25035499 | title = Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat | journal = [Science](/source/Science_(journal)) | date = 2014 | volume = 345 | issue = 6194 | article-number = 1250092 | first = T. | last = Marcussen| s2cid = 206554636 | hdl = 11104/0244372 | hdl-access = free }} {{cite journal |last1=De Oliveira |first1=Romain |last2=Rimbert |first2=Hélène |last3=Balfourier |first3=François |last4=Kitt |first4=Jonathan |last5=Dynomant |first5=Emeric |last6=Vrána |first6=Jan |last7=Doležel |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Cattonaro |first8=Federica |last9=Paux |first9=Etienne |last10=Choulet |first10=Frédéric |title=Structural Variations Affecting Genes and Transposable Elements of Chromosome 3B in Wheats |journal= [Frontiers in Genetics](/source/Frontiers_in_Genetics) |date=18 August 2020 |volume=11 |article-number=891 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.00891|pmid=33014014 |pmc=7461782 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Matsuoka |first1=Yoshihiro |title=Evolution of Polyploid ''Triticum'' Wheats under Cultivation: The Role of Domestication, Natural Hybridization and Allopolyploid Speciation in their Diversification |journal= [Plant and Cell Physiology](/source/Plant_and_Cell_Physiology) |date=1 May 2011 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=750–764 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pcr018|pmid=21317146 |doi-access=free }} Free-threshing [wheat](/source/wheat) is closely related to [spelt](/source/spelt). As with spelt, genes contributed from ''Aegilops tauschii'' give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} == Cultivation == === History === Common wheat was first domesticated in [West Asia](/source/West_Asia) during the early [Holocene](/source/Holocene), and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Naked wheats (including ''Triticum aestivum'', ''[T. durum](/source/Triticum_durum)'', and ''[T. turgidum](/source/Triticum_turgidum)'') were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100 BCE to 300 CE.{{Cite journal|last1=Rottoli|first1=Mauro|last2=Castiglioni|first2=Elisabetta|date=19 April 2011|title=Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review|journal= [Vegetation History and Archaeobotany](/source/Vegetation_History_and_Archaeobotany) |language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=495–506|doi=10.1007/s00334-011-0293-3|bibcode=2011VegHA..20..495R |s2cid=128545750|issn=0939-6314}} [[File:A field of wheat.JPG|thumb|right|[Deggendorf](/source/Deggendorf), Germany|alt=Field in [Deggendorf](/source/Deggendorf), Germany ]] Wheat first reached [North America](/source/North_America) with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the [prairie](/source/prairie)s in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased during [World War I](/source/World_War_I), grain production in [Kansas](/source/Kansas) doubled.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial [baking](/source/baking), and has displaced many of the other wheat, [barley](/source/barley), and [rye](/source/rye) species that were once commonly used for [bread](/source/bread) making, particularly in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} === Plant breeding === thumb|Ears of compact wheat Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00122-002-1048-4| pmid = 12582931| title = "Perfect" markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat| journal = [Theoretical and Applied Genetics](/source/Theoretical_and_Applied_Genetics) | volume = 105| issue = 6–7| pages = 1038–1042| year = 2002 | s2cid = 22854512| last1 = Ellis| first1 = M.| last2 = Spielmeyer| first2 = W.| last3 = Gale| first3 = K.| last4 = Rebetzke| first4 = G.| last5 = Richards| first5 = R.}} that reduce the plant's sensitivity to [gibberellic acid](/source/gibberellic_acid), a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by [Norman Borlaug](/source/Norman_Borlaug) from [Norin 10](/source/Norin_10_wheat) cultivars of wheat grown in [Japan](/source/Japan). Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} == Other forms of common wheat == [Compact wheats](/source/Triticum_compactum) (e.g., club wheat ''[Triticum compactum](/source/Triticum_compactum)'', but in India ''T. sphaerococcum'') are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus ''T. aestivum'' subsp. ''compactum'').{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} == References == {{-}} {{Reflist}} {{Wheat}} {{Cereals}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q161098}} {{Authority control}} Category:Medicinal plants of Asia Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Wheat cultivars --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Common wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.