# Colugo

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Colugo
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Colugo.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo
> Source revision: 1354763999
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Family of mammals

"Cynocephalidae" redirects here; not to be confused with [Cybocephalidae](/source/Cybocephalidae).

"Dermoptera" redirects here; not to be confused with [Dermaptera](/source/Dermaptera).

Colugos[1] Temporal range: Eocene-Present, 37–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Sunda flying lemur Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Placentalia Superorder: Euarchontoglires Grandorder: Euarchonta Mirorder: Primatomorpha Order: Dermoptera Illiger, 1811 Family: Cynocephalidae Simpson, 1945 Type genus Cynocephalus Boddaert, 1768 Genera Cynocephalus Galeopterus † Dermotherium Synonyms Colugidae Galeopithecidae Galeopteridae Galeopithidae

**Colugos** ([/kəˈluːɡoʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)[2][3]), **flying lemurs**, or **cobegos** ([/kəˈbiːɡoʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)[4]), are [arboreal](/source/Arboreal) gliding primatomorphs that are native to [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia). Their evolutionary closest relatives are [primates](/source/Primate). There are just two living species of colugos: the [Sunda flying lemur](/source/Sunda_flying_lemur) (*Galeopterus variegatus*) and the [Philippine flying lemur](/source/Philippine_flying_lemur) (*Cynocephalus volans*). These two species make up the entire [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) **Cynocephalidae** ([/ˌsaɪnoʊˌsɛfəˈlaɪdi, -ˌkɛ-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English))[a] and [order](/source/Order_(biology)) **Dermoptera**,[1][5] from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) δέρμα (*dérma*), meaning "skin", and πτερόν (*pterón*), meaning "wing".[6]

## Characteristics

Colugos are nocturnal, tree-dwelling, gliding mammals.

### Appearance and anatomy

They reach lengths of 35 to 40 cm (14 to 16 in) and weigh 1 to 2 kg (2.2 to 4.4 lb).[7] They have long, slender front and rear limbs, a medium-length tail, and a relatively light build. The head is small, with large, front-focused eyes for excellent binocular vision, and small rounded ears.

The [incisor](/source/Incisor) teeth of colugos are highly distinctive; they are [comb-like in shape](/source/Toothcomb) with up to 20 tines on each tooth. The incisors are analogous in appearance and function to the incisor suite in [strepsirrhines](/source/Strepsirrhines), which is used for grooming. The second upper incisors have two roots, another unique feature among mammals.[8] The [dental formula](/source/Dentition) of colugos is: 2.1.2.33.1.2.3

Feet of Philippine colugo

### Movement

Colugos are proficient gliders, and thought better adapted for flight than any other gliding mammal. They can travel as far as 70 m (230 ft) from one tree to another without losing much altitude,[9] with a Malayan colugo (*Galeopterus variegatus*) individual having been observed traveling about 150 m (490 ft) in one glide.[10]

Their ability to glide is possible because of a large membrane of skin that extends between their paired limbs. This gliding membrane, or [patagium](/source/Patagium#Gliding_mammals), runs from the shoulder blades to the fore paws, from the tip of the rear-most fingers to the tip of the toes, and from the hind legs to the tip of the tail.[8] Colugos' gliding ability is aided by specialized muscles that control the tension and movement of the gliding membrane. The platysma myoides and platysma cervicale help adjust the patagium’s shape for better control during flight. The sternomastoideus and cleidomastoideus stabilize the head and neck, improving balance and maneuverability mid-air.[11] The spaces between the colugo's fingers and toes are webbed. As a result, colugos were once considered to be close relatives of [bats](/source/Bat). Today, on account of genetic data, they are considered to be more closely related to [primates](/source/Primate).[12]

Lower jaw (*[Galeopterus](/source/Galeopterus)*)

Colugos are unskilled climbers; they lack opposable thumbs.[13] They progress up trees in a series of slow hops, gripping onto the bark with their small, sharp claws. They spend most of the day resting. At night, colugos spend most of their time up in the trees foraging, with gliding being used to either find another foraging tree or to find possible mates and protect territory.[14]

### Behavior and diet

Colugos are shy, [nocturnal](/source/Nocturnal), solitary animals found in the [tropical forests](/source/Tropical_forest) of Southeast Asia. Consequently, very little is known about their behavior. They are [herbivorous](/source/Herbivores) and eat leaves, shoots, flowers, sap, and fruit. They have well-developed stomachs and long [intestines](/source/Intestine) capable of extracting nutrients from leaves and other fibrous material.

As part of colugos' [evolution](/source/Evolution) into nocturnal species, they developed [night vision](/source/Night_vision).[15] Colugos spend their days resting in tree holes and are active at night time; traveling around 1.7 kilometres (1.1 miles) at night. Colugos may also be a territorial species.[16]

### Life cycle

Although they are [placentals](/source/Placental), colugos raise their young in a manner similar to [marsupials](/source/Marsupial). Newborn colugos are underdeveloped and weigh only 35 g (1.2 oz).[17] They spend the first six months of life clinging to their mother's belly. The mother colugo curls her tail and folds her patagium into a warm, secure, quasi-pouch to protect and transport her young. The young do not reach maturity until they are two to three years old.[8] In captivity, they live up to 15 years, but their [lifespan](/source/Maximum_life_span) in the wild is unknown.[18]

## Status

Both species are threatened by [habitat destruction](/source/Habitat_destruction), and the [Philippine flying lemur](/source/Philippine_flying_lemur) was once classified by the [IUCN](/source/IUCN) as vulnerable. In 1996, the IUCN declared the species vulnerable owing to destruction of lowland forests and hunting. It was downlisted to [least-concern](/source/Least-concern) status in 2008 but still faces the same threats. In addition to the ongoing clearing of its rainforest habitat, it is hunted for its meat and fur. It is also a favorite prey item for the [critically endangered](/source/Critically_endangered) [Philippine eagle](/source/Philippine_eagle); some studies suggest colugos account for 90% of the eagle's diet.[19]

## Taxonomy

Their family name Cynocephalidae comes from the [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) κύων (*kúon*), meaning "dog", and κεφαλή (*kephalḗ*), meaning "head", because their heads are broad with short snouts like dogs.[5]

## Summary of extant species

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image Sunda flying lemur Galeopterus variegatus unknown[20] LC[20] [20] Philippine flying lemur Cynocephalus volans unknown[21] LC[21] [21]

## Classification and evolution

The ancestors of the colugos are estimated to split from other mammals about 80 million years ago, leading to the present-day forms, which may include up to 14 extant species.[22] [Mixodectidae](/source/Mixodectidae) and [Plagiomenidae](/source/Plagiomenidae) are two extinct families of North American mammals which may represent fossil dermopterans or at least close relatives.[23] However, some studies doubt a close relationship between these families and modern dermopterans (Cynocephalidae).[24][25] A complete skeleton of *[Mixodectes](/source/Mixodectes)* shows that, though it was well-adapted for an arboreal lifestyle, it had no adaptations for gliding.[25] Although other [Paleogene](/source/Paleogene) mammals have been interpreted as related to dermopterans, the evidence for this association is uncertain and many of the fossils are no longer interpreted as being gliding mammals.[26] At present, the fossil record of definitive dermopterans is limited to two species of the [Eocene](/source/Eocene) and [Oligocene](/source/Oligocene) cynocephalid genus *[Dermotherium](/source/Dermotherium)*.[27]

[Molecular phylogenetic](/source/Molecular_phylogeny) studies have demonstrated that colugos emerged as a [basal](/source/Basal_(phylogenetics)) [Primatomorpha](/source/Primatomorpha) [clade](/source/Clade) – which, in turn, is a basal [Euarchontoglires](/source/Euarchontoglires) clade. [Scandentia](/source/Scandentia) are widely considered to be the closest relatives of Primatomorpha, within [Euarchonta](/source/Euarchonta). Some studies, however, place Scandentia as sister of [Glires](/source/Glires) ([lagomorphs](/source/Lagomorpha) and [rodents](/source/Rodent)), in an unnamed sister clade of the Primatomorpha.[28][29]

Euarchontoglires Scandentia (treeshrews) Glires Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Rodentia (rodents) Primatomorpha Dermoptera (colugos) †Plesiadapiformes Primates

- **Order Dermoptera** - †**Family [Plagiomenidae](/source/Plagiomenidae)**? - †**Family [Mixodectidae](/source/Mixodectidae)**? - **Family Cynocephalidae** - *[Cynocephalus](/source/Cynocephalus)* - Philippine flying lemur, *Cynocephalus volans* - *[Galeopterus](/source/Galeopterus)* - Sunda flying lemur, *Galeopterus variegatus* - †*[Dermotherium](/source/Dermotherium)* - †*Dermotherium major* - †*Dermotherium chimaera*

## Gallery

		- Claw of [Sunda flying lemur](/source/Sunda_flying_lemur)

		- A "red" morph of a [colugo (*Cynocephalus variegatus*)](/source/Sunda_flying_lemur)

		- Black morph of a Sunda flying colugo (*Cynocephalus variegatus*)

		- Colugo in a tree (*Cynocephalus variegatus*)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Cf. words with analogous pronunciations[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research)*] such as [Meningoencephalitis](/source/Meningoencephalitis), see ["Meningoencephalitis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185903/https://www.lexico.com/definition/meningoencephalitis). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Meningoencephalitis) on 22 March 2020.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-msw3_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-msw3_1-1) Stafford, B.J. (2005). ["Order Dermoptera"](http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12000002). In [Wilson, D.E.](/source/Don_E._Wilson); Reeder, D.M (eds.). [*Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference*](http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA110) (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 110. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8018-8221-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [62265494](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Colugo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210214184126/https://www.lexico.com/definition/colugo). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Colugo) on 14 February 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Colugo"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Colugo). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 21 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Cobego"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cobego). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 6 November 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TNHC_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TNHC_6-1) Baines, Elizabeth (2001). ["Colugos or 'flying lemurs'"](http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.494). *The Natural History Collections*. [University of Edinburgh](/source/University_of_Edinburgh). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230830142003/http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.494) from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Klein, Jan; Takahata, Naoyuki (2013). [*Where Do We Come From?: The molecular evidence for human descent*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182). Berlin, DE / Heidelberg, DE: Springer. p. 182. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-66204-847-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-66204-847-4). Retrieved 16 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Lim, Norman (2007). *Colugo: The flying lemur of South-East Asia*. Singapore: Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte Ltd.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EoM_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EoM_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-EoM_9-2) MacKinnon, Kathy (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). [*The Encyclopedia of Mammals*](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/446). New York, NY: [Facts on File](/source/Infobase_Publishing). pp. [446–447](https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/446). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87196-871-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-871-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Dawkins, Richard](/source/Richard_Dawkins) (2004). [*The Ancestor's Tale*](https://archive.org/details/ancestorstalepil0000dawk). Phoenix. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7538-1996-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1996-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid18252673_11-0)** Byrnes, G.; Lim, N.T.; Spence, A.J. (2008). ["Take-off and landing kinetics of a free-ranging gliding mammal, the Malayan colugo (*Galeopterus variegatus*)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600906). *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. **275** (1638): 1007–1013. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rspb.2007.1684](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1684). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2600906](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600906). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18252673](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18252673).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Diogo, Rui (2009). ["The head and neck muscles of the Philippine colugo (Dermoptera: *Cynocephalus volans*), with a comparison to tree-shrews, primates, and other mammals"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.10666). *[Journal of Morphology](/source/Journal_of_Morphology)*. **270** (1): 14–51. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/jmor.10666](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10666). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1097-4687](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4687). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18798250](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18798250).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Janeckaetal2007_13-0)** Janecka, Jan E.; Miller, Webb; Pringle, Thomas H.; Wiens, Frank; Zitzmann, Annette; Helgen, Kristofer M.; et al. (2007). "Molecular and genomic data identify that their closest living relative non-colugo relatives are primates". *[Science](/source/Science_(journal))*. **318** (5851): 792–794. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007Sci...318..792J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318..792J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.1147555](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1147555). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17975064](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975064). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [12251814](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12251814).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Piotrowski_2015_14-0)** Piotrowski, Jan (15 May 2015). ["The clumsy tree-dweller transforms into a gliding ace"](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn27539-zoologger-the-clumsy-tree-dweller-transforms-into-a-gliding-ace/). *[New Scientist](/source/New_Scientist)*. Zoologger. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211123163640/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn27539-zoologger-the-clumsy-tree-dweller-transforms-into-a-gliding-ace/) from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Spence, Andrew J.; Yeong, Charlene; Lim, Norman T.-L.; Byrnes, Greg (15 April 2011). ["Sex differences in the locomotor ecology of a gliding mammal, the Malayan colugo (*Galeopterus variegatus*)"](https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/92/2/444/869618). *[Journal of Mammalogy](/source/Journal_of_Mammalogy)*. **92** (2): 444–451. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1644/10-MAMM-A-048.1](https://doi.org/10.1644%2F10-MAMM-A-048.1). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-2372](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2372). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84539846](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84539846). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181205130744/https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/92/2/444/869618) from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Moritz, G.L.; Lim, N.T.; Neitz, M.; Peichl, L.; Dominy, N.J. (2013). ["Expression and evolution of short wavelength sensitive opsins in colugos: A nocturnal lineage that informs debate on primate origins"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231116074310/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y). *[Evolutionary Biology](/source/Evolutionary_Biology)*. **40** (4): 542–553. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11692-013-9230-y). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3832777](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832777). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24293738](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24293738). Archived from [the original](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-013-9230-y) on 16 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Flying lemur"](https://a-z-animals.com/animals/flying-lemur/). *A-Z Animals*. 25 May 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100805/https://a-z-animals.com/animals/flying-lemur/) from the original on 24 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Macdonald, David W., ed. (2006). *The Encyclopedia of Mammals*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-920608-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920608-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Amsel, Sheri. ["Colugo"](https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Colugo). *Exploring Nature Educational Resource*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181223121153/https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Colugo) from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Chandler_20-0)** Chandler, David; Couzens, Dominic (2008). *100 Birds to See Before You Die*. London, UK: Carleton Books. p. 171. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84442-019-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84442-019-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-G.variegatus_IUCN_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-G.variegatus_IUCN_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-G.variegatus_IUCN_21-2) Boeadi; Steinmetz, R. (2008). ["*Galeopterus variegatus*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41502/10479343). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2008** e.T41502A10479343. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41502A10479343.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41502A10479343.en).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-C.volans_IUCN_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-C.volans_IUCN_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-C.volans_IUCN_22-2) Gonzalez, J.C.; Custodio, C.; Carino, P.; Pamaong-Jose, R. (2008). ["*Cynocephalus volans*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6081/12410826). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2008** e.T6081A12410826. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6081A12410826.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6081A12410826.en). Retrieved 3 May 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [DNA analysis suggests colugos are part of a primate sister group](https://phys.org/news/2016-08-dna-analysis-colugos-primate-sister.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rose-2006_24-0)** Rose, Kenneth D. (2006). [*The Beginning of the Age of Mammals*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&pg=PA164). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 164–165. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.56021/9780801884726](https://doi.org/10.56021%2F9780801884726). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8018-8472-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8472-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MacPhee-1989_25-0)** MacPhee, R.D.E.; Cartmill, M.; Rose, K.D. (28 September 1989). ["Craniodental morphology and relationships of the supposed Eocene dermopteran Plagiomene (Mammalia)"](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1989.10011766). *[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology](/source/Journal_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology)*. **9** (3): 329–349. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/02724634.1989.10011766](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1989.10011766). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0272-4634](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4523269](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523269).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Chester-2025_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Chester-2025_26-1) Chester, Stephen G. B.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Crowell, Jordan W.; Silcox, Mary T.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Sargis, Eric J. (11 March 2025). ["New remarkably complete skeleton of Mixodectes reveals arboreality in a large Paleocene primatomorphan mammal following the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897203). *[Scientific Reports](/source/Scientific_Reports)*. **15** (1): 8041. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41598-025-90203-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-90203-z). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2045-2322](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11897203](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897203). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40069232](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40069232).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** *The first dentally associated skeleton of Plagiomenidae (Mammalia, ?Dermoptera) from the late Paleocene of Wyoming*. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, NV. November 2011. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.13140/2.1.1302.4322](https://doi.org/10.13140%2F2.1.1302.4322).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Marivauxetal06_28-0)** Marivaux, L.; Bocat, L.; Chaimanee, Y.; Jaeger, J.-J.; Marandat, B.; Srisuk, P.; et al. (2006). "Cynocephalid dermopterans from the Palaeogene of South Asia (Thailand, Myanmar and Pakistan): Systematic, evolutionary and palaeobiogeographic implications". *[Zoologica Scripta](/source/Zoologica_Scripta)*. **35** (4): 395–420. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00235.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2006.00235.x). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86572864](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86572864).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Meredith, Robert W.; Janečka, Jan E.; Gatesy, John; Ryder, Oliver A.; Fisher, Colleen A.; Teeling, Emma C.; Goodbla, Alisha; Eizirik, Eduardo; Simão, Taiz L.L. (28 October 2011). ["Impacts of the cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification"](https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/UZ7N5QRK). *[Science](/source/Science_(journal))*. **334** (6055): 521–524. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011Sci...334..521M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...334..521M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.1211028](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1211028). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0036-8075](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21940861](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21940861). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [38120449](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38120449).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Zhou, Xuming; Sun, Fengming; Xu, Shixia; Yang, Guang; Li, Ming (1 March 2015). "The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful". *[Integrative Zoology](/source/Integrative_Zoology)*. **10** (2): 186–198. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1749-4877.12116](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1749-4877.12116). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1749-4877](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4877). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25311886](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25311886).

## External links

[Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has the text of the [1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica*](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) article "[Galeopithecus](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Galeopithecus)".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Dermoptera](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dermoptera).

- Kennedy, Barbara K. (1 November 2007). ["Flying lemurs are the closest relatives of primates"](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/688278). *[Eureka Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eureka_Alert&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Press release). [Penn State](/source/Penn_State).

v t e Extant mammal orders Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (unranked) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Theria Metatheria (Marsupial inclusive) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Eutheria (Placental inclusive) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)

v t e Species of colugos Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Dermoptera Family: Cynocephalidae Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans) Dermotherium [fossil] Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus)

v t e Euarchontoglires Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Placentalia Euarchontoglires †Apatemyidae? Aethomylos Apatemys Asiapator Carcinella Frugivastodon Heterohyus Jepsenella Labidolemur Sinclairella Unuchinia †Picrodontidae? Draconodus Picrodus Zanycteris Gliriformes †Apatemyidae? †Picrodontidae? †Zalambdalestidae? †Anagalidae Anagale Anagalopsis Anaptogale Chianshania Diacronus Eosigale Hsiuannania Huaiyangale Interogale Linnania Qipania Stenanagale Wanogale Zofiagale †Arctostylopidae? Allostylops Anatolostylops Arctostylops Asiostylops Bothriostylops Enantiostylops Kazachostylops Migrostylops Palaeostylops Sinostylops Stenostylops Wanostylops †Astigalidae Astigale Yupingale Zhujegale †Pseudictopidae Allictops Anictops Cartictops Haltictops Paranictops Pseudictops Suyinia Glires Duplicidentata Simplicidentata Euarchonta Scandentia Ptilocercus Tupaiidae Anathana Dendrogale †Palaeotupaia †Prodendrogale †Sivatupaia Tupaia Primatomorpha †Mixodectidae Dracontolestes Eudaemonema Mixodectes Dermoptera †Plagiomenidae? Ellesmene Elpidophorus Plagiomene Planetetherium Worlandia Cynocephalidae Cynocephalus †Dermotherium Galeopterus Pan-Primates see below↓ Pan-Primates Pan-Primates †Asioplesiadapis †Pandemonium †Russellodon †Mixodectidae? †Picrodontidae? †Purgatoriidae? Purgatorius Ursolestes †Micromomyidae Chalicomomys Dryomomys Foxomomys Micromomys Tinimomys †Picromomyidae Alveojunctus Picromomys †Microsyopidae Arctodontomys Bartelsia Berruvius Choctawius Craseops Megadelphus Microsyops Nanomomys Navajovius Niptomomys Uintasorex †Toliapinidae Avenius Toliapina †Paromomyoidea Paromomyidae Acidomomys Arcius Edworthia Elwynella Ignacius Paromomys Phenacolemur Palaechthonidae Anasazia Palaechthon Palenochtha Phoxomylus Plesiolestes Premnoides Talpohenach Torrejonia †Plesiadapoidea Chronolestes Plesiadapidae Chiromyoides Nannodectes Platychoerops Plesiadapis Pronothodectes Carpolestidae Carpocristes Carpodaptes Carpolestes Carpomegodon Elphidotarsius Saxonella Subengius Crown-Primates Strepsirrhini see Strepsirrhini Haplorhini see Haplorhini See also: Anagaloidea Plesiadapiformes Category

Taxon identifiers Dermoptera Wikidata: Q183383 Wikispecies: Dermoptera ADW: Dermoptera BOLD: 369 CoL: 342 EoL: 7623 EPPO: 1DRMPO GBIF: 737 iNaturalist: 42535 IRMNG: 10308 ITIS: 179984 MSW: 12000001 NCBI: 30656 Open Tree of Life: 987673 Paleobiology Database: 40310 Cynocephalidae Wikidata: Q11762767 Wikispecies: Cynocephalidae BOLD: 1649 CoL: 8VY EoL: 7624 EPPO: 1CYNPF GBIF: 9370 iNaturalist: 42536 IRMNG: 113012 ITIS: 573205 MSW: 12000002 NCBI: 30657 Open Tree of Life: 987670 Paleobiology Database: 66282

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Colugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.