# Colin Raston

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**Colin Llewellyn Raston** (born 1950) is a Professor of Chemistry of [Flinders University](/source/Flinders_University) in Adelaide, South Australia and the [Premier's](/source/Premier_of_South_Australia) Professorial Fellow in Clean Technology.[1] In 2015, he was awarded an [Ig Nobel Prize](/source/Ig_Nobel_Prize) in "for inventing a chemical recipe to partially un-boil an egg".[3] In 2016, Raston was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for his services to science.[4]

## Research work

### Early career

Raston undertook his early tertiary studies at [the University of Western Australia](/source/The_University_of_Western_Australia), taking a [bachelor degree](/source/Bachelor_degree) in science with honours and a [doctor of philosophy](/source/Doctor_of_philosophy) under Professor Allan White.[1] Raston's work included looking at marine [organoarsenic compounds](/source/Organoarsenic_compound), isolating [arsenobetaine](/source/Arsenobetaine) from the [Western Rock Lobster](/source/Western_Rock_Lobster) and determining its structure and synthesis.[5] This [zwitterionic](/source/Zwitterion) substance turns out to be the main source of [arsenic](/source/Arsenic) in [fish](/source/Fish)[6] and unlike other arsenic compounds (like [dimethylarsine](/source/Dimethylarsine) and [trimethylarsine](/source/Trimethylarsine)) it has comparatively low toxicity.[7] Arsenobetaine is an [analog](/source/Analog_(chemistry)) of betaine ([trimethylglycine](/source/Trimethylglycine)) and with similar [biosynthesis](/source/Biosynthesis) to [choline](/source/Choline) and [betaines](/source/Betaine).[8]

He later received a [higher doctorate](/source/Higher_doctorate) ([Doctor of Science](/source/Doctor_of_Science)) from Griffith University.[1]

### Calixarenes

[Resorcinarene](/source/Resorcinarene) is a [macrocycle](/source/Macrocycle) typically prepared by the [condensation](/source/Condensation_reaction) of [resorcinol](/source/Resorcinol) and [formaldehyde](/source/Formaldehyde) in an acidic environment. Multiple isomers are possible when any other [aldehyde](/source/Aldehyde) is used and different conditions, including [Lewis acid](/source/Lewis_acid) [catalysis](/source/Catalysis) have been employed to minimise [by-products](/source/By-products).[9][10] Raston and co-workers have developed an alternative [green chemistry](/source/Green_chemistry) solvent-free approach whereby resorcinol and the aldehyde are ground together with [*p*-toluenesulfonic acid](/source/P-Toluenesulfonic_acid) in a [mortar and pestle](/source/Mortar_and_pestle) and the product [recrystallised](/source/Recrystallization_(chemistry)) from the resulting paste.[11]

[Calixarenes](/source/Calixarene) are the general category of macrocycle [oligomers](/source/Oligomer) formed by hydroxyalkylation of a [phenol](/source/Phenol) and an aldehyde;[12] Resorcinarenes are one example. Calixarenes resemble [chalices](/source/Chalice_(cup)) (calix in [Latin](/source/Latin)) with [hydrophobic](/source/Hydrophobic) cavities that can hold smaller molecules or ions, an example of [host–guest chemistry](/source/Host%E2%80%93guest_chemistry). Raston has demonstrated a green chemistry approach to pyrogallol[4]arene from [isovaleraldehyde](/source/Isovaleraldehyde) (3-methylbutanal) and [pyrogallol](/source/Pyrogallol) (1,2,3-benzenetriol) with a catalytic amount of *p*-toluenesulfonic acid.[11] He also produced a ball-and-socket [supramolecular complex](/source/Supramolecular_chemistry) where calix[5]arene hosts the C70 [fullerene](/source/Fullerene).[13] The five phenyl groups forming the walls of the cavity interact with the [aromatic](/source/Aromaticity) fullerene through [π stacking](/source/Pi_stacking).

### Unboiling an egg

Ovalbumin is the protein which makes up around two-thirds of the white of an egg.[14] When an egg is cooked, the ovalbumin [changes conformation](/source/Conformational_change) from its [folded](/source/Protein_folding) and soluble form to an insoluble all-[β-sheet](/source/%CE%92-sheet) structure with exposed [hydrophobic](/source/Hydrophobic) regions, leading to [aggregation](/source/Protein_aggregation).[15] This is a classic example of [protein denaturation](/source/Denaturation_(biochemistry)), defined as the loss of the [quaternary](/source/Quaternary_structure), [tertiary](/source/Tertiary_structure) and [secondary](/source/Secondary_structure) structures that are present in the protein's [native state](/source/Native_state), by application of some external chemical or radiative stress (including [heat](/source/Heat)).[16] In order to "unboil" the egg, the individual protein strands must be separated from the aggregate and then re-folded back to their native form.[17] Raston had the idea of using mechanical energy from spinning the aggregate to achieve this and developed [vortex fluidic technology](/source/Vortex_fluidic_technology) to implement his idea.[18] Using it to unboil an egg (at least in part) was meant as a demonstration of the technology and won Raston and colleagues the 2015 [Ig Nobel Prize](/source/Ig_Nobel_Prize) in chemistry.[3] Applications of the technology include boosting the potency of anti-cancer drugs like [carboplatin](/source/Carboplatin)[19] and improving the production of [biodiesel](/source/Biodiesel).[20]

## Honours and awards

Raston was recognised for his professional achievements with Fellowships in the [Royal Australian Chemical Institute](/source/Royal_Australian_Chemical_Institute) (RACI) and the [Royal Society of Chemistry](/source/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry).[1] On 13 June 2016, [Governor-General](/source/Governor-General_of_Australia), [Sir Peter Cosgrove](/source/Peter_Cosgrove) announced that Raston had been made an Officer of the Order of Australia in the [Queen's Birthday Honours List](/source/2016_Queen's_Birthday_Honours_(Australia)), for "distinguished service to science through seminal contributions to the field of chemistry as a researcher and academic, and to professional associations".[4]

Raston served as the Vice President of the RACI in 1995–96, winning the H. G. Smith Memorial Medal that year,[1] and went on to serve as President the following year.[2] He has received several RACI awards, including the Burrows Award in 1994, which is the premier award of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of the RACI. In 2002, he was recognised with the Green Chemistry Challenge Award and went on to take the Leighton Memorial Medal,[2] the institute's most prestigious medal given in recognition of eminent services to chemistry in Australia, in 2006. He was named an RACI Living Luminary and in 2013 was appointed as the [South Australia Premier's](/source/Premier_of_South_Australia) Professorial Research Fellow in Clean Technology.[1] Raston is also the founding co-chair of the RACI Green and Sustainable Chemistry (GASC) National Group.[21]

In 2018, Raston was elected Fellow of the [Australian Academy of Science](/source/Australian_Academy_of_Science) (FAA).[22]

## References

1. ["Professor Colin Raston"](http://www.flinders.edu.au/people/colin.raston). [Flinders University](/source/Flinders_University). Retrieved 16 June 2016.

1. ["Royal Australian Chemical Institute Awards and Office Bearers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160307083459/https://www.raci.org.au/document/item/1381). [Royal Australian Chemical Institute](/source/Royal_Australian_Chemical_Institute). Archived from [the original](https://www.raci.org.au/document/item/1381) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.

1. ["Improbable Research – The 2015 Ig Nobel Prize Winners"](http://www.improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2015). *www.improbable.com*. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2016.

1. ["The Queen's Birthday 2016 Honours List: Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160615121237/http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/qb/qb2016/nS_29ods1A/Media%20Notes%20-%20AO.pdf). [Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia](/source/Governor-General_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Australia). p. 41. Archived from [the original](http://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/qb/qb2016/nS_29ods1A/Media%20Notes%20-%20AO.pdf) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

1. Edmonds, J. S.; Francesconi, K. A.; Cannon, J. R.; Raston, C. L.; Skelton, B. W.; White, A. H. (1977). "Isolation, crystal structure and Synthesis of arsenobetaine, the arsenical constituent of the Western Rock Lobster *Panulirus longipes cygnus* George". *[Tetrahedron Letters](/source/Tetrahedron_Letters)*. **18** (18): 1543–1546. [doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)93098-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)93098-9)

1. Francesconi, K. A. (2005). "Current perspectives in arsenic environmental and biological research". *[Environmental Chemistry](/source/Environmental_Chemistry_(journal))*. **2** (3): 141–145. [doi:10.1071/EN05042](https://doi.org/10.1071/EN05042)

1. Bhattacharya, P.; Welch, A. H.; Stollenwerk, K. G.; McLaughlin, M. J.; Bundschuh, J.; Panaullah, G. (2007). "Arsenic in the environment: Biology and chemistry". *[Science of the Total Environment](/source/Science_of_the_Total_Environment)*. **379** (2–3): 109–120. [Bibcode:2007ScTEn.379..109B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ScTEn.379..109B). [doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037). [PMID 17434206](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17434206)

1. Adair, B. M.; Waters, S. B.; Devesa, V.; Drobna, Z.; Styblo, M.; Thomas, D. J. (2005). ["Commonalities in metabolism of arsenicals"](https://zenodo.org/record/1236044). *[Environmental Chemistry](/source/Environmental_Chemistry_(journal))*. **2** (3): 161–166. [doi:10.1071/EN05054](https://doi.org/10.1071/EN05054)

1. Högberg, A. G. S. (1980). "Two stereoisomeric macrocyclic resorcinol-acetaldehyde condensation products". *[Journal of Organic Chemistry](/source/Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry)*. **45** (22): 4498–4500. [doi:10.1021/jo01310a046](https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01310a046)

1. Högberg, A. G. S. (1980). "Cyclooligomeric phenol-aldehyde condensation products. 2. Stereoselective synthesis and DNMR study of two 1,8,15,22-tetraphenyl[14]metacyclophan-3,5,10,12,17,19,24,26-octols". *[Journal of the American Chemical Society](/source/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society)*. **102** (19): 6046–6050. [Bibcode:1980JAChS.102.6046H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JAChS.102.6046H). [doi:10.1021/ja00539a012](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00539a012)

1. Antesberger, J; Cave, G. W.; Ferrarelli, M. C.; Heaven, M. W.; Raston, C. L.; Atwood, J. L. (2005). "Solvent-free, direct synthesis of supramolecular nano-capsules". *[Chemical Communications](/source/Chemical_Communications)*. **2005** (7): 892–894. [doi:10.1039/b412251h](https://doi.org/10.1039/b412251h). [PMID 15700072](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15700072)

1. Gutsche, C. D. (1989). *Calixarenes*. Cambridge: [Royal Society of Chemistry](/source/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry). ISBN 085186385X.

1. Atwood, J. L.; Barbour, L. J.; Heaven, M. W.; Raston, C. L. (2003). "Association and orientation of C70 on complexation with calix[5]arene". *[Chemical Communications](/source/Chemical_Communications)*. **2003** (18): 2270–2271. [doi:10.1039/B306411P](https://doi.org/10.1039/B306411P). [PMID 14518869](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14518869)

1. Huntington, J. A. & Stein, P. E. (2001). "Structure and properties of ovalbumin". *[Journal of Chromatography B](/source/Journal_of_Chromatography_B)*. **756** (1–2): 189–198. [doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00108-6](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00108-6). [PMID 11419711](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11419711)

1. Hu, H. Y. & Du, H. N. (2000). "α-to-β Structural transformation of ovalbumin: Heat and pH effects". *[Journal of Protein Chemistry](/source/Journal_of_Protein_Chemistry)*. **19** (3): 177–183. [doi:10.1023/A:1007099502179](https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007099502179). [PMID 10981809](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10981809). [S2CID 82745511](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82745511)

1. [*Mosby's Medical Dictionary*](http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Denaturation+%28biochemistry%29). 9th ed. [Elsevier](/source/Elsevier). 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

1. Yuan, T. Z.; Ormonde, C. F. G.; Kudlacek, S. T.; Kunche, S.; Smith, J. N.; Brown, W. A.; Pugliese, K. M.; Olsen, T. J.; Iftikhar, M.; Raston, C. L.; Weiss, G. A. (2015). "Shear-stress-mediated refolding of proteins from aggregates and inclusion Bodies". *[ChemBioChem](/source/ChemBioChem)*. **16** (3): 393–396. [doi:10.1002/cbic.201402427](https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201402427). [PMC 4388321](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388321). [PMID 25620679](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620679)

1. Seidel, J. (23 September 2015). ["Over-cooked? Flinders University professor Colin Raston gets Ig Nobel Prize for 'unboiling an egg'"](http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/flinders-university-chemistry-professor-colin-raston-awarded-ig-nobel-prize-for-research-that-showed-how-to-unboil-an-egg/news-story/c9e5c495306592d1c7397b7a4c455b84). *news.com.au*. [News Corporation](/source/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)). Retrieved 14 June 2016.

1. Strom, M. (22 May 2015). ["Machine that 'uncooks eggs' used to improve cancer treatment"](http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/machine-that-uncooks-eggs-used-to-improve-cancer-treatment-20150521-gh6gj4.html). *[Sydney Morning Herald](/source/Sydney_Morning_Herald)*. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

1. Eacott, A. (22 May 2015). ["Cancer drug more effective after use of vortex fluidic device invented by Australian researcher"](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-22/unboil-egg-vortex-fluidic-cancer-drug-efficacy/6491078). *abc.net.au*. [ABC (Australia)](/source/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation). Retrieved 14 June 2016.

1. ["Green and Sustainable Group"](https://raci.org.au/RACI/Web/About-Us/Divisions/Green%20and%20Sustainable%20Chemistry%20National%20Group.aspx?Code=GASC). *raci.org.au*. Retrieved 2023-02-27.

1. ["Professor Colin Raston"](https://www.science.org.au/fellowship/fellows/professor-colin-raston). *www.science.org.au*. Retrieved 2018-06-16.

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