# Coachbuilder > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Coachbuilder > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Coachbuilder.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachbuilder > Source revision: 1353194301 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Maker of bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles Not to be confused with [Custom car](/source/Custom_car). [Ash](/source/Fraxinus_excelsior) body frame ready to be clad in metal mounted on a [Morgan 4/4](/source/Morgan_4%2F4) chassis The coachbuilder's wooden frame fixed to its replica Bentley chassis Original 1930 [Bentley Speed Six](/source/Bentley_Speed_Six) [Gurney Nutting](/source/J_Gurney_Nutting_%26_Co) coupé A **coachbuilder** is a person or organization that manufactures bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles. The trade of producing coachwork began with bodies for [horse-drawn vehicles](/source/Horse-drawn_vehicle). Today it includes custom [automobiles](/source/Automobile), buses, [motor coaches](/source/Coach_(bus)), and [railway carriages](/source/Passenger_car_(rail)). The word "coach" was derived from the Hungarian town of [Kocs](/source/Kocs).[1] A vehicle body constructed by a coachbuilder may be called a "coachbuilt body" ([British English](/source/British_English)) or "custom body" ([American English](/source/American_English)), and is not to be confused with a [custom car](/source/Custom_car). Prior to the popularization of [unibody](/source/Unibody) construction in the 1960s, many independent coachbuilders built bodies on [rolling chassis](/source/Rolling_chassis) provided by [luxury](/source/Luxury_car) or [sports car](/source/Sports_car) manufacturers, both for individual customers and makers themselves. Marques such as [Ferrari](/source/Ferrari) originally outsourced all bodywork to coachbuilders such as [Pininfarina](/source/Pininfarina) and [Scaglietti](/source/Carrozzeria_Scaglietti). Today, the coach building trade has largely shifted to making bodies for short runs of specialized commercial vehicles such as motor coaches and luxury [recreational vehicles](/source/Recreational_vehicles). A 'conversion' is built inside an existing vehicle body. Many renowned automotive coachbuilders have been based in Italy (*carrozzeria*) and France (*carrosserie*). ## Terminology Construction of specialty vehicle bodies has always been a skilled trade requiring a relatively lightweight product with sufficient strength. The manufacture of necessarily fragile, but satisfactory wheels by a separate trade, a wheelwright, held together by iron or steel [tyres](/source/Tire#History), was always most critical. From about AD 1000 rough vehicle construction was carried out by a *wainwright*, a wagon-builder. Later names include *cartwright* (a carpenter who makes carts, from 1587); *coachwright*; and *coachmaker* (from 1599). Subtrades include *wheelwright*, *coachjoiner*, etc. The word *coachbuilder* first appeared in 1794.[2] ## Horse-drawn vehicles Portugal 18th century Main articles: [Coach (carriage)](/source/Coach_(carriage)) and [Carriage](/source/Carriage) Further information: [Wainwright (occupation)](/source/Wainwright_(occupation)) A British trade association the [Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers](/source/Worshipful_Company_of_Coachmakers_and_Coach_Harness_Makers) was incorporated in 1630. Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier. [Rippon](/source/Rippon_Bros) was active in the time of [Queen Elizabeth I](/source/Queen_Elizabeth_I), [Barker](/source/Barker_(coachbuilder)) founded in 1710 by an officer in [Queen Anne](/source/Anne%2C_Queen_of_Great_Britain)'s Guards. [Brewster](/source/Brewster_%26_Co.), the oldest in the U.S., was formed in 1810.[3] Coach-building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century. Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber, iron, leather, brass and other materials used in their construction. And there were many minor specialists with each of these categories. The “body-makers” produced the body or vehicle itself, while the “carriage-makers” made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body. The timbers used included ash, beech, elm, oak, mahogany, cedar, pine, birch and larch. The tools and processes used were similar to those used in cabinet-making, plus other specific to coach-making. Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill. Making the iron axles, springs and other metal used was the work of the “coach-smith,” one of the most highly paid classes of London workmen.[4] The coating of the interior of the coach with leather and painting, trimming, and decorating the exterior called for specialist tradesmen with a high degree of skill. Building carts and wagons required similar skills, but of a coarser kind. ## Automobiles From the beginning of the automobile industry, manufacturers offered complete cars assembled in their own factories commonly using entire bodies made by specialist people using different skills. Soon after the start of the twentieth century mass production coachbuilders developed such as [Mulliners](/source/Mulliners_(Birmingham)) or [Pressed Steel](/source/Pressed_Steel_Company) in Great Britain, [Fisher Body](/source/Fisher_Body), [Budd](/source/Budd_Company), [Briggs](/source/Briggs_Manufacturing_Company) in the U. S., or [Ambi-Budd](/source/Ambi-Budd) in Germany. Many other big businesses remain involved. Swallow body on an [Austin Seven](/source/Austin_7) chassis by [Swallow Coachbuilding Company](/source/Swallow_Sidecar_Company) which became [Jaguar Cars](/source/Jaguar_Cars) Many coachbuilt chassis would come with all lights, standard instruments and their panel, engine cover, mudguards and running boards and spare wheel(s)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Specialist market sector There remained a market for bodies to fit low production, short-run and luxury cars. Custom or bespoke bodies were made and fitted to another manufacturer's [rolling chassis](/source/Rolling_chassis) by the craftsmen who had previously built bodies for horse-drawn carriages. Bespoke bodies are made of hand-shaped sheet metal, often aluminum alloy. Pressed or hand-shaped metal panels were fastened to a wooden frame of particularly light but strong types of wood. Later many of the more important structural features of the bespoke or custom body such as A, B and C pillars were cast alloy components. Some bodies such as those entirely alloy bodies fitted to some [Pierce-Arrow](/source/Pierce-Arrow) cars[5] contained little or no wood, and were mounted on a conventional steel chassis. Bugatti Type 57 rolling chassis The car manufacturer would offer for sale a [chassis frame](/source/Chassis), [drivetrain](/source/Drivetrain) (consisting of an engine, gearbox, differential, axles, and wheels), brakes, suspension, steering system, lighting system, spare wheel(s), front and rear mudguards (vulnerable and so made of pressed steel for strength and easy repair) and (later) bumpers, [scuttle](/source/Bulkhead_(partition)) (firewall) and [dashboard](/source/Dashboard). The very easily damaged [honeycomb radiator](/source/Radiator_(engine_cooling)#Radiator_construction), later enclosed and protected by a shell or even reduced to an air intake, was or held the visual element identifying the chassis' brand. To let car manufacturers maintain some level of control over the final product their warranties could be voided if coachbuilders fitted unapproved bodies. As well as bespoke bodies the same coachbuilders also made short runs of more-or-less identical bodies to the order of dealers or the manufacturer of a chassis. The same body design might then be adjusted to suit different brands of chassis. Examples include [Salmons & Sons](/source/Tickford)' *Tickford* bodies with a patent device to raise or lower a convertible's roof, first used on their 19th-century carriages, or *Wingham* convertible bodies by [Martin Walter](/source/Martin_Walter_of_Folkestone). ### Ultra-luxury vehicles 1920 [Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8](/source/Isotta_Fraschini_Tipo_8) was only available from the manufacturer as a [rolling chassis](/source/Rolling_chassis) [Hooper](/source/Hooper_(coachbuilder)) 7-seater touring limousine for [HRH The Prince Regent of Iraq](/source/'Abd_al-Ilah) (1953). [Rolls-Royce](/source/Rolls-Royce_Limited) built only 18 [Phantom IV](/source/Rolls-Royce_Phantom_IV) chassis for bodies by independent coachbuilders Larger car dealers or distributors would commonly preorder stock chassis and the bodies they thought most likely to sell and order them for sale off their showroom floor. All luxury vehicles during the automobile's Golden Era before World War II were available as chassis only. For example, when [Duesenberg](/source/Duesenberg) introduced their Model J, it was offered as chassis only, for $8,500. Other examples include the [Bugatti Type 57](/source/Bugatti_Type_57), [Cadillac V-16](/source/Cadillac_V-16), [Packard Twelve](/source/Packard_Twelve), [Ferrari 250](/source/Ferrari_250), [Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8](/source/Isotta_Fraschini_Tipo_8), [Hispano-Suiza J12](/source/Hispano-Suiza_J12), and all [Rolls-Royces](/source/Rolls-Royce_Limited) produced before World War II. Delahaye had no in-house coachworks, so all its chassis were bodied by independents, who created their designs on the Type 135. For the [Delahaye](/source/Delahaye), most were bodied by [Chapron](/source/Chapron), Labourdette, [Franay](/source/Franay), [Saoutchik](/source/Saoutchik), [Figoni et Falaschi](/source/Figoni_et_Falaschi), or [Pennock](/source/Carrosseriefabriek_Pennock).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The practice continued after World War II waning dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s. Rolls-Royce debuted its first [unibody](/source/Unibody) model, their [Silver Shadow](/source/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Shadow), in 1965. ### Obsolescence Separate coachbuilt bodies became obsolete when vehicle manufacturers found they could no longer meet their customers' demands by relying on a simple separate rolling chassis (on which a custom body could be built). [Unibody](/source/Unibody) or [monocoque](/source/Monocoque) combined chassis and body structures began to become standardised past the midpoint of the 20th century to enhance rigidity to meet the demands of improved suspension systems, reduce weight, increase gas mileage, and importantly reduce manufacturing costs. Independent coachbuilders survived for a time after the mid-20th century, making bodies for rolling chassis provided by low-production companies such as [Rolls-Royce](/source/Rolls-Royce_(car)), [Ferrari](/source/Ferrari), and [Bentley](/source/Bentley).[6] Producing metal body [dies](/source/Die_(manufacturing)) is extremely expensive (a single door die can run to [US$](/source/United_States_dollar)40,000),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*][*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] which is usually only considered practical in large-scale mass production—though that was the path taken by Rolls-Royce and Bentley after 1945 for their own in-house body-on-frame production. Because dies for pressing metal panels are so costly, from the mid 20th century, many vehicles, most notably the [Chevrolet Corvette](/source/Chevrolet_Corvette), were constructed out of [fiberglass](/source/Fiberglass)-reinforced resin, which only require inexpensive molds made of any suitable materials that can stand the application of lightweight pliable materials in their uncured state, not stand up to the stress of being struck in a metal press. When cost is not a major consideration and weight-saving is of paramount importance, fiberglass has since been replaced by newer materials such as [carbon fiber](/source/Carbon_fiber), if necessary hand-formed. ### Unibody construction Decapotable (convertible) by [Henri Chapron](/source/Henri_Chapron) on a [Citroen DS](/source/Citroen_DS) chassis 1967 The advent of [unibody](/source/Unibody) construction, where the car body is unified with and structurally integral to the chassis, made custom coachbuilding uneconomic. Many coachbuilders closed down, were bought by manufacturers, or changed their core business to other activities: - Transforming into dedicated design or styling houses, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g. [Zagato](/source/Zagato), [Frua](/source/Pietro_Frua), [Bertone](/source/Gruppo_Bertone), [Pininfarina](/source/Pininfarina)) - Transforming into general coachwork series manufacturers, subcontracting to automotive brands (e.g. [Karmann](/source/Karmann), [Bertone](/source/Gruppo_Bertone), [Vignale](/source/Vignale), [Pininfarina](/source/Pininfarina)) - Manufacturing runs of special coachworks for trucks, delivery vans, touring cars, ambulances, fire engines, public transport vehicles, etc. (e.g., [Pennock](/source/Carrosseriefabriek_Pennock), [Van Hool](/source/Van_Hool), [Plaxton](/source/Plaxton), [Heuliez](/source/Heuliez)) - Becoming technical partners for the development of roof constructions (e.g., [Karmann](/source/Karmann), [Heuliez](/source/Heuliez)), for example, or producers of various (aftermarket) automotive parts (e.g., [Giannini](/source/Giannini_Automobili)) ### Gallery - [Pourtout](/source/Carrosserie_Pourtout) drophead coupé on a [Lancia Belna](/source/Lancia_Augusta) chassis 1935 - [Touring](/source/Carrozzeria_Touring) 2-seater body on a 1938 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300B chassis - Fixed head coupé by [Ghia](/source/Ghia) 1954 on an [Alfa Romeo 1900](/source/Alfa_Romeo_1900) SS chassis - [Hebmüller Cabriolet](/source/Volkswagen_Type_14A_(Hebm%C3%BCller_Cabriolet)) modifications upon a mass-produced Volkswagen platform chassis ### List of automobile coachbuilders This section needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Coachbuilders by nation have included: #### Austria - ABC Auto-Karosseriefabrik - Armbruster - Josef Breiter - Carl Blaha & Söhne - Karl Czerny - Johann Grimas - Franz Hanek - Johann Heinrich - Hölbl - [Jauernig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jauernig_%26_Moser&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauernig_%26_Moser)] - Kastenhofer - Ferdinand Keibl - Kohlruss - Köllensperger - Wilhelm Kübler - Lohner - Öffag - Reichelt - [Rohrbacher](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Rohrbacher&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rohrbacher)] - Brüder Schafranek - Schreiner & Blaha - A. Schwanzar - Stadtherr & Klimesch - Josef Swoboda - Wiener Karosserie-Fabrik - Weingartshofer & Griess - [Weiser & Sohn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._Weiser_%26_Sohn&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Weiser_%26_Sohn)] #### Belgium - Auto-Carrosserie Nationale - Bidée - Bogaerts, Stoelen & Van Ouytsel - Bousson - Carrosserie Parisienne - Colson - [Jacques Coune](/source/Jacques_Coune) - [D'Ieteren](/source/D'Ieteren) - De Mola - De Ruytter - De Wolf - Delisse - Dens - Devaux - Driessens & Oblin - Feval - Franeau - Gamette - Généraux - Grümmer (Bruxelles) - Jean Hackir - Hofkens - Joachim - [Jonckheere](/source/Jonckheere) - Lahaye - Lefèvre & Heuvels - Lilien - Lorenz & Walch - Louis Maes - Matthys & Osy - Meeussen - Monchamps - Navez - Oblin - Phlups - Pritchard & Demollin - Purnelle - Seghers & Fils - Snutsel - Simons - Sprengers - TTT - [Vanden Plas](/source/Vanden_Plas) - Van Dun - [Van Hool](/source/Van_Hool) - Van Muylder - Verhaest - Verwilt - [Vesters & Neirinck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vesters_%26_Neirinck&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesters_%26_Neirinck)] - Vogt & Demeuse - Walch #### China - The Auto Palace Co (Shanghai)[7] - The Central Garage Company (Shanghai) - China Motors LTD (Shanghai) - Grand Garage Français (Shanghai) - H.S. Honisberg & Co., Inc. - Hudford Garage (Shanghai) - The Shanghai Horse Bazaar and Motor Company Limited (Shanghai)[8] - Universal Motor Car & Body Works (Shanghai) #### Czech Republic - Bohemia - Brozik - Fischer - Jech - Kadrmas - [Karosa](/source/Karosa) - Klubal & Co. - Julius Kubinsky - Leitner - Lepil - Petera - Plachy - Pokorny & Beiwl - Snydr - [Sodomka](/source/Sodomka) - Spacil - Antonin Tomas #### Denmark - Aagaard - Andreasen - Asnæs - Carsten Jakobsen - Dansk Karosseri Fabrik - Funder - I. C. Hansen - J.H. Jensen - Næsby - Nørrebros - Odsherred - Vesterbros #### France - Achard, Fontanel & Cie ([Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Ailloud & Dumond ([Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Alin & Liautard ([Courbevoie](/source/Courbevoie)) - [Amiot](/source/Amiot_(car_manufacturer)) ([Dinard](/source/Dinard), [Dinan](/source/Dinan)) - André Roze - Angé ([Toulouse](/source/Toulouse)) - Ansart & Teisseire ([Neuilly](/source/Neuilly)) - [Antem](/source/Antem) - Arthur Boulogne - Aubertin - Audineau - Augereau ([Brou](/source/Brou%2C_Eure-et-Loir)) - [Autobineau](/source/Letourneur_et_Marchand) ([Neuilly](/source/Neuilly)) - Baehr - Bail (Paris) - Baqué ([Toulouse](/source/Toulouse)) - Barbier ([Cannes](/source/Cannes)) - Barou - Bedel - [Belvallette Frères](/source/Belvallette_Fr%C3%A8res) - Bergeon & Descoins - Berlioz & Gouillon (Paris) - Berluteau ([Melun](/source/Melun)) - Bernin ([Tours](/source/Tours)) - Berton-Labourdette - Besset ([Annonay](/source/Annonay)) - Beuzelin - Bigatti ([Nice](/source/Nice)) - [Billeter & Cartier](/source/Billeter_%26_Cartier) ([Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Binder - Boneberge (Lyon) - Bonneville & Chabrol ([Toulouse](/source/Toulouse)) - Boré ([Saint-Lô](/source/Saint-L%C3%B4)) - Botiaux - Bourack & de Costier - Brandone - Breteau - Broadwater - Busson - Candelaresi ([Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Carrier ([Argenteuil](/source/Argenteuil), [Alençon](/source/Alen%C3%A7on)) - Candelarési (Lyon) - Carde & fils ([Bordeaux](/source/Bordeaux)) - Chabrol (Toulouse) - Chapelle & Jabouille - [Chappe et Gessalin](/source/Chappe_et_Gessalin), ([Brie-Comte-Robert](/source/Brie-Comte-Robert)) - [Chapron](/source/Chapron) (Levallois-Perret) - [Philippe Charbonneaux](/source/Philippe_Charbonneaux) - Chatellard (Toulouse) - Chaussende (Lyon) - [Chausson](/source/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_usines_Chausson) ([Asnières](/source/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine), [Gennevilliers](/source/Gennevilliers)) - Chavet - Chéreau ([Avranches](/source/Avranches)) - Chesnot - Chicot (Levallois) - Chilbourg (Paris) - Clabot ([Alfortville](/source/Alfortville)) - Crouzier - Currus - [Darl'mat](/source/Darl'mat) (Paris) - Declerq & Cordonnier ([Lille](/source/Lille), [Roubaix](/source/Roubaix)) - De Corvaia - DeCostier (Boulogne s/Seine) - Decultil & Cie (Lyon) - Delaroche & Turquet ([Le Mans](/source/Le_Mans)) - Delaugère ([Orléans](/source/Orl%C3%A9ans)) - Deloche (Paris) - Derouault & Jongen - Desouches, David & Cie ([Pantin](/source/Pantin)) - Desvaux ([Rueil](/source/Rueil)) - De Villars - Di Rosa ([La Garenne-Colombes](/source/La_Garenne-Colombes)) - Drouet & Gaucher (Courbevoie) - Driquet - Maurice Dumas ([Bordeaux](/source/Bordeaux)) - Louis Dubos (Neuilly) - Dubos ([Puteaux](/source/Puteaux)) - Duchesne - Duhamel et Compagnie (Paris) - Durisotti - Dupont - Duval - Duvivier (Levallois-Perret) - Ehrler (Paris) - Ehmgard et Delbenque (Paris) - Esclassan – Tôlerie automobile et industrielle (Boulogne s/Seine) - [Facel-Métallon](/source/Facel_Vega) ([Dreux](/source/Dreux)) - Faget & Varnet (Levallois) - Faurax (Paris since 1808, later [Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Faurax & Chaussende (since 1920, Lyon) - Felber frères (Puteaux) - [Fernandez & Darrin](/source/Hibbard_%26_Darrin) (Paris) - [Figoni et Falaschi](/source/Figoni_et_Falaschi) (Boulogne s/Seine) - Firmin (Paris) - Fleury ([Thonon](/source/Thonon)) - Floquet (Saint-Amand) - Forrler ([Strasbourg](/source/Strasbourg)) - Fournier ([Bordeaux](/source/Bordeaux)) - Fournier ([Suresnes](/source/Suresnes)) - [Franay](/source/Franay) (Levallois-Perret) - Frugier (Toulouse, Limoges) - Gallé (Boulogne s/Seine) - Gangloff ([Colmar](/source/Colmar)) - Garros (Toulouse) - [Gaston Grümmer](/source/Carrosserie_Gaston_Gr%C3%BCmmer) - Gaudichet & Turquet ([Le Mans](/source/Le_Mans)) - Henri Gauthier ([Villeurbanne](/source/Villeurbanne)) - Gilotte (Courbevoie) - Girardo frères ([Cannes](/source/Cannes)) - Grange frères (Valence-sur-Rhône) - Gras ([Dijon](/source/Dijon)) - Gruau ([Laval](/source/Laval%2C_Mayenne)) - Guilloré - Léon Hanovre (Paris) - Hénon ([Albert](/source/Albert%2C_Somme)) - Henry ([Nancy](/source/Nancy%2C_France)) - [Heuliez](/source/Heuliez) ([Cerizay](/source/Cerizay)) - [Hibbard & Darrin](/source/Hibbard_%26_Darrin) (Paris) - Carrosserie Industrielle - Jamet (La Guerche, [Berry](/source/Berry)) - Jeanteaud (Paris) - Jouan, carrosserie de cuirs ([Clichy](/source/Clichy%2C_Hauts-de-Seine)) - Jousse & Parsy ([Montargis](/source/Montargis)) - Justrobe (Toulouse) - Kellner (Paris) - Kelsch (Levallois) - Klapper (Toulouse) - Kraemers fils (Paris) - Labarre ([Evreux](/source/Evreux)) - Labbé ([Lamballe](/source/Lamballe)) - La Carrosserie Industrielle ([Courbevoie](/source/Courbevoie)) - Lacoste frères (Toulouse) - Lagache & Glaszmann ([Montrouge](/source/Montrouge)) - Lagogué ([Alençon](/source/Alen%C3%A7on)) - [Lamberet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamberet_(body_builders)&action=edit&redlink=1) [[fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberet_(entreprise))] (Vonnat) - Lamplugh & Cie (Levallois-Perret) - Lavocat & Marsaud - [Letourneur et Marchand](/source/Letourneur_et_Marchand) (Neuilly) - Le Vieux (Paris) - Lourtioux ([Montluçon](/source/Montlu%C3%A7on)) - Mamy ([Besançon](/source/Besan%C3%A7on)) - Mandement (Toulouse) - [Manessius](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manessius&action=edit&redlink=1) (Puteaux) - Maron-Pot (Levallois-Perret) - Massias (Toulouse) - Mercier ([Toulouse](/source/Toulouse)) - Meulemeester ([Clichy](/source/Clichy%2C_Hauts-de-Seine)) - Michel ([Nice](/source/Nice), [Marseille](/source/Marseille)) - [Million-Guiet](/source/Million-Guiet) - Monjardet ([Besançon](/source/Besan%C3%A7on)) - Montel & fils ([Marseille](/source/Marseille)) - Morel (Paris) - Morin ([Parthenay](/source/Parthenay)) - Morin ([Rennes](/source/Rennes)) - Mühlbacher & fils (Puteaux) - Nicolas ([Angoulême](/source/Angoul%C3%AAme)) - Ottin ([Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Paul Née - Philippe Mühlbacher ([Toulouse](/source/Toulouse)) - Pelpel (Noyal s/Vilaine) - Petitprez & Verschure ([Tourcoing](/source/Tourcoing)) - Pezet (Toulouse) - Phaetonia ([Courbevoie](/source/Courbevoie)) - Plante ([Pau](/source/Pau%2C_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques)) - Poinsenet ([Epernay](/source/Epernay)) - [Pourtout](/source/Pourtout) ([Rueil-Malmaison](/source/Rueil-Malmaison)) - Pralavorio Simon ([Lyon](/source/Lyon) Montplaisir) - Privat ([Dijon](/source/Dijon)) - Pruneville ([Lyon](/source/Lyon)) - Radovitch ([Reims](/source/Reims)) - Rambert & fils ([Clermont-Ferrand](/source/Clermont-Ferrand), [Courbevoie](/source/Courbevoie)) - Raquin ([Montrichard](/source/Montrichard)) - Rasp (Paris) - Ravistre & Martel ([Annonay](/source/Annonay)) - Repusseau & Cie (Levallois-Perret) - Rétif ([Sancoins](/source/Sancoins), [Berry](/source/Berry)) - Rheims & Auscher, La Carrosserie Industrielle (Levallois-Perret) - Rousseau ([Montargis](/source/Montargis)) - Rungette (Levallois-Perret) - [Saoutchik](/source/Saoutchik) (Neuilly) - Soulé (Toulouse) - Spinnewyn ([Tourcoing](/source/Tourcoing)) - Surirey (Flers) - Tassé ([Pontchâteau](/source/Pontch%C3%A2teau)) - Tirbois ([Niort](/source/Niort)) - Tizot & Viguier ([Marseille](/source/Marseille)) - Tremble ([Puteaux](/source/Puteaux)) - Tual (Tredion) - Vallas (St-Just en Chevalet) - Van den Bussche ([Lille](/source/Lille)) - Van den Hende ([Roubaix](/source/Roubaix)) - [Vanvooren](/source/Carrosserie_Vanvooren) (Courbevoie) - Vedrine & Cie (Courbevoie) - Verplancke ([Roubaix](/source/Roubaix)) - Veuillet (Fleurieu-sur-Seine) - Vinet - VOG ([Chartres](/source/Chartres), Neuilly) - Wanaverbecq ([Lambersart](/source/Lambersart)) - Wantz ([Meaux](/source/Meaux)) - Warengehm ([Levallois-Perret](/source/Levallois-Perret)) - [Weymann](/source/Weymann_Fabric_Bodies) (Paris) - Widerkehr ([Colmar](/source/Colmar)) - Willy van den Plas (Paris, [Lille](/source/Lille)) #### Germany - [Ambi-Budd](/source/Ambi-Budd) - [Auer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Auer_Karosseriefabrik&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Auer_Karosseriefabrik)] - [Autenrieth](/source/Karosseriebau_Autenrieth) - [Baur](/source/Karosserie_Baur) - [Binz](/source/Binz_(vehicles)) - Buhne - [Dannenhauer & Stauss](/source/Dannenhauer_%26_Stauss) - [Deutsch](/source/Karl_Deutsch_GmbH) - [Dörr & Schreck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B6rr_%26_Schreck&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rr_%26_Schreck)] - [Drauze](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drauz-Werke&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drauz-Werke)] - [Erdmann & Rossi](/source/Erdmann_%26_Rossi) - Friederich - [Gläser](/source/Gl%C3%A4ser-Karosserie) - Glüer - Grümmer (Aachen) - [Hebmüller](/source/Hebm%C3%BCller) - [Ihle](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebr%C3%BCder_Ihle_Bruchsal&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebr%C3%BCder_Ihle_Bruchsal)] - [Kässbohrer](/source/Karl_K%C3%A4ssbohrer_Fahrzeugwerke) - [Karmann](/source/Karmann) - Kathe - [Keinath](/source/Keinath) - [Kellner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karosserie_Alexis_Kellner&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosserie_Alexis_Kellner)] - Konigsberg - [Kruse](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%BCder_Kruse&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCder_Kruse)](Husum) - [Kühlstein](/source/K%C3%BChlstein) - [Kühn](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karosseriewerke_Otto_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosseriewerke_Otto_K%C3%BChn)] - Johann Michael Mayer ([München](/source/M%C3%BCnchen)) - Mengelbier ([Aachen](/source/Aachen)) - [Neoplan](/source/Neoplan) - Neuss - Nowack - Papler - Plenikowski ([Hartha](/source/Hartha)) - Rembrandt - [Reutter](/source/Recaro#History) - [Rometsch](/source/Rometsch) - [Setra](/source/Setra) - Spohn - [Styling Garage](/source/Styling_Garage) - Szase - Voll & Ruhrbeck - Weinberger, Karl - Weinberger, Ludwig - Weinsberg - [Wendler](/source/Wendler_(coachbuilder)) #### Greece - Tangalakis #### Hungary - Antal Zupka - Balogh - Glattfelder - István Tücsök - Lajos Zupka - Ludovika - Metallo - Misura - Nagy Géza - Schillinger - Uhri - Gyula Varga #### India - [DC Design](/source/Dilip_Chhabria) - Dykes & Co - French Motor Car & Electric Co - Press & Co - Ruby Industries - Simpson & Co - Steuart #### Indonesia - Adi Putro - Antika Raya - Cipta Karya - Delima Jaya - Gunung Mas - Hartono Putra - KenKa - Laksana - Mekar Jaya - Morodadi Prima - New Armada - Nusantara Gemilang - Piala Mas - Rahayu Santosa - Restu Ibu - SKA - Stadabus - Tentrem - Trisakti - Tugas Anda - Tugas Kita - Tuksedo Studio #### Ireland - Booth Bros - Duffy Coachbodies - [O'Gorman](/source/O'Gorman_Coach_Builders) - Pierce #### Italy - Accossato - [Ala d'Oro](/source/Carrozzeria_Ala_d'Oro) - Albanesi - [Alessio](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrozzeria_Alessio&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Allemano](/source/Carrozzeria_Allemano) - Ansaloni - Aprile - Ares Design - Arrigo Perini - Auto Sport - [Autodromo](/source/Autodromo_(company)) - Balbo - Beccaria & Canè - Beccaris & Teraschi - Belloni - [Bertone](/source/Gruppo_Bertone) - Bertolini - [Bizzarrini](/source/Bizzarrini) - [Boano](/source/Felice_Mario_Boano) - Bollani - [Boneschi](/source/Carrozzeria_Boneschi) - Borsani - Bottazzi - Brianza - Campana - Canta - Capozzi & Peraldo - Caprera - Casaro - Cattelan - [Caselani](/source/Caselani) - [Castagna](/source/Carrozzeria_Castagna) - [Cecomp](/source/Cecomp) - [Coggiola](/source/Sergio_Coggiola) - [Colli](/source/Carrozzeria_Colli) - Conrotto - Corna - [Coriasco](/source/Coriasco) - [De Simon](/source/De_Simon) - Drogo - Dux - Ellena - Eurostyle - Faina - Fantuzzi - [Farina](/source/Stabilimenti_Farina) - Fiandri & Malagoli - Filacchione - [Fioravanti](/source/Fioravanti_(automotive)) - [Fissore](/source/Carrozzeria_Fissore) - Fona - Fontana - [Frua](/source/Pietro_Frua) - [Garavini](/source/Carrozzeria_Garavini) - [Ghia](/source/Ghia) - [Ghia-Aigle](/source/Ghia-Aigle) - [Giannini](/source/Giannini_Automobili) - [Giugiaro](/source/Giorgetto_Giugiaro) - Gransport - Grazia - [I.DE.A](/source/I.DE.A_Institute) - Introzzi - [Italdesign](/source/Italdesign_Giugiaro) - Italiana Cooperativa - Italo-Argentina - Locato & Viarengo - Locati & Torretta - [Lombardi](/source/Carrozzeria_Francis_Lombardi) - Lotti - [Maggiora](/source/Maggiora_(manufacturer)) - Mantelli, Prato & Cornaglia - [Marazzi](/source/Carrozzeria_Marazzi) - [MAT](/source/Manifattura_Automobili_Torino) - [Meade](/source/Tom_Meade) - Meteor - Moderna - Monterosa - Montescani - Monviso - [Morelli](/source/Morelli_(company)) - Moretti - [Motto](/source/Rocco_Motto) - [Nembo](/source/Neri_and_Bonacini) - Orlandi - [OSI](/source/Officine_Stampaggi_Industriali) - [Pavesi](/source/Carrozzeria_Pavesi) - Pavesi & Crespi - Pilato - [Pininfarina](/source/Pininfarina) - Riva - [Sala](/source/Cesare_Sala) - Savio - [Scaglietti](/source/Carrozzeria_Scaglietti) - Schieppati - Scioneri - Sibona & Basano - Simonetti - [Sports Cars (Drogo)](/source/Carrozzeria_Sports_Cars) - [Stola](/source/Stola_(automotive_company)) - [Studiotorino](/source/Studiotorino) - [Touring](/source/Carrozzeria_Touring) - [Varesina](/source/Carrozzeria_Varesina) - Vendrame - Viberti - [Vignale](/source/Vignale) - [Viotti](/source/Carrozzeria_Viotti) - [Zagato](/source/Zagato) #### Japan - [Mitsuoka](/source/Mitsuoka) - Watanabe #### Luxembourg - Conrardy #### Netherlands - Akkermans - Bronkhorst - [Bij 't Vuur](/source/Bij_'t_Vuur) - Van Beurden Carrosserie Holland - Dolk - Donderwinkel - Egbers - Garstman - Gips & Jacobs - Hermans - Hover & Tiwi - Hulsman - Jac Met - Kimman - Lathouwers - Van Leersum & Co - De Ley - Van Lijf & Co - Mudde - Muller - Mijnhardt - N.A.M. (Nederlandsche Auto-Maatschappij) - Nederlandsche Carrosseriefabrieken - Oostwoud - [Pennock](/source/Carrosseriefabriek_Pennock) - Van Rijswijk & Zoon - Roos - Schutter & van Bakel - Smulders - Soudijn - [Spyker](/source/Spyker) - Jean Stegen - Teulings - W J Van Trigt & Zoon - [Vandenbrink Design](/source/Vandenbrink_Design) - Verheul - Veth & Zoon #### Poland - Brzeskiauto - Danziger Karosseriefabrik - Feliks Strzalek - [Plage i Laśkiewicz](/source/Plage_i_La%C5%9Bkiewicz) #### Russia - Bräutigam - Frese & Co - Ilyin - Krummel #### Spain - [Abadal](/source/Abadal) - [Ayats](/source/Ayats) - Bettla - Blancou - Capella - Carrizo - J Farré - Forcada - Fiol - Galo Mateos - Herrero - Hijos de Labourdette - [Irizar](/source/Irizar) - Lucas - Molist - Reynés - Roqueta - Serra - Vert - Vidal #### Sweden - Bröderna Johansson - Frändbergs - Freyschuss - Hoflageribolaget - Heinels - Järbo - Jakobsson - Kabo - Nilssons - Nordberg - Norrmalm - Nylunds - Ringborg - Thulinverken - Valbo #### Switzerland - [Beutler](/source/Carrosserie_Beutler) - [C. & R. Geissberger](/source/Carrosserie_C._%26_R._Geissberger) - Gangloff - Geismeister - [Graber](/source/Carrosserie_Hermann_Graber) - [Ramseier](/source/Carrosserie_Worblaufen) - Tuscher - [Worblaufen](/source/Carrosserie_Worblaufen) #### United Kingdom - [Abbey](/source/Abbey_(coachbuilder)) - [Abbott](/source/E._D._Abbott_Ltd) - [Alexander Dennis](/source/Alexander_Dennis) (formerly Walter Alexander Coachbuilders) - [Arthur Mulliner](/source/Arthur_Mulliner) - [Aston Martin](/source/Aston_Martin) - [Atcherley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.C._and_R.C._Atcherley&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.C._and_R.C._Atcherley)] - [Barker](/source/Barker_(coachbuilder)) - [Broom](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Broom_Coachbuilders&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Broom_Coachbuilders)] - [Butlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butlin_Coachworks&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butlin_Coachworks)] - [Cann](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cann_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cann_%26_Company)] - [Carbodies](/source/Carbodies) - [Carlton](/source/Carlton_Carriage_Company) - [Crayford Engineering](/source/Crayford_Engineering) - [Charlesworth](/source/Charlesworth_Bodies) - [Corsica](/source/Corsica_Coachworks) - [Croall](/source/John_Croall_%26_Sons_Edinburgh) - [Cunard](/source/Cunard_(coachbuilder)) - [Gordon England](/source/Gordon_England_(coachbuilder)) - Flewitt - [Freestone and Webb](/source/Freestone_and_Webb) - [Grose](/source/Grose) - [Harold Radford](/source/Harold_Radford) - [Harrington](/source/Thomas_Harrington_Ltd) - Holmes (London) - [Hooper](/source/Hooper_(coachbuilder)) - [Hoyal](/source/Chalmer_%26_Hoyer) - [H. J. Mulliner & Co.](/source/H._J._Mulliner_%26_Co.) - [J Gurney Nutting & Co](/source/J_Gurney_Nutting_%26_Co_Limited) - [James Young](/source/James_Young_(coachbuilder)) - John Hatchett (London) - [Jones Brothers](/source/Jones_Brothers) (London) - [Jarvis of Wimbledon](/source/Jarvis_of_Wimbledon) - [Jensen](/source/Jensen_Motors) - John Charles - [Lancefield](/source/Lancefield_Coachworks) - [Martin Walter](/source/Martin_Walter_of_Folkestone) - [Mulliner Park Ward](/source/Mulliner_Park_Ward) - [Mulliners (Birmingham)](/source/Mulliners_(Birmingham)) - [New Avon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Avon_Body_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Avon_Body_Company)] - [Nu-Track](/source/Nu-Track) - [Optare](/source/Optare) - [Park Ward](/source/Park_Ward) - [Rippon Bros](/source/Rippon_Bros) - [Salmons](/source/Salmons_and_Son) - [Swallow](/source/Swallow_Sidecar_Company) - [Tickford](/source/Tickford) - [Thrupp & Maberly](/source/Thrupp_%26_Maberly) - [Vanden Plas](/source/Vanden_Plas) - [Vince & Son](/source/Vince_%26_Son) - [Walter Alexander Coachbuilders](/source/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders) - Wesleys Newport Pagnell - [Vincent of Reading](/source/William_Vincent_Ltd._(coachbuilders)) - [Windovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Windover_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Windover_%26_Co.)] - [Wingham Martin Walter](/source/Abbey_(coachbuilder)) - [Wrightbus](/source/Wrightbus) #### United States - Alex Madjaric Body Works - [Abbot-Downing](/source/Abbot-Downing_Company) - [Biddle and Smart](/source/Biddle_and_Smart) (Amesbury) - [Bohman & Schwartz](/source/Bohman_%26_Schwartz) - [Brewster](/source/Brewster_%26_Co.) - [Briggs](/source/Briggs_Manufacturing_Company) - [Brunn](/source/Brunn_%26_Company) - [Budd](/source/Budd_Company) - [Coachcraft](/source/Coachcraft_Ltd.) - [Darrin of Paris](/source/Darrin_of_Paris) - Demarest - [Derham](/source/Derham_Body_Company) - [Dietrich Inc.](/source/Dietrich_Inc.) - [Earl Automobile Works](/source/Harley_Earl) - [Fisher](/source/Fisher_Body) - [Albert Fisher (Detroit)](/source/Albert_Fisher_(Detroit)) - [Fleetwood](/source/Fleetwood_Metal_Body) - [Holbrook](/source/Holbrook_Company) - [Judkins](/source/John_B._Judkins_Company) - KEM Motorworks - [LeBaron](/source/LeBaron_Incorporated) - Locke - Merrimac - [Murphy](/source/Walter_M_Murphy_Company) - [Murray](/source/Murray_Corporation_of_America) - [Rollson](/source/Rollston#Rollson_Inc) - [Rollston](/source/Rollston) - Rubay - [Studebaker](/source/Studebaker) - Towson - [Walker](/source/Walker_Body_Company) - [Waterhouse](/source/Waterhouse_Company) - Widman - [Willoughby](/source/Willoughby_Company) - [Wilson](/source/Wilson_Body_Company) #### Survivors of the unibody production-line system These are survivors of the unibody production-line system.[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] - Coway [9] - Jankel [10] - Jubilee [11] - MacNeillie [12] - [Overfinch](/source/Overfinch) - Wilcox[13] - Woodall-Nicholson[14] ## See also - [Bus manufacturing](/source/Bus_manufacturing) - [Carriage](/source/Carriage) - [Body-on-frame](/source/Body-on-frame) - [Chassis](/source/Chassis) - [Unibody](/source/Unibody) - [Wainwright](/source/Wainwright_(occupation)) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Coach"](http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Coach). *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)* (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** *Oxford English Dictionary* 2011 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [G.N. Georgano](/source/G.N._Georgano), G. N. *Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930*. (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.206 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** *The Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.IV* (First ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 677. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Early Pierce-Arrow cast aluminum body technology. *The Pierce-Arrow Society*](http://www.pierce-arrow.org/features/feature26/index.php) accessed February 25, 2019 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** "Steel Bodies: In an Eggshell", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. *World of Automobiles* (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), p. 2178. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["The Shanghai Body Builders of the 1920s"](https://chinacarhistory.com/2020/12/27/the-shanghai-body-builders-of-the-1920s/). 27 December 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["The Shanghai Horse Bazaar and Motor Company Limited"](https://chinacarhistory.com/2020/03/30/the-shanghai-horse-bazaar-and-motor-company-limited/). 30 March 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Coway web site](https://web.archive.org/web/20120424174030/http://www.cowaylimited.co.uk/) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Jankel web site](http://www.jankel.co.uk) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120405145630/http://www.jankel.co.uk/) 2012-04-05 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles, Mobility Cars, Disability Car, Adapted Vehicles for Sale"](http://www.jubileemobility.co.uk/). *jubileemobility.co.uk*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Specialist Vehicle Converter & Supplier – MacNeillie"](http://www.macneillie.co.uk). *MacNeillie*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Hearse for Sale – Limousine for Sale – Wilcox Limousines"](http://www.limousines.co.uk). *Wilcox Limousines*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Woodall Nicholson"](http://www.woodall-nicholson.co.uk). *woodall-nicholson.co.uk*. ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Coachbuilders](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coachbuilders). - [Coachbuild.com: Encyclopedia of worldwide Coachbuilders from past to present](https://www.coachbuild.com) - [Encyclopedia of American Coachbuilders](http://www.coachbuilt.com) - [Goldarths: The Fine Art of Coachbuilding](https://web.archive.org/web/20090409232355/http://www.luxury-insider.com/Regulars/Reviews_and_Commentary/Coachbuilding/index.aspx) - [*The Kellner Affair: Matters of Life and Death*](http://www.daltonwatson.com/The-Kellner-Affair-by-Peter-M-Larsen-and-Ben-Erickson-s/1991.htm) by Peter M. Larsen and Ben Erickson. Details Jacques Kellner and George Paulin involvement in the French Resistance. - [Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles](https://www.southernmobilityvehicles.co.uk/) - Southern Mobility Vehicles v t e Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Backbone chassis Beltline Body-on-frame Bumper Dagmar Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Fender ponton skirts Grille Hood scoop shaker Monocoque Overhang Pillar Platform Quarter panel Roof rack Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Hood/bonnet Trunk/boot/dickie Doors Butterfly Canopy Gull-wing Scissor Sliding Suicide Swan Glass Glass run channel Greenhouse Opera window Power window Quarter glass Sunroof Windshield/windscreen washer fluid wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front-end bra Hood ornament Horn Instruments Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Parts Tire/tyre run-flat spare Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Automotive light bulb types Daytime running lamp Headlamp hidden high-intensity discharge sealed beam trafficators Other elements Side-view mirror power Tow hitch Window deflector Legal Registration plate vanity plate Theft Vehicle identification number (VIN) Category Commons Portal v t e Horse-drawn vehicles and carriages Four-wheeled carriages and coaches Araba Barouche Berlin Brake Britzka Brougham Buckboard Buggy Calash Carryall Charabanc ‡ Chariot coach Clarence Coach ‡ Concord coach ‡ Coupé Diligence ‡ Drag Droshky Fiacre ‡ Fly Four-in-hand Gharry ‡ Hackney coach ‡ Hearse Horsebus/Omnibus ‡ Horsecar ‡ Jingle Karozzin Landau Long car Mail coach ‡ Marathon carriage Mylord Park Drag Phaeton Post chaise Road Coach Rockaway Runabout (carriage) Sociable Spider phaeton Stagecoach ‡ Stage wagon ‡ State coach Surrey Tarantass Victoria Vis-à-vis Wagonette Two-wheeled carriages and carts Bandy Cabriolet ‡ Cape cart Cariole Cart Chaise Cidomo/Dokar Curricle Dogcart Ekka Float Gari Gig Governess cart Hansom cab ‡ Herdic ‡ Jaunting car Kalesa Ralli car Red River cart Shay Sicilian cart Sjees Sprung cart Stanhope Sulky Tanga Tilbury Trap Tumbrel Un-sprung cart Volante Whiskey Non-wheeled Kibitka Sleigh Travois Troika Vozok Wagons and freight Chasse-marée Chuckwagon Conestoga wagon Covered wagon Dray Float Limbers and caissons Lorry Telega Trolley Trolley and lift van Vardo Wagon Vehicle construction Coachbuilder Front axle assembly Hammercloth Shaft bow Swingletree/singletree Undercarriage Wainwright Wheelwright Whippletree/double tree Category:Horse-drawn vehicle parts Harness Bearing rein Blinkers Breast collar Breeching Bridle Collar Crupper Horse brass Lines Saddle Terret Trace Related Glossary of carriage and driving terminology Bibliography of carriages and driving History of horse-drawn transport Chariot Biga Triga Quadriga Coachman Footman Postilion Livery Driving Draft horse Driving club Russian vehicles Tandem Museums and collections Equestrian use of roadways Categories Carriages Carts Coachbuilders Carriage museums Horse driving Images ‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services Authority control databases International GND National France BnF data Czech Republic Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Coachbuilder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachbuilder) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachbuilder?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.