# Clinton Liberal Institute

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Preparatory boarding school in Clinton, New York, U.S.

Clinton Liberal Institute The Clinton Liberal Institute in Fort Plain, NY Town of Kirkland, New York Information Type Preparatory boarding school Established 1831 (1831) Closed 1900 (1900)

The **Clinton Liberal Institute** was a [preparatory](/source/University-preparatory_school) [boarding school](/source/Boarding_school) established by the [Universalist Church](/source/Universalist_Church) in the village of [Clinton](/source/Clinton%2C_Oneida_County%2C_New_York), in the [Town of Kirkland, New York](/source/Kirkland%2C_New_York), in 1831. Its main building, a massive stone structure,[1] was the largest building in Clinton for many years. It relocated to [Fort Plain, New York](/source/Fort_Plain%2C_New_York), in 1878, taking over the former Fort Plain Seminary, and remaining there until its buildings were destroyed in a fire in 1900.

It was the first educational institution established by American Universalists. It was an institute of so-called religious "liberals". According to its original constitution, "Students shall in no case be persuaded by an officer or teacher to attend meetings of any denomination, and no minister of any denomination shall have the liberty to perform the service of worship within this Institute." Parents did not want their children obligated to attend the services of the sponsoring church, as for example students at the Houghton Seminary, in Clinton, were required to attend Presbyterian services.[2] This provision was later rescinded and in 1841 a resolution of the Board of Trustees urged that "students be affectionately entreated to attend public worship."[3]

Both male and female students studied at the Institute, but separately, with different teachers and in different buildings.

## History

### Establishment

The Clinton Liberal Institute was the initial educational venture of the Universalist denomination in America.[4] The need for a Universalist school, and the precedent set by the [Oneida Institute](/source/Oneida_Institute), was set forth in an article in the April 30, 1831, issue of *[Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Magazine_and_Gospel_Advocate&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[5] According to its author, the article was "setting forth the importance to our cause, and strongly urging the necessity upon Universalists, of establishing a literary institution [non-religious school] of our own, which should be free from the intermeddling and control of the Orthodox sects, where we could send our sons and daughters for an education without their being insulted and kept under the perpetual surveillance of our religious opponents, and where our young men could receive a suitable education, preparatory to the ministry of reconciliation."[6]

Efforts by the [Universalist Church](/source/Universalist_Church) to establish a non-denominational and non-sectarian school to train ministers, in the State of New York, began in 1831.[7][8] The intent of these efforts was to create a school "not only for general purposes of science and literature, but with a particular view of furnishing with an education young men designed for the ministry of reconciliation", due to the perception that other Christian schools that dominated the state were "hostile to the doctrine" of Universalism.[7] To this end, the Clinton Liberal Institute was established in Clinton, New York, and the first students were admitted in November 1831.[7] On April 29, 1834, the [New York State Legislature](/source/New_York_State_Legislature) passed a bill entitled "An Act to incorporate the Clinton liberal institute", formally allowing a group of eighteen trustees to create "The Clinton Liberal Institute" as a body "for the purpose of providing a literary [non-religious] seminary for the public instruction and education of youth."[9]

No record survives explaining why Clinton was chosen, but the school's 1878 catalog offered this explanation: "[the] climate is agreeable and healthful; the citizens are intelligent, moral, and hospitable, and are deeply interested in the intellectual culture of the young. The village is exceptionally free from the vices and temptations that abound in most towns and cities. The general quiet of the place and its prevailing intellectual and moral tone are highly favorable to study and the development of true character."[10]

### Operation

Drawing of the main (male) building of the Clinton Liberal Institute, published in *Historical Collections of the State of New York* in 1842. At that date Clinton had not yet been incorporated, so it is described as being in the [town of Kirkland](/source/Kirkland%2C_New_York).

The original building of the Institute, located on eight acres at the southeast corner of Utica and Mulberry Streets, where male students boarded, was four stories tall (plus a basement), with a base 96 by 52 feet, built of gray stone. It cost $9,300 to build (equivalent to $281,180 in 2025) and was the largest building in Clinton. A separate wooden building for classes for women, who boarded with families, was two stories tall, and 40 by 25 feet. During the first year there were 108 students.[11]: 138 The school was placed under the visitation of the Regents of nearby [Hamilton College](/source/Hamilton_College) in 1836.[12] By 1838 it had a library of 1,000 volumes.[13]

The Ladies' Department was located 0.8 miles (1.25 km) away from the men's department, at Chestnut and William Streets, "pleasantly situated at the head of one of the main streets of the village, commanding a view of the whole street and West Park Row, in fact overlooking the entire village."[1] The Ladies' Department had eight pianos.[14]

Both male and female students had free access to the Astronomical Observatory at [Hamilton College](/source/Hamilton_College).[15] According to the school's 1844 Catalogue, "Students will also have the privilege of attending free of charge the Scientific Lectures delivered at Hamilton College, which will comprise a complete course in Chemistry, Philosophy [physics], Geology, and Astronomy. This is an advantage which few schools of this description can enjoy, since the College is but a short walk from the Institute."[16]

In 1839, a call for funds to retire debt stated that 1,000 youth of both sexes had been taught by the Institute.[17]

In 1845, after much discussion within the Universalist Church about establishing a [seminary](/source/Seminary) in the state of New York, Reverend [Thomas J. Sawyer](/source/Thomas_J._Sawyer)—a leading proponent of such an establishment—took charge of the Clinton Liberal Institute. He set aside two hours per day to lecture on [theology](/source/Theology) to any students who wanted to attend, at no cost to the students. He continued to offer this additional instruction until the fall of 1853, by which time efforts were underway to open a Universalist seminary elsewhere in New York. Sawyer prepared a total of 37 students to enter the ministry during this period.[7]

According to Cunningham, in his *History of Oneida County,* "This institution had somewhat of a checkered career, and finally, in 1879, was removed to Fort Plain." The checkered career was the institute's precarious financial status, which threatened its survival: "through a long period the life of the school was an incessant struggle with floating debts and inadequate resources.... Repeatedly—almost periodically during its first years and not rarely later—it encountered financial storms that seemed certain to overwhelm it."[3] The move to Fort Plain reflected the deterioration of the original buildings (the stone of the main building was later used in the construction of Carnegie Hall, on the Hamilton College campus, which opened in 1904[18]: 25). [Fort Plain, New York](/source/Fort_Plain%2C_New_York) is in [Montgomery County](/source/Montgomery_County%2C_New_York). Still named the Clinton Liberal Institute, it occupied in Fort Plain the facilities of the former Fort Plain Female Seminary and Collegiate Institute.[19][20][7] In 1887, it had a [William Cullen Bryant](/source/William_Cullen_Bryant) Literary Society.[21] In 1892, it had thirty pianos.[22] In 1891, the Institute established a [military academy](/source/Military_academy) (with both male and female cadets) as part of the school,[23][24] adding "Military Academy" to the school name,[25] and had an armory for the storage of [artillery](/source/Artillery) equipment.[24] All of the Institute's buildings at the Fort Plain location were destroyed in a fire on March 25, 1900.[26][24] The Institute's remaining resources were then transferred to [Canton, New York](/source/Canton%2C_New_York), and merged with the theological school of [St. Lawrence University](/source/St._Lawrence_University).[26]

## Associated individuals

### Faculty

- Rev. C. B. Thummel, Principal and Professor of Languages when the school opened.[11]: 138–139

- Rev. [Thomas Jefferson Sawyer](/source/Thomas_Jefferson_Sawyer), founder of [Tufts College](/source/Tufts_College), was pastor of the Universalist church in Clinton[27]

- Rev. [Stephen Rensselaer Smith](/source/Stephen_Rensselaer_Smith). "It is well understood and acknowledged that Rev. Stephen R. Smith, for many years a resident and preacher in Clinton, was the founder of the Institute."[8]: 237

- George R. Perkins, taught mathematics[28][11]: 139

- Heman A. Dearborn, A.M., Principal from about 1860 to 1964; left to accept position teaching Latin at the new [Tufts College](/source/Tufts_College)[29]

- [Caroline A. Soule](/source/Caroline_A._Soule), writer, was for two years the unpaid head of the Female Department.[30][31]

- Emery H. Blair, taught mathematics, husband of [Ellen A. Dayton Blair](/source/Ellen_A._Dayton_Blair)[32]

- Edmund S. Jenkins and his wife Lydia Ann Moulton Jenkins were from 1860 to 1862 joint Universalist ministers in Clinton and worked with the Institute students.[33]

- Mrs. Eliza Clackett, Music Teacher – During the Year Terminating August 30th, 1837.[34]

- [Ephraim Porter Felt](/source/Ephraim_Porter_Felt), taught science

- [Everard Enos Hatch](/source/Everard_Enos_Hatch), military instructor

- Myron J. Michael, principal in 1895[35]

### Students ([alumni](/source/Alumni))

- [Adolphus C. Bartlett](/source/Adolphus_C._Bartlett), industrialist[36]

- [Clara Barton](/source/Clara_Barton), founder of the [American Red Cross](/source/American_Red_Cross),[37] 1850–1852[38]

- [William Biddlecome](/source/William_Biddlecome), attorney and politician[39]

- [Winchester Britton](/source/Winchester_Britton), attorney and politician[40]

- [Elizabeth Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Bruce_(Universalist)&action=edit&redlink=1), Universalist author and minister; taught drawing at the Institute in 1853–54[41]

- Contrary to his biographers, President [Grover Cleveland](/source/Grover_Cleveland) did not study in the Institute; he attended the Clinton Grammar School[42]

- [Bill Dahlen](/source/Bill_Dahlen), baseball player

- [Julia McEntee Dillon](/source/Julia_McEntee_Dillon), painter

- [Richard Eddy](/source/Richard_Eddy_(clergyman)), Universalist clergyman

- [Matilda Joslyn Gage](/source/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage), suffragist[43]

- [Francis H. Gates](/source/Francis_H._Gates), politician[44]

- [Garwood L. Judd](/source/Garwood_L._Judd), attorney, member [New York State Assembly](/source/New_York_State_Assembly)

- [Jeremiah Keck](/source/Jeremiah_Keck), lawyer and politician[45]

- [Philip Keck](/source/Philip_Keck), lawyer, judge, and politician[46]

- [Simon Lake](/source/Simon_Lake), inventor of the modern submarine; attended in Fort Plain[24][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*][47]

- [Charles H. Leonard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Leonard&action=edit&redlink=1) (1822–1918), dean of the [Tufts Divinity School](/source/Crane_Theological_School)[48]

- [Ebenezer Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1), Esq. (1819–1878), attorney, active in Wales and missionary work, trustee of the [Oneida Institute](/source/Oneida_Institute)[49]

- William R. Libbey (1857–1894), dentist, studied at Clinton Grammar School[18]: 16

- [Jervis McEntee](/source/Jervis_McEntee), painter[50][51]

- [Stillman T. Meservey](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stillman_T._Meservey&action=edit&redlink=1), banker, industrialist, member of Iowa General Assembly[52]

- Bernard Peters, minister, editor of the [Brooklyn Daily Times](/source/Brooklyn_Daily_Times)[53]

- [Oscar Rathbun](/source/Oscar_Rathbun), Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island

- [Clinton Scollard](/source/Clinton_Scollard), writer, professor at Hamilton College

- [Charles R. Skinner](/source/Charles_R._Skinner), U.S. Representative[54]

- [Joseph G. Standart](/source/Joseph_G._Standart), businessman

- [Charles Stanford](/source/Charles_Stanford_(politician)), merchant, newspaper publisher and politician, brother of Leland Stanford,[55] attended in 1844. Another brother, DeWitt, attended in 1843.

- [Leland Stanford](/source/Leland_Stanford), Governor of California, U.S. Senator, and founder of [Stanford University](/source/Stanford_University)[37] He attended in 1844 and transferred with Charles to the Cazenovia Seminary in 1845.

- [Farris B. Streeter](/source/Farris_B._Streeter), Solicitor of the United States Treasury[56]

- [Isaac Tripp](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Tripp&action=edit&redlink=1) (1821–1902), lawyer[57]

- [John Wieting](/source/John_Wieting), doctor and philanthropist

- [George E. Williams](/source/George_E._Williams_(New_York_politician)), newspaper publisher and politician[58]

- [Pardon C. Williams](/source/Pardon_C._Williams), lawyer and judge

- [Oren Elbridge Wilson](/source/Oren_Elbridge_Wilson), mayor of [Albany, New York](/source/Albany%2C_New_York).[59]

## Archival material

- Archival materials are held in the [St. Lawrence University](/source/St._Lawrence_University) Museum, [Canton, New York](/source/Canton%2C_New_York).[60] New York State Historical Documents, Albany, New York, holds 11 items, including lists of students and instructors, from the Fort Plain period.[61]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Leader_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Leader_1-1) ["Anniversary Exercises of Clinton Liberal Institute"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123314288/exercises-at-the-clinton-liberal/). *The Christian Leader*. New York, New York. 28 Jun 1873. p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Bakos, Midge (2023). Stiefvater, Mary Ann (ed.). *A View from the Steeple. The Founding and Growth of Stone Church, Hamilton College, and the Village of Clinton*. The Presbyterian Society of Clinton. p. 121. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9798858411802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798858411802).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Courier_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Courier_3-1) "Clinton Liberal Institute". *Clinton Courier*. August 5, 1965. p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Black, Malcolm S., ed. (1916). *Sixty Years of St. Lawrence*. [Canton, New York](/source/Canton%2C_New_York): [St. Lawrence University](/source/St._Lawrence_University). p. 359.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Skinner, Dolphus (April 30, 1831). ["Seminary of Learning for Universalists"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah6ma7&seq=151&q1=April+30). *[Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Magazine_and_Gospel_Advocate&action=edit&redlink=1)*. pp. 141–143.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** *[Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Magazine_and_Gospel_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1)*, May 17, 1850, writing on Stephen Rensselaer Smith.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Allen_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Allen_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Allen_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Allen_7-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Allen_7-4) Joseph Henry Allen, Richard Eddy, *History of Universalism*, p. 486-490.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Everts_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Everts_8-1) [*History of Oneida County, New York. With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers*](https://archive.org/details/historyofoneidac00unse/page/n241/mode/1up). Philadelphia: Everts and Fariss. 1878. p. 226.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** *Laws of the State of New York: Passed at the Fifty-Seventh Session of the Legislature* (1834), p. 364.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Williams, Richard L. (November 2002), *The Story of the Clinton Liberal Institute*, Manuscript.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gridley_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gridley_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gridley_11-2) Gridley, A[mos] D[elos] (1874). *History of the Town of Kirkland New York*. New York: [Hurd and Houghton](/source/Hurd_and_Houghton).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** John Warner Barber, Henry Howe, *Historical Collections of the State of New York* (1842), p. 362.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** *Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Clinton Liberal Institute*. 1838. p. 12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Leader_2_14-0)** ["Report of Clinton Liberal Institute"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123315141/report-of-clinton-liberal-institute/). *The Christian Leader*. New York, New York. November 1, 1873. p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** *Clinton Liberal Institute [handbill]*. Held by the Clinton Historical Society. March 1860.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** *Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Clinton Liberal Institute, at Clinton, Oneida Co., N.Y*. Held by the Clinton Historical Society. 1844. p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Clinton Liberal Institute. To Universalist Ministers"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080021739&seq=29&q1=%22Clinton+liberal+institute%22). *[Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Magazine_and_Gospel_Advocate&action=edit&redlink=1)*. Vol. 10, new series, no. 3. January 18, 1839. p. 19.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Forty_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Forty_18-1) *Forty Years of Clinton History*. [Clinton Historical Society (Clinton, New York)](/source/Clinton_Historical_Society_(Clinton%2C_New_York)). 2003 [1915].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Cunningham, Henry J. (1912). *History of Oneida County New York from 1700 to the Present Time*. Vol. I. Chicago: S. ). Clarke Publishing Company. p. 366.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["The Clinton Liberal Institute :: Fort Plain Free Library"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170803211441/http://nyheritage.nnyln.net/cdm/ref/collection/fpfl/id/48). *nyheritage.nnyln.net*. Archived from [the original](http://nyheritage.nnyln.net/cdm/ref/collection/fpfl/id/48) on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-08-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** *Programme. Third Annual Reception of the William Cullen Bryant Literary Society of Clinton Liberal Institute Fort Plain, N.Y*. Held by the Clinton Historical Society. February 5, 1887.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Albany Ahead!"](https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FLogin_18%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201892%2520Jun-Dec%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201892%2520Jun-Dec%2520-%25200392.pdf%23xml%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Db25bcba%26DocId%3D4088639%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520E%26HitCount%3D3%26hits%3D1dbf%2B1dc0%2B1dc1%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FLogin_18%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201892%2520Jun-Dec%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201892%2520Jun-Dec%2520-%25200392.pdf&xml=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Db25bcba%26DocId%3D4088639%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520E%26HitCount%3D3%26hits%3D1dbf%2B1dc0%2B1dc1%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false). *[Albany Times-Union](/source/Albany_Times-Union)*. September 24, 1892. p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** United States. War Department, *Annual Report of the Secretary of War* (1892), p. 270.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYH_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYH_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NYH_24-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NYH_24-3) ["Clinton Liberal Institute"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170803090048/http://tealcat.nyheritage.org/collections/clinton-liberal-institute). New York Heritage. Archived from [the original](http://tealcat.nyheritage.org/collections/clinton-liberal-institute) on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Clinton Liberal Institute (Fort Plain, N.Y.)"](https://snaccooperative.org/view/20322600). SNAC (Social Networks and Archival Context). Retrieved October 22, 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Scott_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Scott_26-1) Scott, Clinton Lee (1957). *The Universalist Church of America: A Short History*. p. 76.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Tufts College (1896). [*History of Tufts College*](https://archive.org/details/historyoftuftsco00tuftuoft/page/n227/mode/2up?q=%22Thomas+jefferson+Sawyer%22). Tufts College. p. 168.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Finkel, Benjamin F. (Jan 1941). ["A History of American Mathematical Journals"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3028132). *[National Mathematics Magazine](/source/National_Mathematics_Magazine)*. **15** (4): 177–190 [178]. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3028132](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3028132).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Start, Alaric Bertrand, ed. (1896). ["Heman A. Dearborn, A.M."](https://archive.org/details/historyoftuftsco00tuftuoft/page/n153/mode/2up). *History of Tufts College*. The Class of 1897. Tufts College. pp. 115–116.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Soule, Caroline Augusta White (1824–1903)"](https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/caroline-augusta-white-soule/). Harvard Square Library. Retrieved September 5, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography, Caroline Soule"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180224051124/http://uudb.org/articles/carolinesoule.html). Archived from [the original](http://uudb.org/articles/carolinesoule.html) on 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2017-08-04.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Willard, Frances Elizabeth](/source/Frances_Willard); [Livermore, Mary A.](/source/Mary_Livermore) (1893). [*A woman of the century; fourteen hundred-seventy biographical sketches ... of leading American women in all walks of life*](https://archive.org/details/womanofthecentur002516mbp/page/94/mode/2up?q=%22clinton+liberal+institute%22). Buffalo: [Charles Wells Moulton](/source/Charles_Wells_Moulton). p. 94.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Jenkins, Lydia Ann Moulton (c. 1825–1874)"](https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/lydia-ann-moulton-jenkins/). Harvard Square Library. Retrieved September 5, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Catalog of the Officers and Students of the Clinton Liberal Institute, at Clinton, Oneida County, N.Y., p. 3

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["State Truancy Officer"](https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FLogin_18%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201895%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201895%2520-%25200752.pdf%23xml%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D18cdc23a%26DocId%3D4091658%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520E%26HitCount%3D3%26hits%3D2171%2B2172%2B2173%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FLogin_18%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201895%2FAlbany%2520NY%2520Times%2520Union%25201895%2520-%25200752.pdf&xml=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D18cdc23a%26DocId%3D4091658%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520E%26HitCount%3D3%26hits%3D2171%2B2172%2B2173%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false). *[Albany Times-Union](/source/Albany_Times-Union)*. July 15, 1895. p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Daniel Stern, *American Artisan* (1922), Vol. 83, p. 21.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CCOC_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CCOC_37-1) ["Our History – Clinton, NY"](http://www.clintonnychamber.org/our-history.html). *www.clintonnychamber.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Walts, Gary (Nov 8, 2016), ["A day in Clinton: Photo essay of people, places in Upstate NY village"](https://www.newyorkupstate.com/central-ny/2016/11/a_day_in_clinton_photo_essay_of_people_places_in_upstate_ny_village.html), *New York Upstate*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** 'Proceedings of the State Bar Association of Wisconsin,' vol. 1, 1905, Biographical Sketch of William Biddlecome, p. 193.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Lucien Brock Proctor, *The Bench and Bar of King's County, N.Y. and the Bench and Bar of the City of Brooklyn* (1884), p. 105;

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Johnson, Deidre A. (2021). ["'Instead of the Brier' : The Life and Works of Mrs. Elizabeth M Bruce, Universalist Author and Minister"](https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHjIloLM_J-oCztr2keYdV8f1ibHmDucods679W_YPnffAGz57joc4it2JtCnEehd0eMAAAA2TCB1gYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHIMIHFAgEAMIG_BgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDHfgVf3x0mxse54fmAIBEICBkWweLN-niIWAfLD9ZZ8t1h72FzapW3AGlrKA6uSMc1Sk04X0Xe_ymhkVTiot-ox-x-HnMwBLBSYSAct5eUKYhxkTJG8yPXuvxTSwwWdXdBRSQNtEa4J3m3G_N3TrwZiJopM5cCiyH8cYEpwDayFGa4N_fipSULl5wgqajD1sYbBd-ntgzGmXTWHB6AomViEsIaw=). *Journal of Unitarian Universalist History*. **44**: 64–93 – via [Ebscohost](/source/Ebscohost).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Wight, Percy L. (May 1937). "Clinton's Schools". *Hamilton Alumni Review*. **2**: 117–121.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** White, J.T. (1921). [*The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=U11DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA244) (Public domain ed.). J.T. White. p. 244.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** [*The New York Red Book*](https://archive.org/stream/newyorkredbook01unkngoog#page/n115/mode/1up) by Edgar L. Murlin (1903; p. 77f).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** 'Who's Who In New York State And City,' L. R. Hamersly-editor, L. R. Hamersly Company, New York City: 1905, Biographical Sketch of Jeremiah Keck, p. 499.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** 'New York State Bar Association-Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting, January 19–20, 1912, The Argus Company, New York City: 1912, Biographical Sketch of Philip Keck, pg. 575–576.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Simon Lake Dead at 79"](https://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html). *[Albany Times-Union](/source/Albany_Times-Union)*. June 24, 1945. p. A2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["Leonard, Charles H."](https://library.hds.harvard.edu/exhibits/featured-images/leonard-charles) [Harvard Divinity School](/source/Harvard_Divinity_School) Library.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Perkins, Laura (2002), [*Whitestown Seminary, Oneida County, New York*](http://files.usgwarchives.net/ny/oneida/history/schools/whitestown.txt), US GenWeb Archives

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["Jervis McEntee Diary, 1844–1845"](http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/m/mcentee_j.htm). *Finding Aids*. Syracuse University Libraries. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Musso, Anthont (1 Aug 2018). ["Hudson River School's McEntee lived in Kingston"](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123260762/jervis-mcentee/). *[Poughkeepsie Journal](/source/Poughkeepsie_Journal)*. p. A3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** "Notable Deaths". *Annals of Iowa*. **16** (4): 312. April 1928 – via America: History and Life with Full Text.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Evensen, Bruce J. (Winter 2001–2002). "'Saucepan journalism' in an age of indifference: Moody, Beecher, and Brooklyn's gilded press". *Journalism History*. **27** (4): 165–177. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00947679.2002.12062585](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.2002.12062585) – via Humanities Full Text (H.W. Wilson).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** United States Congress, "[Charles R. Skinner (id: S000467)](http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000467)", *[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress](/source/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** [*Life Sketches of the State Officers, Senators, and Members of the Assembly of the State of New York, in 1867*](https://books.google.com/books?id=T7AsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144) by S. R. Harlow & H. H. Boone (pp. 144ff).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** [Courts and Lawyers of Pennsylvaniar: A History, 1623–1923](https://books.google.com/books?id=TPwLAAAAYAAJ&q=streeter&pg=PA738), by Frank Marshall Eastman, Volume 3, 1922, p. 678.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Practiced law over fifty years"](https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=tuo19020224-01.1.10&srpos=32&e=-------en-20--21--txt-txIN-Studied+%22Clinton+liberal+institute%22---------). *[Utica Observer](/source/Utica_Observer)*. 24 February 1902. p. 10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** [*The State Government for 1879*](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101061337661;view=1up;seq=188) by [Charles G. Shanks](/source/Charles_G._Shanks) (Weed, Parsons & Co, Albany, 1879; p. 166).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Wilson Won, with Both Hands Down"](https://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html). *[Albany Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albany_Express&action=edit&redlink=1)*. April 11, 1894. p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["Guide to Depositories of Manuscript Collections in New York State: Supplement No. 1"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23134962). *[New York History](/source/New_York_History_(journal))*. **24** (2): 265–270, at p. 267. April 1943. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23134962](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23134962).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["Clinton Liberal Institute and Military Academy records, 1881-1899"](https://www.worldcat.org/title/155434034). [WorldCat](/source/WorldCat). Retrieved September 22, 2023.

## External links

- [New York Heritage Digital Collection of images from the Clinton Liberal Institute](http://nyheritage.nnyln.net/cdm/search/searchterm/Clinton%20Liberal%20Institute/mode/exact) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314052014/http://nyheritage.nnyln.net/cdm/search/searchterm/Clinton%20Liberal%20Institute/mode/exact) 2016-03-14 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

v t e Clinton, Oneida County, New York Places Clinton College Hill The Knob Kirkland Oneida County History Bristol-Myers Clinton Historical Society Clinton Village Historic District Education Clinton Central School District Clinton Liberal Institute Hamilton College Chapel Elihu Root House Kirkland College WHCL-FM Sports Clinton Arena Cultural institutions Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization Emerson Literary Society Kirkland Town Library Ruth and Elmer Wellin Museum of Art The college is outside of the village limits.

v t e Oneida, New York Places Burned-over district Oneida Castle, New York History Old Erie Canal State Historic Park Fort Stanwix Oneida Community Mansion House Oneida Limited Oneida Railway Oneida Stirpiculture Steuben Memorial State Historic Site People Oneida Indian Nation Oneida language Oneida Nation of the Thames Oneida Nation of Wisconsin Oneida people Higher education Clinton Liberal Institute Hamilton College Kirkland College Mohawk Valley Community College Oneida Institute SUNY Polytechnic Institute Utica University State institutions Marcy Correctional Facility Mid-State Correctional Facility Mohawk Correctional Facility Utica Psychiatric Center Geography Oneida Armory Oneida Carry Oneida Creek Oneida Lake Congregational Church Entertainment Turning Stone Resort Casino Utica-Rome Speedway Vernon Downs

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Clinton Liberal Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Liberal_Institute) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Liberal_Institute?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.