# Clavariaceae

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{{Short description|Family of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea.jpg
| image_caption = ''Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea''
| taxon = Clavariaceae
| authority = [Chevall.](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fulgis_Chevallier) (1826)
| type_genus = ''Clavaria''
| type_genus_authority = [Vaill.](/source/S%C3%A9bastien_Vaillant) ex [L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) (1753)
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''[Camarophyllopsis](/source/Camarophyllopsis)''<br/>
''[Ceratellopsis](/source/Ceratellopsis)''<br/>
''[Clavaria](/source/Clavaria)''<br/>
''[Clavicorona](/source/Clavicorona)''<br/>
''[Clavulinopsis](/source/Clavulinopsis)''<br/>
''[Hirticlavula](/source/Hirticlavula)''<br/>
''[Hodophilus](/source/Hodophilus)''<br/>
''[Hyphodontiella](/source/Hyphodontiella)''<br/>
''[Lamelloclavaria](/source/Lamelloclavaria)''<br/>
''[Mucronella](/source/Mucronella)''<br/>
''[Ramariopsis](/source/Ramariopsis)''

}}

The '''Clavariaceae''' are a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [fungi](/source/fungi) in the order [Agaricales](/source/Agaricales). Originally the family contained most of the [clavarioid fungi](/source/clavarioid_fungi) (club and coral fungi), but in its current sense is more restricted, albeit with a greater diversity of [basidiocarp](/source/basidiocarp) (fruit body) forms. Basidiocarps are variously clavarioid or [agaricoid](/source/agaricoid) (mushroom-shaped), less commonly [corticioid](/source/corticioid) (effused, crust-like) or [hydnoid](/source/hydnoid) (with pendant spines).

==Taxonomy==
===History===
Clavariaceae was originally [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) (as "Clavariae") by French botanist and [mycologist](/source/mycologist) [François Fulgis Chevallier](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fulgis_Chevallier) in 1826.<ref name="Chevallier 1826"/> It was one of five families (along with the [Agaricaceae](/source/Agaricaceae), [Hydnaceae](/source/Hydnaceae), [Polyporaceae](/source/Polyporaceae), and [Thelephoraceae](/source/Thelephoraceae)) that [Elias Fries](/source/Elias_Fries) used to divide the [Agaricales](/source/Agaricales) and [Aphyllophorales](/source/Aphyllophorales) in his influential work ''[Systema Mycologicum](/source/Systema_Mycologicum)''. The family served as a convenient placement for all genera containing species with superficially similar club or coral-like fruitbodies. It was first [M.A. Donk](/source/Marinus_Anton_Donk) and later [E.J.H. Corner](/source/E.J.H._Corner) who realized that, in this broad sense, the family was not a natural [phylogenetic](/source/phylogenetic) assemblage of related species.<ref name="Donk 1964"/> Corner published his world [monograph](/source/monograph) in 1950 (revised in 1967 and updated in 1970), introducing modern concepts of many [genera](/source/genera) of [clavarioid fungi](/source/clavarioid_fungi).<ref name="Corner 1950"/><ref name="Corner 1970"/> Corner included three genera in his concept of the Clavariaceae: ''[Clavaria](/source/Clavaria)'', ''[Clavulinopsis](/source/Clavulinopsis)'', and ''[Ramariopsis](/source/Ramariopsis)''.<ref name="Corner 1950"/>

===Current status===

[Molecular](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) research, based on [cladistic](/source/cladistic) analysis of [DNA sequences](/source/DNA_sequences), has confirmed Corner's concept of the Clavariaceae, but has extended it to include  [agarics](/source/agarics) (gilled mushrooms) in the genera ''[Camarophyllopsis](/source/Camarophyllopsis)'',<ref name="Matheny 2006"/> ''[Hodophilus](/source/Hodophilus)'',<ref name="Adamčík 2016"/> and ''[Lamelloclavaria](/source/Lamelloclavaria)''.<ref name="Birkebak 2016"/> The clavarioid genera ''[Clavicorona](/source/Clavicorona)'',<ref name="Petersen2014"/><ref name="Olariaga2020"/> ''[Hirticlavula](/source/Hirticlavula)'',<ref name="Petersen2014"/> and a revised concept of ''[Ceratellopsis](/source/Ceratellopsis)''<ref name="Olariaga2020"/> are also included, as is the hydnoid genus ''[Mucronella](/source/Mucronella)''<ref name="Petersen2014"/><ref name="Olariaga2020"/> and the corticioid genus ''[Hyphodontiella](/source/Hyphodontiella)''.<ref name="Larsson 2007"/>

{{Multiple image
|header=Morphological variety of Clavariaceae
|total_width=1000
|align=center
|image1=Clavariaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.57.36416) Figure 2a.png
 |caption1=Agaricoid: ''[Camarophyllopsis olivaceogrisea](/source/Camarophyllopsis_olivaceogrisea)'' 
 |width1=4232
 |height1=2888
|image2=Hirticlavula elegans-2-JHP-13-364-20131025-8472.jpg
 |caption2=Clavarioid: ''[Hirticlavula elegans](/source/Hirticlavula_elegans)''
 |width2=1400
 |height2=1007
|image3=2010-07-22 Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Sowerby) Corner 95377 cropped.jpg
 |caption3=Clavarioid: ''[Clavulinopsis fusiformis](/source/Clavulinopsis_fusiformis)''
 |width3=2300
 |height3=2410
|image4=Mucronella fusiformis 283494.jpg
  |caption4=Hydnoid: ''[Mucronella pendula](/source/Mucronella_pendula)'' 
 |width4=2112
 |height4=1612
|image5=Ramariopsis pulchella 73265110.jpg
  |caption5=Clavarioid: ''[Ramariopsis pulchella](/source/Ramariopsis_pulchella)''
 |width5=1800
 |height5=2000
}}

==Habitat and distribution==
The family has a worldwide distribution, though many individual species are more localized. Basidiocarps of ''Hirticlavula'', ''Hyphodontiella'', and ''Mucronella'' occur on dead wood and are thus normally found in woodland. Species of the remaining genera may also be found in woodland, but in Europe are more typical of old, agriculturally unimproved [waxcap grassland](/source/waxcap_grassland)s.

==Ecology==
[Lignicolous](/source/Lignicolous) species are presumed to be [saprotrophic](/source/saprotrophic), wood-decaying fungi; ''Ceratellopsis'' species occur on dead leaves and litter and are also presumed to be saprotrophic. The remaining members of the Clavariaceae are considered to be [biotrophic](/source/biotrophic), a few forming associations with [ericaceous](/source/Ericaceae) plants.<ref name="Birkebak 2013"/><ref name="Englunder 1980"/>

==See also==
*[List of Agaricales families](/source/List_of_Agaricales_families)

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Birkebak 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Birkebak JM, Mayor JR, Ryberg KM, Matheny PB |title=A systematic, morphological and ecological overview of the Clavariaceae (Agaricales) |journal=Mycologia |year=2013 |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=896–911 |doi=10.3852/12-070 |pmid=23396156 |s2cid=27083890 |url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/4/896.full.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Birkebak 2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Birkebak JM, Adamčík S, Looney BP, Matheny PB |title=Multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction of the Clavariaceae (Agaricales) reveals polyphyly of agaricoid members |journal=Mycologia |year=2016 |volume=108  |issue=5 |pages=860–868 |doi=10.3852/15-370|pmid=27549621 |s2cid=21925466 }}</ref>

<ref name="Chevallier 1826">{{cite book |author=Chevallier FF. |title=Flore Générale des Environs de Paris |year=1826 |volume=1 |publisher=Ferra Jeune |location=Paris, France |page=102 |language=French |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=2657}}</ref>

<ref name="Corner 1950">{{cite book |author=Corner EJH. |title=A Monograph of ''Clavaria'' and Allied Genera |year=1950 |series=Annals of Botany Memoirs |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref>

<ref name="Corner 1970">{{cite book |author=Corner EJH. |title=Supplement to 'A Monograph of ''Clavaria'' and Allied Genera' |year=1970 |series=Nova Hedwigia Beihefte |volume=33 |publisher=J.&nbsp;Cramer |location=Lehre, Germany}}</ref>

<ref name="Donk 1964">{{cite journal |author=Donk MA. |title=A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales |journal=Persoonia |year=1964 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=199–324 (see pp.&nbsp;250–253) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/61056/0003/002/0250.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Englunder 1980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Englander L, Hull RJ |title=Reciprocal transfer of nutrients between ericaceous plants and a ''Clavaria'' sp |journal=New Phytologist |year=1980 |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=661–667 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04779.x|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Matheny 2006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS |year=2006 |title=Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=982–95 |url=http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/Reprints%20PDFs/Mathenyetal_Agaricales_2006.pdf |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982 |pmid=17486974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170605/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/Reprints%20PDFs/Mathenyetal_Agaricales_2006.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>

<ref name="Adamčík 2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adamčík S, Looney BP, Birkebak JM, Jančovičová S, Adamčíková K, Marhold K, Matheny PB |date=2016 |title=Circumscription of species of ''Hodophilus'' (Clavariaceae, Agaricales) in North America with naphthalene odours |journal=Botany |volume=94 |issue=10 |pages=941–956 |doi=10.1139/cjb-2016-0091|hdl=1807/73893 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Larsson 2007">{{cite journal |author=Larsson K-H. |title=Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi |journal=Mycological Research |year=2007 |volume=111 |issue=9 |pages=1040–63 |pmid=17981020 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.001}}</ref>

<ref name="Olariaga2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olariaga I, Huhtinen S, Læssøe T, Petersen JH, Hansen K  |title=Phylogenetic origins and family classification of typhuloid fungi, with emphasis on ''Ceratellopsis'', ''Macrotyphula'' and ''Typhula'' (Basidiomycota) |journal=Stud. Mycol. |year=2020 |volume=96 |pages=155–184 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2020.05.003|pmid=32774511 |pmc=7388190 }}</ref>

<ref name="Petersen2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petersen JH, Davey ML, Læssøe T |title=''Hirticlavula elegans'', a new clavarioid fungus from Scandinavia |journal=Karstenia |volume=54 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=1–8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269140368|doi=10.29203/ka.2014.459 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q76910}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Clavariaceae
Category:Basidiomycota families

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Clavariaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavariaceae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavariaceae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.