# Cladia

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Cladia
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Cladia.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladia
> Source revision: 1344224954
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Cladia aggregata 856324.jpg
| image_caption = ''Cladia aggregata''
| taxon = Cladia
| authority = [Nyl.](/source/Nyl.) (1870)
| type_species = ''[Cladia aggregata](/source/Cladia_aggregata)''
| type_species_authority = ([Sw.](/source/Sw.)) Nyl. (1870)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivisions = 
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Trichocladia'' {{au|[Stirt.](/source/Stirt.) (1882)}}
*''Clathrina'' {{au|[Müll.Arg.](/source/M%C3%BCll.Arg.) (1883)}}
*''Ramalinora'' {{au|[Lumbsch](/source/Lumbsch) (1995)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 1995"/>
}}

'''''Cladia''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [lichen](/source/lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/fungi) in the family [Cladoniaceae](/source/Cladoniaceae). ''Cladia'' species have a [crustose](/source/crustose_lichen) or {{lichengloss|squamulose}} (scaly) primary [thallus](/source/thallus) and a [fruticose](/source/fruticose_lichen), secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The [type species](/source/type_species) of the genus, ''[Cladia aggregata](/source/Cladia_aggregata)'', is widely distributed, occurring in South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.

==Taxonomy==
''Cladia'' was [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by Finnish lichenologist [William Nylander](/source/William_Nylander_(botanist)) in 1870 with ''[Cladia aggregata](/source/Cladia_aggregata)'' as the [type species](/source/type_species).<ref name="Nylander 1870"/>
[Rex Filson](/source/Rex_Bertram_Filson) created a separate family, the Cladiaceae, to contain the genus,<ref name="Filson 1981"/> but this is no longer used and the genus is classified in the family Cladoniaceae.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> An updated [phylogeny](/source/phylogeny) of the Cladoniaceae was published in 2018.<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/>

[Molecular phylogenetic](/source/Molecular_phylogenetic) evidence showed that the genera ''Heterodea'' and ''Ramalinora'' were nested within ''Cladina'',<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2010"/><ref name="Parnmen et al. 2010"/> so they became [synonyms](/source/synonym_(biology)) in 2012. Because the name ''Heterodea'' predated ''Cladina'', the generic name ''Cladia'' was proposed for [conservation](/source/conserved_name) against ''Heterodea'' to avoid several nomenclatural changes that would have been necessary.<ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010"/><ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010b"/> The proposal was accepted by both the [Nomenclature Committee for Fungi](/source/Nomenclature_Committee_for_Fungi) and the General Committee.<ref name="Norvell 2011"/><ref name="Barrie 2011"/>

Later, ''[Heterodea](/source/Heterodea)'' was resurrected,<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/> along with the creation of ''[Pulchrocladia](/source/Pulchrocladia)''<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/> and ''Rexia''<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/> (now ''[Rexiella](/source/Rexiella)''<ref name="Stenroos 2019"/>)

==Description==
''Cladia'' consists of [fruticose lichen](/source/fruticose_lichen)s with typically a perforate [pseudopodetia](/source/pseudopodetia) with an external cartilaginous layer. The [apothecia](/source/apothecia) are black or brown and have a persistent {{lichengloss|proper margin}} and a flat {{lichengloss|disc}}. The [asci](/source/ascus) are eight-spored with a well-developed amyloid {{lichengloss|tholus}} with a darker-staining central tube. The [pycnidia](/source/pycnidia) are immersed in grossly black to brown projections that are initially blunt and measure up to 0.5&nbsp;mm long and eventually become needle-like and up to 1&nbsp;mm long.<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/>

==Ecology==
Eight species of [lichenicolous](/source/lichenicolous_fungus) fungi are known to grow on ''Cladia'':<ref name="Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2015"/> ''[Echinothecium cladoniae](/source/Echinothecium_cladoniae)'' Keissl. nom. nud. (on ''C. aggregata'' from Columbia; Etayo 2002), ''[Lichenoconium echinosporum](/source/Lichenoconium_echinosporum)'' D. Hawksw. (on ''C. muelleri'' from Australia; Hawksworth 1977), ''[Roselliniella heterodeae](/source/Roselliniella_heterodeae)'' Matzer & Hafellner (on ''C. muelleri'' from Australia; Matzer & Hafellner 1990); ''[Pyrenidium actinellum](/source/Pyrenidium_actinellum)'' Nyl. agg. (on ''C. aggregata'' from Columbia; Etayo 2002); ''[Endococcus cladiae](/source/Endococcus_cladiae)'' Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas; ''[Lichenopeltella soiliae](/source/Lichenopeltella_soiliae)'' Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, and ''[Lichenosticta hoegnabbae](/source/Lichenosticta_hoegnabbae)'' Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas.

==Chemistry==
The type species, ''Cladia aggregata'', is highly variable [morphologically](/source/morphology_(biology)) and has extensive chemical variation.<ref name="Ahti 2000"/> Kantvilas and Elix (1999) revised the ''C.&nbsp;aggregata'' [complex](/source/species_complex) in [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania) and identified six [chemotype](/source/chemotype)s in ''C.&nbsp;aggregata'' sensu stricto.<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/> Similarly, five chemotypes were found in specimens from the states of [Paraná](/source/Paran%C3%A1_(state)) and [Santa Catarina](/source/Santa_Catarina_(state)), Brazil. In both studies, most of them contained [barbatic acid](/source/barbatic_acid) and [4-O-demethylbarbatic acid](/source/4-O-demethylbarbatic_acid).<ref name="Charnei & Eliasaro 2013"/> Barbatic acid is [cytotoxic](/source/cytotoxic), and kills the worms of ''[Schistosoma mansoni](/source/Schistosoma_mansoni)'' in [in vitro](/source/in_vitro) studies. This is the causative agent of [Schistosomiasis](/source/Schistosomiasis).<ref name="Silva et al. 2020"/>

==Species==
Revisions of ''Cladia'' published in 2012 and 2013 included 23 species in the genus.<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/><ref name="Parnmen et al. 2013"/> {{As of|2023|December}}, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) accepts 20 species in ''Cladia'':<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/>
*''[Cladia aggregata](/source/Cladia_aggregata)'' {{au|(Sw.) Nyl. (1870)}}
*''[Cladia asiatica](/source/Cladia_asiatica)'' {{au|J.Abreu, Barcenas-Peña, Poengs., Xin Yu Wang, Jen P.Huang, Lumbsch & Grewe (2026)}}<ref name="de Abreu et al. 2026"/> – East Asia
*''[Cladia blanchonii](/source/Cladia_blanchonii)'' {{au|Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/> – Australia, New Zealand
*''[Cladia cryptica](/source/Cladia_cryptica)'' {{au|Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/>
*''[Cladia deformis](/source/Cladia_deformis)'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/>
*''[Cladia dumicola](/source/Cladia_dumicola)'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/>
*''[Cladia glaucolivida](/source/Cladia_glaucolivida)'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/>
*''[Cladia globosa](/source/Cladia_globosa)'' {{au|Ahti (2000)}}<ref name="Ahti 2000"/>
*''[Cladia gorgonea](/source/Cladia_gorgonea)'' {{au|(Eschw.) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}
*''[Cladia inflata](/source/Cladia_inflata)'' {{au|(F.Wilson) D.J.Galloway (1977)}}
*''[Cladia moniliformis](/source/Cladia_moniliformis)'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (1987)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1987"/>
*''[Cladia mutabilis](/source/Cladia_mutabilis)'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/>
*''[Cladia neocaledonica](/source/Cladia_neocaledonica)'' {{au|(Räsänen) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}
*''[Cladia occulta](/source/Cladia_occulta)'' {{au|Kantvilas (2012)}}<ref name="Kantvilas et al. 2012"/> – [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania)
*''[Cladia oreophila](/source/Cladia_oreophila)'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/>
*''[Cladia schizopora](/source/Cladia_schizopora)'' {{au|(Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)}}
*''[Cladia tasmanica](/source/Cladia_tasmanica)'' {{au|Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/>
*''[Cladia terebrata](/source/Cladia_terebrata)'' {{au|(Laurer) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}
*''[Cladia xanthocarpa](/source/Cladia_xanthocarpa)'' {{au|Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2018)}}<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018"/> – Australia

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Ahti 2000">{{cite journal |last=Ahti |first=Teuvo |year=2000 |title=Cladoniaceae |journal=Flora Neotropica |series=Flora Neotropica Monograph |volume=78 |pages=1–362 |jstor=4393890 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press}}</ref>

<ref name="Barrie 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Barrie |first1=F. |year=2011 |title=Report of the General Committee: 11 |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1211–1214 |doi=10.1002/tax.604026 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Charnei & Eliasaro 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Charnei |first1=Ana Marcia |last2=Eliasaro |first2=Sionara |title=Notes on the chemical variation of the lichenized Ascomycota ''Cladia aggregata'' (Cladoniaceae) in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2013 |pages=624–625 |doi=10.1590/S0102-33062013000300020 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=''Cladia'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3QC4 |work=[Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life) |author=[Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="de Abreu et al. 2026">{{cite journal |last1=de Abreu |first1=John |last2=Barcenas-Peña |first2=Alejandrina |last3=Poengsungnoen |first3=Vasun |last4=Wang |first4=Xinyu |last5=Huang |first5=Jen-Pan |last6=Lumbsch |first6=Helge Thorsten |last7=Grewe |first7=Felix |title=High-throughput sequencing supports strong geographical patterns in the ''Cladia aggregata'' complex (Ascomycota, Lecanorales) and identifies the Asian clade as an independent species |journal=Journal of Fungi |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2026 |doi=10.3390/jof12020090 |doi-access=free |article-number=90}}</ref>

<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018">{{cite journal|author-link1=John Alan Elix |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=McCarthy |first2=Patrick M. |year=2018 |title=Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=82 |pages=20–59 |doi=10.7751/telopea11598 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Parnmen |first1=Sittiporn |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H. Thorsten |title=New combinations in the genus ''Cladia'' |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=44 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=297–298 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000715}}</ref>

<ref name="Filson 1981">{{cite journal|author-link1=Rex Bertram Filson |last1=Filson |first1=R.B. |title=A revision of the lichen genus ''Cladia'' Nyl. |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |year=1981 |volume=49 |pages=1–75}}</ref>

<ref name="Kantvilas et al. 2012">{{cite journal |author-link1=Gintaras Kantvilas|last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |last2=Jarman |first2=S.J. |last3=McCaffrey |first3=N. |year=2012 |title=A contribution to the flora of the Meredith Range, north-west Tasmania |journal=Kanunnah |volume=5 |pages=127–140 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277013616}}</ref>

<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1987">{{cite journal |author-link1=Gintaras Kantvilas|last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |author-link2=John Alan Elix|last2=Elix |first2=J.A. |year=1987 |title=A new species of ''Cladia'' (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tasmania |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=29 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.5962/p.418962 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999">{{cite journal |author-link1=Gintaras Kantvilas |last1=Kantvilas |first1=Gintaras|author-link2=John Alan Elix |last2=Elix |first2=John A. |title=Studies on the lichen genus ''Cladina'' Nyl. in Tasmania: the ''C. aggregata'' complex |journal=Muelleria |year=1999 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=135–162 |doi=10.5962/p.198394 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279181731|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |last2=Rambold |first2=G.|author-link3=John Alan Elix |last3=Elix |first3=J.A. |year=1995 |title=''Ramalinora'' (Ramalinaceae) – a new lichen genus from Australia |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.1071/SB9950521}}</ref>

<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |last2=Parnmen |first2=Sittiporn |last3=Rangsiruji |first3=Achariya |author-link4=John Alan Elix|last4=Elix |first4=J. |title=Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus ''Cladia'' (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |year=2010 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.1071/SB10010}}</ref>

<ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. T. |last2=Ahti |first2=T. |last3=Parmen |first3=S. |title=(1926) Proposal to conserve ''Cladia'' against ''Heterodea'' (Ascomycota) |journal=Taxon |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=2 |page=643 |doi=10.1002/tax.592032 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010b">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |last2=Ahti |first2=T. |last3=Parmen |first3=S. |title=Proposal 1926: To conserve ''Cladia'' against ''Heterodea'' (Ascomycota) |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2010 |volume=111 |pages=509–511 }}</ref>

<ref name="Norvell 2011">{{cite journal |last=Norvell |first=L.L. |title=Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16 |journal=Taxon |year=2011 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=223–226 |doi=10.1002/tax.601023 |jstor=41059839 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Nylander 1870">{{cite book |last1=Nylander |first1=William |year=1870 |title=Recognitio Monographica Ramalinarum |page=69 |location=Caen |publisher=Impr. de P. Le Blanc-Hardel |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Parnmen et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Parnmen |first1=Sittiporm |last2=Rangsiruji |first2=Achariya |last3=Mongkolsuk |first3=Pachara |last4=Boonpragob |first4=Kansri|author-link5=John Alan Elix |last5=Elix |first5=John A. |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |title=Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus ''Heterodea'' evolved from fruticose ''Cladia'' species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) |journal=Taxon |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.1002/tax.593013}}</ref>

<ref name="Parnmen et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Parnmen |first1=Sittiporn |last2=Leavitt |first2=Steven D. |last3=Rangsiruji |first3=Achariya |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=Identification of species in the ''Cladia aggregata'' group using DNA barcoding (Ascomycota: Lecanorales) |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=115 |issue=1 |year=2013 |page=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.115.1.1}}</ref>

<ref name="Silva et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=H.A.M.F. |last2=Aires |first2=A.L. |last3=Soares |first3=C.L.R. |last4=Sá |first4=J.L.F. |last5=Martins |first5=M.C.B. |last6=Albuquerque |first6=M.C.P.A. |last7=Silva |first7=T.G. |last8=Brayner |first8=F.A. |last9=Alves |first9=L.C. |last10=Melo |first10=A.M.M.A. |last11=Silva |first11=N.H. |title=Barbatic acid from ''Cladia aggregata'' (lichen): Cytotoxicity and in vitro schistosomicidal evaluation and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of ''Schistosoma mansoni'' |journal=Toxicology in Vitro |volume=65 |year=2020 |article-number=104771 |doi=10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104771 |pmid=31935486}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Cladia'' Nyl. |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=1072 |publisher=[Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Stenroos |first1=Soili |last2=Pino-Bodas |first2=Raquel |last3=Hyvönen |first3=Jaakko |last4=Lumbsch |first4=Helge Thorsten |last5=Ahti |first5=Teuvo |title=Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci |journal=Cladistics |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2018 |pages=351–384 |doi=10.1111/cla.12363|pmid=34633698 |hdl=10261/247495 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Stenroos 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Stenroos |first1=Soili |last2=Pino-Bodas |first2=Raquel |last3=Ahti |first3=Teuvo |year=2019 |title=''Rexiella'', a new name for ''Rexia'' S. Stenroos, Pino-Bodas & Ahti (2018), non ''Rexia'' D. A. Casamatta, S. R. Gomez & J. R. Johansen (2006) |journal=Cladistics |volume=35 |issue=5 |page=603 |doi=10.1111/cla.12401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=LKT |last3=Al-Ani |first4=S |last4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free |hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Zhurbenko |first1=Mikhail P. |last2=Pino-Bodas |first2=Raquel |title=New lichenicolous fungi growing on ''Cladia'' in New Zealand |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=47 |issue=6 |year=2015 |pages=395–402 |doi=10.1017/S002428291500033X}}</ref>

</references>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5124923}}

Category:Cladia
Category:Lichen genera
Category:Lecanorales genera
Category:Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)
Category:Taxa described in 1870

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cladia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.