# Cisuralian
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{{short description|First series of the Permian}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name = Cisuralian
| color = Cisuralian
| top_bar =
| time_start = 298.9
| time_start_uncertainty = 0.15
| time_end = 274.4
| time_end_uncertainty = 0.4
| image_map = Mollweide Paleographic Map of Earth, 285 Ma (Artinskian Age).png
| caption_map = A map of Earth 285 million years ago during the Cisuralian Epoch, Artinskian Age
| image_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
| image_art =
| caption_art =
| timeline = Permian
| name_formality = Formal
| name_accept_date =
| alternate_spellings =
| synonym1 = Early/Lower Permian
| synonym1_coined =
| synonym2 =
| synonym2_coined =
| synonym3 =
| synonym3_coined =
| nicknames =
| former_names =
| proposed_names =
| celestial_body = earth
| usage = Global ([ICS](/source/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy))
| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by =
| not_used_by =
| chrono_unit = Epoch
| strat_unit = Series
| proposed_by =
| timespan_formality = Formal
| lower_boundary_def = [FAD](/source/First_appearance_datum) of the [conodont](/source/conodont) ''[Streptognathodus isolatus](/source/Streptognathodus)'' within the [morphotype](/source/morphotype) ''[Streptognathodus wabaunsensis](/source/Streptognathodus)'' chronocline
| lower_gssp_location = [Aidaralash](/source/Aidaralash), Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan
| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|50.2458|N|57.8914|E|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date = 1996[{{cite journal |last1=Davydov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Glenister |first2=Brian |last3=Spinosa |first3=Claude |last4=Ritter |first4=Scott |last5=Chernykh |first5=V. |last6=Wardlaw |first6=B. |last7=Snyder |first7=W. |title=Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System |journal=Episodes |date=March 1998 |volume=21 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003 |doi-access=free |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/asselian.pdf |access-date=7 December 2020}}]
| upper_boundary_def = FAD of the Conodont ''[Jinogondolella nanginkensis](/source/Jinogondolella)''
| upper_gssp_location = [Stratotype Canyon](/source/Stratotype_Canyon), [Guadalupe Mountains](/source/Guadalupe_Mountains), Texas, United States
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|31.8767|N|104.8768|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date = 2001[{{cite web |title=GSSP for Roadian Stage |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/roadian |website=International Commission on Stratigraphy |access-date=13 December 2020}}]
| o2 =
| co2 =
| temp =
| sea_level =
}}
The '''Cisuralian,''' also known as the '''Early Permian''', is the first [series](/source/Series_(stratigraphy))/[epoch](/source/Epoch_(geology)) of the [Permian](/source/Permian). The Cisuralian was preceded by the [Pennsylvanian](/source/Pennsylvanian_(geology)) and followed by the [Guadalupian](/source/Guadalupian). The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the [Ural Mountains](/source/Ural_Mountains) in Russia and [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan) and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 274.4 ± 0.4 [Ma](/source/Megaannum).[{{cite book |isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|title=A Geologic Time Scale 2004|last1=Gradstein|first1=Felix M.|last2=Ogg|first2=James G.|last3=Smith|first3=Alan G.|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}]
In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the '''Wolfcampian''' (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and '''Leonardian''' (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).[{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=C. A. |last2=Ross |first2=June R. P. |title=The Permian of Northern Pangea |chapter=Permian Sequence Stratigraphy |date=1995 |pages=98–123 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7 |isbn=978-3-642-78595-5}}][{{cite web |title=Permian: Stratigraphy |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permstrat.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=UC Museum of Paleontology |publisher=University of California Berkeley}}][{{Citation |last1=Henderson |first1=C.M. |title=The Permian Period |date=2020 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128243602000243 |work=Geologic Time Scale 2020 |pages=875–902 |access-date=2023-09-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3 |isbn=978-0-12-824360-2 |last2=Shen |first2=S.Z. |last3=Gradstein |first3=F.M. |last4=Agterberg |first4=F.P.|url-access=subscription }}]
The series saw the appearance of [beetle](/source/beetle)s and [flies](/source/Fly) and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.
==Name and background==
The Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian.[{{cite web |last1=International Commission on Stratigraphy |title=Chart |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale |access-date=10 July 2018}}] The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch ([Gzhelian](/source/Gzhelian)) and is followed by the Permian [Guadalupian](/source/Guadalupian) Epoch.
The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982,[{{cite book |last1=Gradstein |first1=Felix M. |last2=Ogg |first2=James G. |last3=Smith |first3=Alan G. |title=A geologic time scale 2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|page=250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rse4v1P-f9kC&pg=PA254}}] and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.[{{cite journal |last1=Ganelin |first1=V.G. |last2=Goman'kov |first2=A.V. |last3=Grunt |first3=T.A. |last4=Durante |first4=M.V. |title=On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996 |journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation |date=January 1997 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=126–130 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289289471}}]
The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.[{{cite encyclopedia|title=Permian Period|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period|access-date=18 April 2019|date=16 October 2018|author-link=June Ross|last2=Ross|first2=Charles A.|first1=June R.P.|last1=Ross}}][{{cite web |title=The Cisuralian Epoch |url=http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/cisuralian.html |first1= M. Alan |last1=Kazlev |date= 4 May 2002 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=palaeos.com}}][{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=4th |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-965306-5 }}]
Limestones on the edge of [Russian Platform](/source/Russian_Platform) and make up the [Ishimbay](/source/Ishimbay) oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.[{{cite web |last1=International Commission on Stratigraphy |title=GSSPs |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-gssps |access-date=10 July 2018}}]
The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian [system](/source/system_(stratigraphy)) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont ''[Streptognathodus](/source/Streptognathodus) isolatus'' first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the [GSSP or golden spike](/source/GSSP)) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near [Aqtöbe](/source/Aqt%C3%B6be) in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.[{{aut|Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R. and Snyder, W.S.}}; '''1998''': ''Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System'', Episodes '''21'''(1): pp 11–18.]
==Geography==
thumb|300px|left|The world at the start of the Cisuralian
[Gondwana](/source/Gondwana) collided with [Laurussia](/source/Laurussia) and created the [Alleghenian orogeny](/source/Alleghenian_orogeny) in present-day North America.[{{Cite journal |last1=Scotese |first1=Christopher R. |last2=Song |first2=Haijun |last3=Mills |first3=Benjamin J. W. |last4=van der Meer |first4=Douwe G. |date=April 2021 |title=Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825221000027 |journal=[Earth-Science Reviews](/source/Earth-Science_Reviews) |volume=215 |article-number=103503 |bibcode=2021ESRv..21503503S |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 |issn=0012-8252 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108000000/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |s2cid=233579194 |access-date=18 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}] particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event,[{{cite journal |last1=Marchetti |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Forte |first2=Giuseppa |last3=Kustatscher |first3=Evelyn |last4=DiMichele |first4=William A. |last5=Lucas |first5=Spencer G. |last6=Roghi |first6=Guido |last7=Juncal |first7=Manuel A. |last8=Hartkopf-Fröder |first8=Christoph |last9=Krainer |first9=Karl |last10=Morelli |first10=Corrado |last11=Ronchi |first11=Ausonio |date=March 2022 |title=The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001282522200006X |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=226 |article-number=103922 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922 |bibcode=2022ESRv..22603922M |s2cid=245892961 |access-date=30 October 2022|url-access=subscription }}] drying the continent's interiors.[{{cite journal |last1=Michel |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Tabor |first2=Neil J. |last3=Montañez |first3=Isabel P. |last4=Schmitz |first4=Mark D. |last5=Davydov |first5=Vladimir |date=15 July 2015 |title=Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=430 |pages=118–131 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.020 |bibcode=2015PPP...430..118M |doi-access=free }}][[http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/permian.htm Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629232721/http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/permian.htm |date=2013-06-29 }} Accessed 1 April 2013.][{{cite journal |last1=Grossman |first1=Ethan L. |last2=Yancey |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Jones |first3=Thomas E. |last4=Bruckschen |first4=Peter |last5=Chuvashov |first5=Boris |last6=Mazzullo |first6=S. J. |last7=Mii |first7=Horng-sheng |date=24 October 2008 |title=Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: The isotopic record from low latitudes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018208003027#! |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=286 |issue=3–4 |pages=222–233 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.053 |bibcode=2008PPP...268..222G |access-date=30 October 2022|url-access=subscription }}] The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.[{{cite journal |last1=Forte |first1=Giuseppa |last2=Kustatscher |first2=Evelyn |last3=Roghi |first3=Guido |last4=Preto |first4=Nereo |date=15 April 2018 |title=The Permian (Kungurian, Cisuralian) palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Tregiovo Basin, Italy: Palaeobotanical, palynological and geochemical investigations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018217308805 |journal=[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology](/source/Palaeogeography%2C_Palaeoclimatology%2C_Palaeoecology) |volume=495 |pages=186–204 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.012 |bibcode=2018PPP...495..186F |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}][{{cite journal |last1=Mujal |first1=Eudald |last2=Fortuny |first2=Josep |last3=Marmi |first3=Josep |last4=Dinarès-Turell |first4=Jaume |last5=Bolet |first5=Arnau |last6=Oms |first6=Oriol |date=January 2018 |title=Aridification across the Carboniferous–Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0037073817302476 |journal=Sedimentary Geology |volume=363 |pages=48–68 |doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.005 |bibcode=2018SedG..363...48M |s2cid=133713470 |access-date=22 December 2022}}][{{cite journal |last1=Matamales-Andreu |first1=Rafal |last2=Mujal |first2=Eudald |last3=Dinarès-Turell |first3=Jaume |last4=Kustatcher |first4=Evelyn |last5=Roghi |first5=Guido |last6=Oms |first6=Oriol |last7=Galobart |first7=Àngel |last8=Fortuny |first8=Josep |date=May 2022 |title=Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825222000320 |journal=[Earth-Science Reviews](/source/Earth-Science_Reviews) |volume=228 |article-number=103948 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948 |bibcode=2022ESRv..22803948M |s2cid=246438404 |access-date=3 January 2023}}]
==Biodiversity==
The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and [lycophytes](/source/lycophytes). The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.[{{cite journal |last1=Sahney |first1=Sarda |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J. |last3=Falcon-Lang |first3=Howard J. |title=Rainforest collapse triggered Carboniferous tetrapod diversification in Euramerica |journal=Geology |date=December 2010 |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1079–1082 |doi=10.1130/g31182.1 |bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S |issn=1943-2682}}] but the herbivores,'' [Diadectes](/source/Diadectes) ''and ''[Edaphosaurus](/source/Edaphosaurus)'' persisted until the end of this series, approximately.[{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |last2=Day |first2=Michael O. |last3=Rubidge |first3=Bruce S. |last4=Fröbisch |first4=Jörg |title=Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 April 2017 |volume=284 |issue=1852 |article-number=20170231 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0231 |pmid=28381616 |pmc=5394676 |language=en |issn=0962-8452}}][{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=Cladistics |date=June 2024 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=282–306 |doi=10.1111/cla.12577 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free }}][{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=PeerJ |date=9 December 2021 |volume=9 |article-number=e12577 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12577 |doi-access=free |pmid=34966586 |pmc=8667717 |language=en |issn=2167-8359}}][Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University Press.][{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/napc/abs23.html#SumidaS|title=NAPC Abstracts, Sto – Tw|work=berkeley.edu}}] The pelycosaurs appeared during the [Late Carboniferous](/source/Pennsylvanian_(geology)), and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years.[{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |last2=Kammerer |first2=Christian F. |last3=Fröbisch |first3=Jörg |date=23 June 2013 |title=The early evolution of synapsids, and the influence of sampling on their fossil record |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/early-evolution-of-synapsids-and-the-influence-of-sampling-on-their-fossil-record/F954EFC9ABBCEF36ED469C715C3B16A3 |journal=[Paleobiology](/source/Paleobiology_(journal)) |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=470–490 |doi=10.1666/12049 |bibcode=2013Pbio...39..470B |s2cid=83738138 |access-date=2 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}] A few continued into the [Capitanian](/source/Capitanian). They were succeeded by the [therapsid](/source/therapsid)s.