# Cinquantenaire

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Park in Brussels, Belgium

This article is about the park. For the museum, see [Cinquantenaire Museum](/source/Cinquantenaire_Museum). For other uses, see [Cinquantenaire (disambiguation)](/source/Cinquantenaire_(disambiguation)).

Cinquantenaire Parc du Cinquantenaire (French) Jubelpark (Flemish) The centrepiece Cinquantenaire Arch with the U-shaped arcade and large halls on both sides Interactive map of Cinquantenaire Type Public leisure park, pedestrian square Location City of Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium Coordinates 50°50′26″N 4°23′34″E / 50.84056°N 4.39278°E / 50.84056; 4.39278 Area 30 ha (74 acres)[1] Created 1880 Status Open year-round Public transit Brussels-Schuman 1 5 Schuman and Merode

The **Parc du Cinquantenaire** (pronounced [\[paʁk dy sɛ̃kɑ̃t(ə)nɛːʁ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French); [French](/source/French_language) for 'Park of the Fiftieth Anniversary') or **Jubelpark** (pronounced [\[ˈjybəlˌpɑr(ə)k\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch); [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) for 'Jubilee Park') is a large urban public park of 30 ha (74 acres) in the easternmost part of the [European Quarter](/source/Brussels_and_the_European_Union) in [Brussels](/source/Brussels), Belgium.

Most buildings of the U-shaped complex that dominate the park were commissioned by the [Belgian government](/source/Federal_Government_of_Belgium) under the patronage of King [Leopold II](/source/Leopold_II_of_Belgium) for the 1880 *National Exhibition* commemorating the 50th anniversary of the [Belgian Revolution](/source/Belgian_Revolution). During successive exhibitions, more structures were added to the site. The centrepiece [memorial arch](/source/Memorial_gates_and_arches), known as the [Cinquantenaire Arch](/source/Cinquantenaire_Arch) (French: *Arc du Cinquantenaire*; Dutch: *Triomfboog van het Jubelpark*), was erected in 1905, replacing a previous temporary version of the arcade by [Gédéon Bordiau](/source/G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Bordiau). The surrounding 30 ha (74 acres) park esplanade was full of [picturesque](/source/Picturesque) gardens, ponds and waterfalls. It housed several trade fairs, exhibitions and festivals at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1930, the government decided to reserve the Cinquantenaire for use as a leisure park.[1]

The [Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History](/source/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History) has been the sole tenant of the northern half of the complex since 1880. The southern half has been occupied by the [Art & History Museum](/source/Art_%26_History_Museum) (formerly the Cinquantenaire Museum[2]) since 1889, and [Autoworld](/source/Autoworld_(museum)) automobile museum since 1986. The [Temple of Human Passions](/source/Temple_of_Human_Passions) by [Victor Horta](/source/Victor_Horta), a remainder from 1896, the [Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo](/source/Monument_to_the_Belgian_Pioneers_in_Congo) from 1921, and the [Great Mosque of Brussels](/source/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels) from 1978, are located in the north-western corner of the park (*see [map below](#Map)*).

Lines [1](/source/Brussels_Metro_line_1) and [5](/source/Brussels_Metro_line_5) of the [Brussels Metro](/source/Brussels_Metro) and the [Belliard Tunnel](/source/Rue_Belliard) from the [Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat](/source/Rue_de_la_Loi) pass underneath the park, the latter partly in an open section in front of the arch. The nearest metro stations are [Schuman](/source/Schuman_metro_station) to the west of the park, and [Merode](/source/Merode_station) immediately to the east.

## History

Originally, the area now known as the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark (French/Dutch) was part of the military exercise ground of the [Garde Civique](/source/Garde_Civique) outside of [Brussels' city centre](/source/Pentagon_(Brussels)), the so-called "Linthout" plains. For the *National Exhibition* of 1880, the plain was developed as an exhibition space. The location was named *Cinquantenaire* in French (literally "Fiftieth Anniversary") and *Jubelpark* in Dutch ("Jubilee Park") because it was planned to celebrate the half-century since [Belgian independence](/source/Belgian_Revolution) in 1830.

The inauguration of the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark at the 1880 *National Exhibition*[a]

The patriotic celebration of the 50th anniversary of [Belgian independence](/source/Belgian_Revolution), Cinquantenaire Park, 16 August 1880

The [Cinquantenaire Arcade](/source/Cinquantenaire_Arcade) (French: *Arcade(s) du Cinquantenaire*, Dutch: *Arcade(s) van het Jubelpark*) was planned for the 1880 exhibition and was meant to commemorate the anniversary. In 1880, only the bases of the [memorial arch](/source/Memorial_gates_and_arches)'s columns were completed, and during the exhibition, the rest of the arch was constructed from wooden panels. In the following years, the monument's completion was the topic of a continuous battle between King [Leopold II](/source/Leopold_II_of_Belgium) and the [Belgian government](/source/Federal_Government_of_Belgium), which did not want to spend the money required to complete it. The park was also one of the sites of the [Brussels International Exposition of 1897](/source/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1897)), for which the existing buildings' wings were extended, although the arch was still incomplete.[3]

View of the Cinquantenaire during the [1897 International Exposition](/source/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1897))

The original architect was [Gédéon Bordiau](/source/G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Bordiau), who spent close to twenty years on the project. The structures were built in iron, glass and stone, symbolising Belgium's economic and industrial performance. The construction of buildings was put on hold in 1890 for lack of funds, and was eventually stopped by the architect's death in 1904. His successor, chosen by Leopold II, was the French architect [Charles Girault](/source/Charles_Girault). Girault changed the design from a single to a triple arch, and began a course of round-the-clock construction in a final push to complete it.

The original pavilions of the 1880 exhibition, designed by Bordiau, were largely replaced with the [arcade](/source/Arcade_(architecture)) designed by Girault in 1904 and the large halls on both sides. Only the glass-constructed Bordiau halls remain from the 1880 structures. The monument was completed with private funding in May 1905 and the arcade was inaugurated by Leopold II on 27 September 1905, just in time for the 75th anniversary of Belgian independence.[4] The triumphal arch that had already been planned was amended and expanded to meet the king's wishes.[4]

A fire destroyed the south wing of the complex in 1946, part of the [Royal Museums of Art and History](/source/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History) (RMAH).[5] The collection pieces were saved, and the burnt wing has since been rebuilt. As for the north wing, home to the [Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History](/source/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History), it was spared.

## Current tenants and usage

Nowadays, the various buildings of the Cinquantenaire complex host three museums: the [Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History](/source/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_of_Military_History), which has been the sole tenant of the northern half of the complex since 1880; the [Art & History Museum](/source/Art_%26_History_Museum) (formerly called the Cinquantenaire Museum[2]), which has occupied its southern half since 1889; and [Autoworld](/source/Autoworld_(museum)) automobile museum. In addition, the north-western corner of the park is the location of the [Great Mosque of Brussels](/source/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels) (1978), as well as two monuments: the [Temple of Human Passions](/source/Temple_of_Human_Passions) (1896), and the [Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo](/source/Monument_to_the_Belgian_Pioneers_in_Congo) (1921).

The surrounding park esplanade has been used for several purposes, such as military parades[6][7] and [drive-in movies](/source/Drive-in_theater) in the summer,[8] as well as a filming location for films and music videos.[9][10] It is also the starting point for the [20 km of Brussels](/source/20_km_of_Brussels), an annual run with 30,000 participants.[11]

### Cinquantenaire Arcade

Main article: [Cinquantenaire Arcade](/source/Cinquantenaire_Arcade)

The [Cinquantenaire Arcade](/source/Cinquantenaire_Arcade) (French: *Arcade(s) du Cinquantenaire*, Dutch: *Arcade(s) van het Jubelpark*) is a [memorial arcade](/source/Memorial_gates_and_arches) in the centre of the Parc du Cinquantenaire. The centrepiece is a monumental triple arch known as the Cinquantenaire Arch (French: *Arc du Cinquantenaire*, Dutch: *Triomfboog van het Jubelpark*). It is topped by a bronze [quadriga](/source/Quadriga) sculptural group with a female charioteer, entitled *Brabant Raising the National Flag*, by [Jules Lagae](/source/Jules_Lagae) and [Thomas Vincotte](/source/Thomas_Vincotte).[12] The other sculptures include personifications of [Belgian Provinces](/source/Provinces_of_Belgium) (Brabant being represented by the quadriga): [Hainaut](/source/Hainaut_(province)) and [Limburg](/source/Limburg_(Belgium)) by [Albert Desenfans](/source/Albert_Desenfans), [Antwerp](/source/Antwerp_(province)) and [Liège](/source/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)) by [Charles van der Stappen](/source/Charles_van_der_Stappen), [East Flanders](/source/East_Flanders) and [West Flanders](/source/West_Flanders) by [Jef Lambeaux](/source/Jef_Lambeaux), and [Namur](/source/Namur_(province)) and [Luxembourg](/source/Luxembourg_(Belgium)) by [Guillaume de Groot](/source/Guillaume_de_Groot).[4]

Panoramic view of the [Cinquantenaire Arcade](/source/Cinquantenaire_Arcade). The Cinquantenaire Arch was completed in 1905, replacing a previous temporary version of the arcade.

### Military Museum

Main article: [Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History](/source/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History)

The [Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History](/source/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History) is a [military museum](/source/List_of_military_museums) that occupies the two northernmost halls of the historic complex. The museum's collection originally consisted of approximately 900 pieces collected by the officer Louis Leconte following [World War I](/source/World_War_I).[5] Leconte collected considerable equipment abandoned by the Germans in 1918. The museum was originally installed on the site of [La Cambre Abbey](/source/La_Cambre_Abbey) and moved to the Cinquantenaire Park in 1923.[5] The collection was later heavily enriched by legacies, gifts and exchanges. Nowadays, the museum displays uniforms, weapons, vehicles and military equipment of all ages and all countries.

The north wing, built by [Gédéon Bordiau](/source/G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Bordiau), has been occupied by the Aviation Hall since 1972, when the Air and Space gallery was inaugurated.[5] The collection includes various types of aircraft, both military and civilian, some dating back to the early 20th century. It includes surviving WWI aircraft like the [Nieuport 17](/source/Nieuport_17) and [Sopwith Camel](/source/Sopwith_Camel), whilst the most recent additions include an [F-16 Fighting Falcon](/source/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon) and [Westland Sea King](/source/Westland_Sea_King). The collection as a whole is one of the largest in the world.[13]

		- Entrance to the [Military Museum](/source/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History) in the northern Bordiau Hall

		- Main gallery, with the collection of Belgian 19th-century militaria

		- View of the aviation section in the North Hall

### Art & History Museum

Main article: [Art & History Museum](/source/Art_%26_History_Museum)

The [Art & History Museum](/source/Art_%26_History_Museum) is a museum of [antiquities](/source/Antiquities) and [ethnographic](/source/Ethnographic_art) and [decorative arts](/source/Decorative_arts) that occupies most of the southern part of the complex. It is one of the constituents of the [Royal Museums for Art and History](/source/Royal_Museums_for_Art_and_History) (RMAH), which itself is part of the Belgian [federal](/source/Federal_government) institute of the [Belgian Federal Science Policy Office](/source/Belgian_Federal_Science_Policy_Office) (BELSPO), and is one of the [largest art museums](/source/List_of_largest_art_museums) in Europe.[14]

The museum consists of several parts, including a national collection of [artefacts](/source/Cultural_artifact) from [prehistory](/source/Prehistory) to the [Merovingian](/source/Merovingian) period (c. 751 AD), as well as from [classical antiquity](/source/Classical_antiquity) of the [Near East](/source/Near_East), [Egypt](/source/Ancient_Egypt), [Greece](/source/Ancient_Greece) and [Rome](/source/Roman_Empire). Artefacts from non-European civilisations, such as China, Japan, Korea, [pre-Columbian America](/source/Pre-Columbian_America), and the [Islamic world](/source/Middle_East), are also on display. Additionally, a collection of European decorative arts includes pieces from the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages) to the 20th century, such as sculptures, furniture, tapestries, textiles, costumes, old vehicles, etc.[15]

		- The [Art & History Museum](/source/Art_%26_History_Museum)'s dome in the south-western part of the complex

		- Classical antiquity collection

		- Islamic art collection

		- American collection

### Autoworld

Main article: [Autoworld (museum)](/source/Autoworld_(museum))

Autoworld is an [automobile](/source/Automobile) museum occupying the South Hall of the complex. It displays a large and varied collection of over 300 vehicles, including cars and motorcycles from various eras, retracing the history of the industry from its birth in the 19th century to the modern age. These include [Minervas](/source/Minerva_(automobile)), a 1928 [Bentley](/source/Bentley), a 1930 [Bugatti](/source/Bugatti) and a 1930 [Cord](/source/Cord_Automobile), and several [limousines](/source/Limousine) belonging to the [Belgian royal family](/source/Monarchy_of_Belgium).[16]

		- Entrance to the *Palais Mondial* (South Hall), housing [Autoworld](/source/Autoworld_(museum))

		- View of Autoworld's collection in the South Hall

### Great Mosque of Brussels

Main article: [Great Mosque of Brussels](/source/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels)

The [Great Mosque of Brussels](/source/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels), former seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium

The Great Mosque of Brussels is located in the north-western corner of the park. It is the oldest [mosque](/source/Mosque) in Brussels, and is the former seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium.[17] The latter operates a school and an Islamic research centre. The centre provides courses of [Arabic](/source/Arabic) to adults and children, as well as initiations to Islam.[18]

The original building was erected by the architect [Ernest Van Humbeeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Van_Humbeeck&action=edit&redlink=1) [[fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Van_Humbeeck)] in a [neo-Moorish](/source/Moorish_Revival_architecture) style, to form the Oriental Pavilion of the *National Exhibition*. For the exhibition, the pavilion housed a monumental painting on [canvas](/source/Canvas), *Panorama of Cairo*, which enjoyed major success. Insufficient funds for maintenance during the period of the [world wars](/source/World_war) caused the building to gradually deteriorate.[19]

In 1967, during an official visit to Belgium from King [Faisal of Saudi Arabia](/source/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia), King [Baudouin](/source/Baudouin_of_Belgium) decided to turn the building into a place of worship. The mosque, designed by the Tunisian architect Mongi Boubaker, was inaugurated in 1978 in the presence of [Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz](/source/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia) and Baudouin.[20][19]

### Temple of Human Passions

Main article: [Temple of Human Passions](/source/Temple_of_Human_Passions)

The Cinquantenaire Park is the location of the [Temple of Human Passions](/source/Temple_of_Human_Passions), also known as the Horta-Lambeaux Pavilion, a [neoclassical](/source/Neoclassical_architecture) pavilion in the form of a [Greek temple](/source/Greek_temple), built by the architect [Victor Horta](/source/Victor_Horta) in 1891–1897. Although classical in appearance, the building shows the first steps of the young Horta towards [Art Nouveau](/source/Art_Nouveau). It was designed to serve as a permanent showcase for *[The Human Passions](/source/The_Human_Passions)*, a monumental marble [relief](/source/Relief) by the sculptor [Jef Lambeaux](/source/Jef_Lambeaux).[21] Since its completion, the building has remained almost permanently closed. Since 2014, it has periodically reopened to the public.[22]

### Monument to the Belgian Pioneers

Main article: [Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo](/source/Monument_to_the_Belgian_Pioneers_in_Congo)

In the Cinquantenaire Park also stands the [Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo](/source/Monument_to_the_Belgian_Pioneers_in_Congo), designed by Thomas Vinçotte in 1912–1921, and honouring the [Belgian colonial efforts](/source/Belgian_colonial_empire) in the former [Belgian Congo](/source/Belgian_Congo). Partly due to the proximity of the Great Mosque of Brussels, an inscription regarding the [Arab slave trade](/source/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade) is the subject of ongoing controversy.[23]

## Map

A [maquette](/source/Maquette) of the Cinquantenaire complex

N. Bordiau wing S. Bordiau wing Military Museum Art & History Museums South hall (Palais Mondial) Auto- world North hall Sports ground Arch Mosque THP BELLIARD TUNNEL

## Plans

Further information: [Brussels and the European Union § Future](/source/Brussels_and_the_European_Union#Future)

The Cinquantenaire is envisioned as "Europeanised", and its North Hall (pictured) could possibly be turned into a major "socio-cultural facility".

The esplanade in front of the arch. In the plans mentioned in this section, the [Belliard Tunnel](/source/Rue_Belliard) would be enclosed.

In September 2007, then-[European Commissioner for Administrative Affairs](/source/European_Commissioner_for_Administrative_Affairs%2C_Audit_and_Anti-Fraud), [Siim Kallas](/source/Siim_Kallas), together with then-[Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region](/source/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region), [Charles Picqué](/source/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9), unveiled plans for rebuilding the European district.[24] They included "Europeanising" parts of the Cinquantenaire complex, and installing a major "socio-cultural facility" in the North Hall, enabled to hold "major congresses and, perhaps, European Summits, events, exhibitions", after moving the Aerospace Museum out to [Tour & Taxis](/source/Tour_%26_Taxis) in the north-west of the city. The Cinquantenaire would under the plans become one of three European pedestrian squares, being the one for events and festivities.[25]

Other plans were announced in 2022 to renovate the Parc du Cinquantenaire including the archway as part of a project called "Cinquantenaire Bicentenaire" for the 200th anniversary of Belgium's independence.[26]

## In popular culture

- The Cinquantenaire was used as a filming location for [Lucile Hadžihalilović](/source/Lucile_Had%C5%BEihalilovi%C4%87)'s film *[Innocence](/source/Innocence_(2004_film))* in 2004.[9]

- The Cinquantenaire Arch was featured in the [urban planning](/source/Urban_planning) [simulation](/source/Construction_and_management_simulation) video game *[SimCity](/source/SimCity_(2013_video_game))* in 2013.[27]

- The music video for [Stromae](/source/Stromae)'s song *Fils de joie*, part of his album *[Multitude](/source/Multitude_(album))*, was also filmed there in 2022.[10]

## See also

- [Belgium portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium)

- [Brussels and the European Union](/source/Brussels_and_the_European_Union)

- [Mundaneum](/source/Mundaneum) (of [Otlet](/source/Paul_Otlet); originated there after World War I)

- [History of Brussels](/source/History_of_Brussels)

- [Culture of Belgium](/source/Culture_of_Belgium)

- [Belgium in the long nineteenth century](/source/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century)

## References

### Footnotes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fn1_3-0)** Note the substitute arch, the intact southern Bordiau wing, Quenast Columns and frontmost fountain.

### Citations

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AutoWorld:_Building_history_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AutoWorld:_Building_history_1-1) ["Cinquantenaire buildings"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110823084400/http://www.autoworld.be/en/7_1.asp). [Autoworld](/source/AutoWorld_(museum)). Archived from [the original](http://www.autoworld.be/en/7_1.asp) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2008.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Cinquantenaire_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Cinquantenaire_2-1) ["Le Musée du Cinquantenaire s'appelle désormais le Musée Art & Histoire"](http://www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/le-musee-du-cinquantenaire-s-appelle-desormais-le-musee-art-histoire/article-normal-837817.html). Le Vif. Belga. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder-GudehusRasmussen1992128–131_4-0)** [Schroeder-Gudehus & Rasmussen 1992](#CITEREFSchroeder-GudehusRasmussen1992), p. 128–131.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-monument_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-monument_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-monument_5-2) Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (2009–2010). ["Arcade et hémicycle"](https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Extension_Est/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire/A016/18722) (in French). Brussels. Retrieved 9 June 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_6-3) ["Musée de l'Armée et d'Histoire militaire – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"](https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Extension_Est/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire/1a/18703). *monument.heritage.brussels* (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Arnould, Celine. ["Archive | 21 juillet 1965: drache nationale puis defilé royal"](https://www.lavenir.net/actu/belgique/2017/07/20/archive-21-juillet-1965-drache-nationale-puis-defile-royal-QI33HMUZJBCUPIAOUG5DOVD4EU/). *lavenir.net* (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** H, V. d W. et An. ["Flahaut déménage le défilé du 21 juillet"](https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2002/03/04/flahaut-demenage-le-defile-du-21-juillet-THKASZ2J7BFCVONU5RW3HVILHM/). *La Libre.be* (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Drive-In Movies Is Celebrating Its 20th"](http://www.brusselslife.be/E/article/id/1948). BrusselsLife. Retrieved 1 August 2008.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_10-1) [*Innocence (2004) - IMDb*](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0375233/locations), retrieved 8 June 2022

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_11-1) ["Le clip majestueux de Stromae au Cinquantenaire pour "Fils de joie""](https://www.rtbf.be/article/le-clip-majestueux-de-stromae-au-cinquantenaire-pour-fils-de-joie-10950383). *RTBF* (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Renseignements généraux](http://www.20kmdebruxelles.be/20km/info_en.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071008161344/http://www.20kmdebruxelles.be/20km/info_en.htm) October 8, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald2011113_13-0)** [McDonald 2011](#CITEREFMcDonald2011), p. 113.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalix198258–63_14-0)** [Palix 1982](#CITEREFPalix1982), p. 58–63.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Art & History Museum | Art & History Museum"](https://www.artandhistory.museum/en). *www.artandhistory.museum*. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Collections | Art & History Museum"](https://www.artandhistory.museum/en/collections). *www.artandhistory.museum*. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Autoworld_17-0)** ["Museum history | Autoworld"](https://www.autoworld.be/en/the-museum/museum-history). *www.autoworld.be*. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Bauwin, Adeline (1 February 2019). ["L'exercice du culte à la Grande Mosquée de Bruxelles sera assuré après le départ du CICB"](https://bx1.be/communes/bruxelles-ville/lexercice-culte-a-grande-mosquee-de-bruxelles-sera-assure-apres-depart-cicb/). *BX1* (in French). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240109003622/https://bx1.be/communes/bruxelles-ville/lexercice-culte-a-grande-mosquee-de-bruxelles-sera-assure-apres-depart-cicb/) from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Torrekens Corinne, *Espace de la Mosquée à Bruxelles : nouveaux liens sociaux et investissement politique* (in French), REMMM, no 125, p. 149.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mosque_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mosque_20-1) ["Grande Mosquée et Centre islamique et culturel de Belgique – ancien Pavillon du Panorama du Caire – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"](https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Extension_Est/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire/14/18706). *monument.heritage.brussels* (in French). Retrieved 12 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Martin Dunford, Phil Lee. The Rough Guide to Brussels. Penguin, 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781405383776](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405383776), p. 114

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Pavillon et relief Les Passions humaines – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"](https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Extension_Est/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire/A015/18721). *monument.heritage.brussels* (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Passions_23-0)** Duplat, Guy (31 July 2015). ["Les passions "scandaleuses" dans le marbre"](http://www.lalibre.be/culture/arts/les-passions-scandaleuses-dans-le-marbre-55bb94263570b546530ae4a3) ["Scandalous" passions in marble]. *lalibre.be*. Retrieved 1 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Monument du Congo – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"](https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Extension_Est/Parc_du_Cinquantenaire/A004/18710). *monument.heritage.brussels* (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EA_buildings_25-0)** ["EU promises 'facelift' for Brussels' European quarter"](http://www.euractiv.com/en/pa/eu-promises-facelift-brussels-european-quarter/article-166526?Ref=RSS). EurActiv. 6 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Brussel Nieuws. [Brussel verruimd de horizon](http://www.brusselnieuws.be/site/rubrieken/1091053933/page.htm?newsID=1193217749)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]. Retrieved on 2007-12-11

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Cinquantenaire 2030"](https://cinquantenaire.brussels/en/). *Jubelpark - Cinquantenaire*. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Cinquantenaire Arch - SimCity Wiki Guide"](https://www.ign.com/wikis/simcity/Cinquantenaire_Arch). *IGN*. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

### Bibliography

- Deltour-Levie, Claudine; Hanosset, Yves (1993). [*Le Cinquantenaire et son site*](https://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/le-cinquantenaire-et-son-site). Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 1. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.

- Demey, Thierry (2010). *Bruxelles en vert. Le guide des jardins publics* (in French). Brussels: Badeaux. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-930609-00-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930609-00-3).

- Demey, Thierry (2009). *Léopold II (1865-1909). La marque royale sur Bruxelles* (in French). Brussels: Badeaux. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-9600414-8-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9600414-8-4).

- Hannequart, Jean-Pierre; Schamp, Eric; Pulings, Marie-Claude (1996). *Découvrir Bruxelles par ses Espaces Verts* (in French). Brussels: Institut bruxellois pour la Gestion de l'Environnement, Commission communautaire française.

- McDonald, George (2011). *Frommer's Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg*. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-06151-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-06151-0).

- Palix, Didier (1982). "Les avions du musée de l'armée à Bruxelles". *Connaissance de l'Histoire* (in French). **46**. Hachette.

- Schroeder-Gudehus, Brigitte; Rasmussen, Anne (1992). *Les fastes du progrès : le guide des expositions universelles 1851-1992* (in French). Paris: Flammarion. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-08-012617-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-012617-7).

## External links

- Media related to [Cinquantenaire](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cinquantenaire) at Wikimedia Commons

- [History of the Cinquantenaire Park and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121830/http://www.klm-mra.be/klm-new/engels/main01.php?id=amuseum%2Fgeschiedenis)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cinquantenaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquantenaire) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquantenaire?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.