# Chrysophyllum

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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Starr 070111-3283 Chrysophyllum oliviforme.jpg
|image_caption = ''[Chrysophyllum oliviforme](/source/Chrysophyllum_oliviforme)''
|taxon = Chrysophyllum
|authority = [L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)<ref name=powo/>
|synonyms = 
*''Cainito'' <small>Plum. ex Adans., nom. superfl.</small>
*''Chlorophyllum'' <small>Liais, orth. var.</small>
*''Cynodendron'' <small>Baehni</small>
*''Dactimala'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Gambeyobotrys'' <small>Aubrév.</small>
*''Guersentia'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Nycterisition'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
*''Villocuspis'' <small>(A.DC.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name= powo/>
}}

'''''Chrysophyllum''''' is a group of trees in the [Sapotaceae](/source/Sapotaceae) described as a genus by [Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in 1753.<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358211#page/204/mode/1up Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753.  Species Plantarum 1: 192] in Latin</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40008631 Tropicos, ''Chrysophyllum'' L.]</ref>

The genus is native to the tropical Americas, from Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean.<ref name = powo/> One species, ''[C. oliviforme](/source/Chrysophyllum_oliviforme)'', extends north to southern [Florida](/source/Florida).<ref name=wfo>[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000008232 ''Chrysophyllum'' L.] ''World Flora Online''. Accessed 3 December 2022.</ref><ref name="powo">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325770-2 |title=''Chrysophyllum'' L. |website=[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online) |publisher=[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew) |year=2025 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

==Description==
''Chrysophyllum'' members are usually tropical [tree](/source/tree)s, often growing rapidly to 10–20 m or more in height. The [leaves](/source/leaf) are oval, 3–15&nbsp;cm long, green above, densely golden pubescent below, from which the genus is named.<ref>The generic name is derived from the Greek words χρυσός (''chrysos''), meaning "gold," and φυλλον (phyllos), meaning "leaf." See {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC  |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=I A-C |year=2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2675-2 |page=534}}</ref>  The [flower](/source/flower)s are small (3–8&nbsp;mm), purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell; they are clustered several together, and are [hermaphroditic](/source/hermaphroditic) (self fertile). The [fruit](/source/fruit) is edible; round, usually purple skinned (sometimes greenish-white), often green around the [calyx](/source/sepal), with a star pattern in the pulp; the flattened [seed](/source/seed)s are light brown and hard. The fruit skin is chewy like gum, and contrary to some reports, is edible. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=107005 Flora of North America Vol. 8 Page 245 Cainito ''Chrysophyllum'' Linnaeus]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107005 Flora of China, Vol. 15 Page 208 <big>金叶树属</big> jin ye shu shu ''Chrysophyllum'' Linnaeus]</ref>

In 1990 and 1991 T.D. Pennington adopted a wide circumscription of ''Chrysophyllum'', giving it a [Pantropical](/source/Pantropical) distribution. Later morphological and phylogenetic studies confirmed that the genus defined by Pennington was [polyphyletic](/source/polyphyletic), and in 2017 De Faria ''et. al.'' proposed that ''Chrysophyllum'' be more narrowly circumscribed, and some species placed in the revived genera ''[Achrouteria](/source/Achrouteria), [Cornuella](/source/Cornuella), [Martiusella](/source/Martiusella), [Nemaluma](/source/Nemaluma), [Prieurella](/source/Prieurella)'', and ''[Ragala](/source/Ragala_(plant))''.<ref name = DeFaria>Aparecida Donisete De Faria, José Rubens Pirani, José Eduardo Lahoz Da Silva Ribeiro, Stephan Nylinder, Mário Henrique Terra-Araujo, Pedro Paulo Vieira, Ulf Swenson, Towards a natural classification of Sapotaceae subfamily Chrysophylloideae in the Neotropics, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 185, Issue 1, September 2017, Pages 27–55,</ref>

==Species==
{{As of|2025|4}}, [Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online) accepts the following 37 species:<ref name = powo/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[Chrysophyllum acreanum](/source/Chrysophyllum_acreanum)'' {{small|A.C.Sm.}} – [Brazil](/source/Brazil) ([Acre](/source/Acre_(state)), [Amazonas](/source/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)))
* ''[Chrysophyllum albipilum](/source/Chrysophyllum_albipilum)'' {{small|Cronquist}} – Peru ([San Martín](/source/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Region))
* ''[Chrysophyllum arenarium](/source/Chrysophyllum_arenarium)'' {{small|Allemão}} – eastern Brazil
* ''[Chrysophyllum argenteum](/source/Chrysophyllum_argenteum)'' {{small|Jacq.}} – West Indies, Central America, N South America
* ''[Chrysophyllum aulacocarpum](/source/Chrysophyllum_aulacocarpum)'' {{small|Ernst}} – [Miranda](/source/Miranda_(state))
* ''[Chrysophyllum bicolor](/source/Chrysophyllum_bicolor)'' {{small|Poir.}} – Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
* ''[Chrysophyllum brenesii](/source/Chrysophyllum_brenesii)'' {{small|Cronquist}} – Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
* ''[Chrysophyllum cainito](/source/Chrysophyllum_cainito)'' {{small|L.}} – Belize, Jamaica, Cayman Is
* ''[Chrysophyllum contumacense](/source/Chrysophyllum_contumacense)'' {{small|Sagást. & M.O.Dillon}} – Peru
* ''[Chrysophyllum euryphyllum](/source/Chrysophyllum_euryphyllum)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – Colombia
* ''[Chrysophyllum flexuosum](/source/Chrysophyllum_flexuosum)'' {{small|Mart.}} – Brazil
* ''[Chrysophyllum hirsutum](/source/Chrysophyllum_hirsutum)'' {{small|Cronquist}} – Panama, Costa Rica
* ''[Chrysophyllum inornatum](/source/Chrysophyllum_inornatum)'' {{small|Mart.}} – S Brazil
* ''[Chrysophyllum januariense](/source/Chrysophyllum_januariense)'' {{small|Eichler}} – [Espírito Santo](/source/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo), [Rio de Janeiro](/source/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state))
* ''[Chrysophyllum lanatum](/source/Chrysophyllum_lanatum)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – Colombia
* ''[Chrysophyllum lancisepalum](/source/Chrysophyllum_lancisepalum)'' <small>R.Lima</small> – Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo)
* ''[Chrysophyllum lucentifolium](/source/Chrysophyllum_lucentifolium)'' {{small|Cronquist}} – Panama, Costa Rica, South America
* ''[Chrysophyllum manabiense](/source/Chrysophyllum_manabiense)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – Ecuador
* ''[Chrysophyllum marginatum](/source/Chrysophyllum_marginatum)'' {{small|(Hook. & Arn.) Radlk.}} – South America
* ''[Chrysophyllum mexicanum](/source/Chrysophyllum_mexicanum)'' {{small|Brandegee}} – Mexico, Central America
* ''[Chrysophyllum moralesiananum](/source/Chrysophyllum_moralesiananum)'' <small>Aguilar, D.Santam. & J.M.Chaves</small> – Costa Rica
* ''[Chrysophyllum oliviforme](/source/Chrysophyllum_oliviforme)'' <small>L.</small> – Florida, West Indies
* ''[Chrysophyllum ovale](/source/Chrysophyllum_ovale)'' {{small|Rusby}} – Peru, Bolivia, [Acre](/source/Acre_(state))
* ''[Chrysophyllum paranaense](/source/Chrysophyllum_paranaense)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – [São Paulo](/source/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)), [Paraná](/source/Paran%C3%A1_(state))
* ''[Chrysophyllum parvulum](/source/Chrysophyllum_parvulum)'' {{small|Pittier}} – Colombia, Venezuela
* ''[Chrysophyllum pauciflorum](/source/Chrysophyllum_pauciflorum)'' {{small|Lam.}} – Puerto Rico to [Virgin Islands](/source/Virgin_Islands)
* ''[Chrysophyllum pubipetalum](/source/Chrysophyllum_pubipetalum)'' <small>Sossai & Alves-Araújo</small> – Brazil (Espirito Santo)
* ''[Chrysophyllum reitzianum](/source/Chrysophyllum_reitzianum)'' {{small|Mattos}} – [Santa Catarina](/source/Santa_Catarina_(state))
* ''[Chrysophyllum revolutum](/source/Chrysophyllum_revolutum)'' {{small|Mart. & Eichler}} – Peru
* ''[Chrysophyllum rufum](/source/Chrysophyllum_rufum)'' {{small|Mart.}} – E Brazil
* ''[Chrysophyllum sierpense](/source/Chrysophyllum_sierpense)'' <small>Aguilar, D.Santam. & J.M.Chaves</small> – Costa Rica
* ''[Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum](/source/Chrysophyllum_sparsiflorum)'' {{small|Klotzsch ex Miq.}} – Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia
* ''[Chrysophyllum splendens](/source/Chrysophyllum_splendens)'' {{small|Spreng.}} – E Brazil
* ''[Chrysophyllum striatum](/source/Chrysophyllum_striatum)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – Panama
* ''[Chrysophyllum subspinosum](/source/Chrysophyllum_subspinosum)'' {{small|Monach.}} – [Bahia](/source/Bahia)
* ''[Chrysophyllum superbum](/source/Chrysophyllum_superbum)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – [Amazonas](/source/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state))
* ''[Chrysophyllum wilsonii](/source/Chrysophyllum_wilsonii)'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}} – [Amazonas](/source/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state))
}}

Formerly included<ref name=powo/>
*''[Achrouteria durifructa](/source/Achrouteria_durifructa)'' {{small|W.A.Rodrigues}} (as ''C. durifructum'' {{small|(W.A.Rodrigues) T.D.Penn}})
*''[Achrouteria eximia](/source/Achrouteria_eximia)'' {{small|(Ducke) Swenson}} (as ''C. eximium'' {{small|Ducke}})
*''[Achrouteria pomifera](/source/Achrouteria_pomifera)'' {{small|Eyma}} (as ''C. pomiferum'' {{small|(Eyma) T.D.Penn.}})
*''[Chloroluma gonocarpa](/source/Chloroluma_gonocarpa)'' {{small|(Mart. & Eichler) Baill. ex Aubrév.}} (as ''C. gonocarpum'' {{small|(Mart. & Eichler) Engl.}})
*''[Chloroluma viridis](/source/Chloroluma_viridis)'' {{small|(Mart. & Eichler) Aubrév.}} (as ''C. viride'' {{small|Mart. & Eichler}})
*''[Cornuella venezuelanensis](/source/Cornuella_venezuelanensis)'' {{small|Pierre}} (as ''C. venezuelanense'' {{small|(Pierre) T.D.Penn.}})
* ''[Donella ambrensis](/source/Donella_ambrensis)'' <small>Aubrév.</small> (as ''C. ambrense'' <small>(Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
* ''[Donella analalavensis](/source/Donella_analalavensis)'' <small>Aubrév.</small> (as ''C. analalavense'' <small>(Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
* ''[Donella bangweolensis](/source/Donella_bangweolensis)'' <small>(R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.) Mackinder</small> (as ''C. bangweolense'' <small>R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.</small>)
* ''[Donella capuronii](/source/Donella_capuronii)'' <small>(G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.) Mackinder & L.Gaut.</small> (as ''C. capuronii'' <small>G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Donella delphinensis](/source/Donella_delphinensis)'' <small>Aubrév.</small> (as ''C. delphinense'' <small>(Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Donella fenerivensis](/source/Donella_fenerivensis)'' <small>Aubrév.</small> (as ''C. fenerivense'' <small>(Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Donella guereliana](/source/Donella_guereliana)'' <small>(Aubrév.) Mackinder</small> (as ''C guerelianum'' <small>(Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Donella masoalensis](/source/Donella_masoalensis)'' <small>Aubrév.</small> (as ''C. masoalense'' <small>(Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Donella perrieri](/source/Donella_perrieri)'' <small>Lecomte</small> (as ''C. perrieri'' <small>(Lecomte) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Donella pruniformis](/source/Donella_pruniformis)'' <small>(Engl.) Pierre ex Engl.</small> (as ''C. pruniforme'' <small>Engl.</small>)
* ''[Donella viridifolia](/source/Donella_viridifolia)'' <small>(J.M.Wood & Franks) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. viridifolium'' <small>J.M.Wood & Franks</small>)
*''[Donella ubangiensis](/source/Donella_ubangiensis)'' <small>(De Wild.) Aubrév.</small> (as ''C. ubangiense'' <small>(De Wild.) Govaerts</small>)
*''[Englerophytum longepedicellatum](/source/Englerophytum_longepedicellatum)'' <small>(De Wild.) L.Gaut.</small> (as ''C. longifolium'' <small>De Wild.</small>)
*''[Englerophytum magalismontanum](/source/Englerophytum_magalismontanum)'' <small>(Sond.) T.D.Penn.</small> (as ''C. magalismontanum'' <small>Sond.</small>)
*''[Englerophytum oblanceolatum](/source/Englerophytum_oblanceolatum)'' <small>(S.Moore) T.D.Penn.</small> (as ''C. tessmannii'' <small>Engl. & K.Krause</small>)
* ''[Gambeya africana](/source/Gambeya_africana)'' - <small>(A.DC.) Pierre</small> (as ''C. africanum'' <small>A.DC.</small>)
* ''[Gambeya albida](/source/Gambeya_albida)'' <small>(G.Don) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. albidum'' <small>G.Don</small>)
*''[Gambeya azaguieana](/source/Gambeya_azaguieana)'' <small>(J.Miège) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. azaguieanum'' <small>J.Miège</small>)
*''[Gambeya beguei](/source/Gambeya_beguei)'' <small>(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. beguei'' <small>(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small>)
*''[Gambeya boiviniana](/source/Gambeya_boiviniana)'' <small>Pierre</small> (as ''C. boivinianum'' <small>(Pierre) Baehni</small>)
*''[Gambeya boukokoensis](/source/Gambeya_boukokoensis)'' <small>Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. boukokoense'' <small>(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) L.Gaut.</small>)
*''[Gambeya gigantea](/source/Gambeya_gigantea)'' <small>(A.Chev.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. giganteum'' <small>A.Chev.</small>)
*''[Gambeya gorungosana](/source/Gambeya_gorungosana)'' <small>(Engl.) Liben</small> (as ''C. gorungosanum'' <small>Engl.</small>)
*''[Gambeya lacourtiana](/source/Gambeya_lacourtiana)'' <small>(De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. lacourtianum'' <small>De Wild.</small>)
*''[Gambeya lungi](/source/Gambeya_lungi)'' <small>(De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. lungi'' <small>De Wild.</small>)
*''[Gambeya muerensis](/source/Gambeya_muerensis)'' <small>(Engl.) Liben</small> (as ''C. muerense'' <small>Engl.</small>)
*''[Gambeya taiensis](/source/Gambeya_taiensis)'' <small>(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small> (as ''C. taiense'' <small>Aubrév. & Pellegr.</small>)
*''[Jacquinia arborea](/source/Jacquinia_arborea)'' <small>Vahl</small> (as ''C. barbasco'' <small>Loefl.</small>)
*''[Martiusella imperialis](/source/Martiusella_imperialis)'' {{small|(Linden ex K.Koch & Fintelm.) Pierre}} (as ''C. imperiale'' {{small|(Linden ex K.Koch & Fintelm.) Benth. ex Salomon}})
*''[Micropholis rugosa](/source/Micropholis_rugosa)'' <small>(Sw.) Pierre</small> (as ''C. rugosum'' <small>Sw.</small>)
*''[Palaquium philippense](/source/Palaquium_philippense)'' <small>(Perr.) C.B.Rob.</small> (as ''C.  philippense'' <small>Perr.</small>)
*''[Pouteria alnifolia](/source/Pouteria_alnifolia)'' <small>(Baker) Roberty</small> (as ''C. alnifolium'' <small>Baker</small>)
*''[Pouteria gardneri](/source/Pouteria_gardneri)'' <small>(Mart. & Miq.) Baehni</small> (as ''C. gardneri'' <small>Mart. & Miq.</small>)
*''[Pouteria macrophylla](/source/Pouteria_macrophylla)'' <small>(Lam.) Eyma</small> (as ''C. macrophyllum'' <small>Lam.</small>)
*''[Pouteria reticulata](/source/Pouteria_reticulata)'' <small>(Engl.) Eyma</small> (as ''C. reticulatum'' <small>Engl.</small>)
*''[Pradosia brevipes](/source/Pradosia_brevipes)'' <small>(Pierre) T.D.Penn.</small> (as ''C. soboliferum'' <small>Rizzini</small>)
*''[Pradosia lactescens](/source/Pradosia_lactescens)'' <small>(Vell.) Radlk.</small> (as ''C. burahem'' <small>Riedel</small>)
*''[Prieurella colombiana](/source/Prieurella_colombiana)'' {{small|Aubrév.}} (as ''C. colombianum'' {{small|(Aubrév.) T.D.Penn.}})
*''[Prieurella cuneifolia](/source/Prieurella_cuneifolia)'' {{small|(Rudge) Swenson}} (as ''C. cuneifolium'' {{small|(Rudge) A.DC.}})
*''[Prieurella manaosensis](/source/Prieurella_manaosensis)'' {{small|Aubrév.}} (as ''C. manaosense'' {{small|(Aubrév.) T.D.Penn.}})
*''[Prieurella prieurii](/source/Prieurella_prieurii)'' {{small|(A.DC.) Aubrév.}} (as ''C. prieurii'' {{small|A.DC.}})
*''[Prieurella wurdackii](/source/Prieurella_wurdackii)'' {{small|Aubrév.}} (as ''C. amazonicum'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}})
*''[Ragala bombycina](/source/Ragala_bombycina)'' {{small|(T.D.Penn.) Swenson}} (as ''C. bombycinum'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}})
*''[Ragala sanguinolenta](/source/Ragala_sanguinolenta)'' {{small|Pierre}} (as ''C. sanguinolentum'' {{small|(Pierre) Baehni}})
*''[Ragala scalaris](/source/Ragala_scalaris)'' {{small|(T.D.Penn.) Swenson}} (as ''C. scalare'' {{small|T.D.Penn.}})
*''[Ragala ucuquirana-branca](/source/Ragala_ucuquirana-branca)'' {{small|(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) W.A.Rodrigues}} (as ''C. ucuquirana-branca'' {{small|(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) T.D.Penn.}})

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2105812}}

Category:Chrysophyllum
Category:Sapotaceae genera
Category:Flora of the Neotropical realm
Category:Taxa described in 1753
Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Chrysophyllum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophyllum) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophyllum?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.