# Christogram

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Monogram for Jesus Christ

Chrismon

 [Chi-Rho](/source/Chi-Rho) symbol with [Alpha and Omega](/source/Alpha_and_Omega) on a 4th-century sarcophagus ([Vatican Museums](/source/Vatican_Museums))

A **Christogram** ([Latin](/source/Latin_language): *Monogramma Christi*)[a] is a [monogram](/source/Monogram) or combination of letters that forms an abbreviation for the name of [Jesus Christ](/source/Jesus_Christ), traditionally used as a [religious symbol](/source/Christian_symbolism) within the [Christian Church](/source/Christian_Church).

One of the oldest Christograms is the [Chi-Rho](/source/Chi-Rho) (☧). It consists of the superimposed Greek letters [chi](/source/Chi_(letter)) (Χ) and [rho](/source/Rho_(letter)) (Ρ), which are the first two letters of the Greek χριστός, 'Christ'. It was displayed on the *[labarum](/source/Labarum)* military standard used by [Constantine I](/source/Constantine_I) in 312 AD. The [IX monogram](/source/IX_monogram) () is a similar form, using the initials of the name Ἰησοῦς (ὁ) Χριστός, 'Jesus (the) Christ', as is the [ΙΗ monogram](/source/IH_monogram) (), using the first two letters of the name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, 'JESUS' in uppercase.

There were a very considerable number of variants of "Christograms" or monograms of Christ in use during the medieval period, with the boundary between specific monograms and mere [scribal abbreviations](/source/Scribal_abbreviations) somewhat fluid.

The name *Jesus*, spelled ΙΗΣΟΥΣ in Greek capitals, has the abbreviations *IHS* (also written *JHS, IHC*, or *ΙΗΣ*). The name *Christus* , spelt ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, has *XP* (and inflectional variants such as *IX, XPO, XPS, XPI, XPM*). In Eastern Christian tradition, the monogram ΙϹΧϹ (with [Overline](/source/Overline) indicating scribal abbreviation) is used for Ἰησοῦς Χριστός in both Greek and Cyrillic tradition.

A [Middle Latin](/source/Middle_Latin) term for abbreviations of the name of Christ is *chrisimus*.[1] Similarly, the Middle Latin *[crismon](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crismon)*, *chrismon* refers to the Chi-Rho monogram specifically.[2]

## Symbols

### Chi (Χ)

Further information: [Chi (letter)](/source/Chi_(letter))

In antiquity, the [cross](/source/Christian_cross), i.e. the [instrument of Christ's crucifixion](/source/Instrument_of_Christ's_crucifixion) (*[crux](/source/Crux_simplex)*, *[stauros](/source/Stauros)*), was taken to be [T-shaped](/source/Tau_cross), while the [X](/source/Chi_(letter))-shape ("[chiasmus](/source/Chiasmus)") had different connotations. There has been scholarly speculation on the development of the Christian cross, the letter Chi used to abbreviate the name of [Christ](/source/Christ), and the various pre-Christian symbolism associated with the chiasmus interpreted in terms of "the mystery of the [pre-existent Christ](/source/Pre-existence_of_Christ)".[3]

In [Plato](/source/Plato)'s *[Timaeus](/source/Timaeus_(dialogue))*, it is explained that the two bands which form the "world soul" (*[anima mundi](/source/Anima_mundi)*) cross each other like the letter Chi, possibly referring to the [ecliptic](/source/Ecliptic) crossing the [celestial equator](/source/Celestial_equator):

And thus the whole mixture out of which he cut these portions was all exhausted by him. This entire compound divided lengthways into two parts, which he joined to one another at the centre like the letter X, and bent them into a circular form, connecting them with themselves and each other at the point opposite to their original meeting-point; and, comprehending them in a uniform revolution upon the same axis, he made the one the outer and the other the inner circle.

— Plato, *Timaeus*, 8.36b and 8.36c[4]

The two [great circles](/source/Great_circle) of the heavens, the equator and the ecliptic, which, by intersecting each other form a sort of recumbent chi and about which the whole dome of the starry heavens swings in a wondrous rhythm, became for the Christian eye a heavenly cross.

— [Rahner 1971](#CITEREFRahner1971), pp. 49–50. See also [Grigg 1977](#CITEREFGrigg1977), p. 477

[Justin Martyr](/source/Justin_Martyr) in the 2nd century makes explicit reference to Plato's image in *Timaeus* in terms of a prefiguration of the Holy Cross.[5] An early statement may be the phrase in *[Didache](/source/Didache)*, "sign of extension in heaven" (*sēmeion epektaseōs en ouranōi*).[3]

An alternative explanation of the intersecting celestial symbol has been advanced by George Latura, claiming that Plato's "visible god" in *Timaeus* is the intersection of the Milky Way and the Zodiacal Light, a rare apparition important to pagan beliefs. He said that Christian bishops reframed this as a Christian symbol.[6]

The most commonly encountered Christogram in English-speaking countries in modern times is the Χ (or more accurately, Chi), representing the first letter of the word *Christ*, in such abbreviations as *[Xmas](/source/Xmas)* (for "Christmas") and *[Xian](/source/Xian_(abbreviation))* or *Xtian* (for "Christian").

### Iota Chi (IX)

Main article: [IX monogram](/source/IX_monogram)

A IX monogram from a 4th century [Sarcophagus](/source/Sarcophagus) from [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople)

An early form of the monogram of Christ, found in early Christian [ossuaries](/source/Ossuaries) in [Palestine](/source/Palestine_(region)), was formed by superimposing the first (capital) letters of the Greek words for [Jesus](/source/Jesus) and [Christ](/source/Christ), i.e. [iota](/source/Iota_(letter)) **Ι** and [chi](/source/Chi_(letter)) **Χ**, so that this [monogram](/source/Monogram) means "Jesus Christ".[7]: 166

### Chi Rho (ΧΡ)

Main article: [Chi Rho](/source/Chi_Rho)

A [Chi Rho](/source/Chi_Rho) combined with [Alpha and Omega](/source/Alpha_and_Omega), in 1669 labelled *Chrismon Sancti Ambrosii*, [Milan Cathedral](/source/Milan_Cathedral)[b]

The [Alpha and Omega](/source/Alpha_and_Omega) symbols may at times accompany the Chi-Rho monogram.[11] Since the 17th century, *[Chrismon](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chrismon)* (*chrismum*; also *chrismos, chrismus*) has been used as a [Neo-Latin](/source/Neo-Latin) term for the Chi Rho monogram.

Because the *chrismon* was used as a kind of "invocation" at the beginning of documents of the [Merovingian period](/source/Merovingian_period), the term also came to be used of the "[cross-signatures](/source/Cross-signature)" in early medieval charters.[c] *Chrismon* in this context may refer to the Merovingian period abbreviation *I. C. N.* for *in Christi nomine*, later (in the [Carolingian period](/source/Carolingian_period)) also *I. C.* for *in Christo*, and still later (in the high medieval period) just *C.* for *Christus*.[13]

[St Cuthbert's coffin](/source/St_Cuthbert's_coffin) (late 7th century) has an exceptional realisation of the Christogram written in [Anglo-Saxon runes](/source/Anglo-Saxon_runes), as ᛁᚻᛋ ᛉᛈᛋ, transliterated to the Latin alphabet as 'IHS XPS', with the *chi* rendered as the *[eolh](/source/Eolh)* rune (the old *z* or *algiz* rune) and the *rho* rendered as the [p-rune](/source/Peorth).

### IHS

IHS Christogram embossed on an 1864 leather-bound King James Bible

In the [Latin](/source/Latin)-speaking Christianity of medieval Western Europe (and so among Catholics and many [Protestants](/source/Protestant) today), the most common Christogram became "IHS" or "IHC", denoting the first three letters of the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) name of Jesus, ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, *[iota](/source/Iota)-[eta](/source/Eta_(letter))-[sigma](/source/Sigma_(letter))*, or ΙΗΣ.[14][15][16]

The Greek letter *iota* is represented by 'I', and the *eta* by 'H', while the Greek letter *sigma* is either in its lunate form, represented by 'C', or its final form, represented by 'S'. Because the Latin-alphabet letters *I* and *J* were not systematically distinguished until the 17th century, "JHS" and "JHC" are equivalent to "IHS" and "IHC".

"IHS" is sometimes interpreted as meaning ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΗΜΕΤΕΡΟΣ ΣΩΤΗΡ, *Iēsous Hēmeteros Sōtēr*, 'Jesus our Saviour' or in Latin *Jesus Hominum* (or *Hierosolymae*) *Salvator*, ('Jesus, Saviour of men [or: of Jerusalem]' in Latin)[17] or connected with *[In Hoc Signo](/source/In_hoc_signo_vinces)*. English-language interpretations of "IHS" have included "In His Service"[18] or "In His Steps." Such interpretations are known as [backformed acronyms](/source/Backronym).

Used in Latin since the seventh century, the first use of *IHS* in an English document dates from the fourteenth century, in *[Piers Plowman](/source/Piers_Plowman)*.[19] In the 15th century, [Saint Bernardino of Siena](/source/Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena) popularized the use of the three letters on the background of a blazing sun to displace both popular pagan symbols and seals of political factions like the [Guelphs and Ghibellines](/source/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines) in public spaces (see [Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus](/source/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus)).

The IHS monogram with the H surmounted by a cross above [three nails](/source/Triclavianism) and surrounded by a [Sun](/source/Sol_Invictus) is the emblem of the [Jesuits](/source/Jesuits), according to tradition introduced by [Ignatius of Loyola](/source/Ignatius_of_Loyola) in 1541.[17]

IHS has been known to appear on gravestones, especially among Irish Catholics.[20][21][22]

#### Gallery with different formats of the symbol

		- Northwood Cemetery Isle of Wight IHS or JHS Christogram of western Christianity

		- Medieval-style IHC monogram

		- Intertwined IHS monogram, Saint-Martin's Church, [L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise](/source/L'Isle-Adam%2C_Val-d'Oise)

		- IHC monogram from [Clontuskert Abbey](/source/Clontuskert_Abbey), Ireland

		- The Jesuit emblem from a 1586 print

		- ΙΗΣ on the [Reformation Wall](/source/Reformation_Wall) in [Geneva](/source/Geneva), [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland)

		- Door at [Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)](/source/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania)) showing (from left) arms of the parish; Marian monogram; the IHS Christogram; and arms of the [Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania](/source/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Pennsylvania)

		- Corpus Christi carpet with the use of the acronym in [São Manuel](/source/S%C3%A3o_Manuel), [São Paulo](/source/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)), [Brazil](/source/Brazil).

### ICXC

In [Eastern Christianity](/source/Eastern_Christianity), the most widely used Christogram is a four-letter abbreviation, ΙϹ ΧϹ—a traditional abbreviation of the Greek words for 'Jesus Christ' (i.e., the first and last letters of each of the words **Ι**ΗϹΟΥ**Ϲ** **Χ**ΡΙϹΤΟ**Ϲ**, with the [lunate sigma](/source/Sigma_(letter)#Lunate_sigma) 'Ϲ' common in medieval Greek),[23] and written with [titlo](/source/Titlo) (diacritic) denoting [scribal abbreviation](/source/Scribal_abbreviation) (І︮С︯ Х︮С︯).

On icons, this Christogram may be split: 'ΙϹ' on the left of the image and 'ΧϹ' on the right. It is sometimes rendered as 'ΙϹ ΧϹ ΝΙΚΑ' (Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς νικᾷ), meaning 'Jesus Christ Conquers'. 'ΙϹΧϹ' may also be seen inscribed on the [Ichthys](/source/Ichthys).

		- Depiction of the 'ΙϹ ΧϹ ΝΙΚΑ' arrangement in medieval Greek tradition

		- 'ΙϹ ΧϹ ΝΙΚΑ' cross on the obverse of a 12th-century [Sicilian](/source/Kingdom_of_Sicily) coin ([Roger II](/source/Roger_II_of_Sicily))

		- [Christ Pantocrator](/source/Christ_Pantocrator) on the [Holy Crown of Hungary](/source/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary) (12th century)

		- Christ Pantocrator, [Church of the Holy Sepulchre](/source/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre) (1810)

### Lhq

See also: [Kirishitan](/source/Kirishitan)

Lhq-inscription on a Japanese lantern

After [Francis Xavier](/source/Francis_Xavier) landed in [Kagoshima](/source/Kagoshima), Japan, in 1549, his missionary work grew and became widely distributed throughout Japan under the patronage of the *[daimyō](/source/Daimy%C5%8D)*. However, during the [Edo period](/source/Edo_period) (1603–1867), Christians were persecuted and forced to hide. Because they were forbidden to openly reverence the images of Christ or [Mary](/source/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus), it is believed that they transferred their worship to other carved images and marked them with secret symbols understood only by the initiates. Certain [Japanese lanterns](/source/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D), notably the *Kirishitan dōrō* (キリシタン灯籠, 'Christian lanterns'), did bear the "Lhq" [monogram](/source/Monogram), which, a quarter turned, was engraved on the shaft (*sao*), which was buried directly into the soil without basal platform (*kiso*). The ['Lhq'](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Rune_lhq_Japanese_Runic_Character.png) monogram corresponds to the distorted letters 'IHS'.[24]

## Archaeology

In 2016, a 1,300-year-old corpse, was found in a cemetery near a medieval monastery in [Ghazali, Sudan](/source/Monastery_in_Ghazali), whose right foot bore a tattoo from medieval [Nubia](/source/Nubia), a region that covered parts of modern-day Egypt and Sudan, depicting a [Chi Rho](/source/Chi_Rho) and an [Alpha Omega](/source/Alpha_and_Omega). The person, most likely male, lived sometime between 667 and 774.[25]

## See also

- [Christian symbolism](/source/Christian_symbolism)

- [Holy Name of Jesus](/source/Holy_Name_of_Jesus)

- [INRI](/source/INRI)

- [Little Sachet](/source/Little_Sachet)

- [Names and titles of Jesus](/source/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus#Abbreviations)

- [Nomina sacra](/source/Nomina_sacra)

## References

### Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The portmanteau of *Christo-* and *-gramma* is modern, first introduced in German as *[Christogramm](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Christogramm)* in the mid-18th century. Its adoption into English as *[Christogram](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Christogram)* dates to c. 1900.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** The symbol was moved to storage for the refurbishments under [Pellegrino Tibaldi](/source/Pellegrino_Tibaldi) and re-instated in the choir on 6 September 1669.[8] Use of the name *Chrismon* is apparently based on the term *crismon* as used by [Landulf of Milan](/source/Landulf_of_Milan);[9] Landulf's mention of a *crismon* of [Saint Ambrose](/source/Saint_Ambrose) clearly refers to [chrism](/source/Chrism), i.e. holy oil, not a symbol.[10]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** While in English literature of the 19th to mid 20th century, *chrismon* refers to the Chi Rho monogram exclusively, the German-language usage has also come to be adopted in some cases in the specific context of medieval sigla, especially in works translated from German into English, e.g. Hans Belting, Edmund Jephcott (trans.), *Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art* (1997), pp. 107–109.[12]

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Chrisimus](http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/CHRISIMUS) (par les Bénédictins de St. Maur, 1733–1736), in: du Cange, et al., *Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis*, ed. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 2, col. 317b. "CHRISIMUS, Nomen Christi abbreviatum in antiquis instrumentis secundum diversos casus sic XPS. XPI. XPO. XPM. ubi media littera P. Græcum. Vox Chrisimus legitur in Annal. Benedict. tom. 5. pag. 7."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Crismon](http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/CRISMON) (par les Bénédictins de St. Maur, 1733–1736), in: du Cange, et al., *Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis*, ed. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 2, col. 621b. "CRISMON, Nota quæ in libro ex voluntate uniuscujusque ad aliquid notandum ponitur. Papias in MS. Bituric. Crismon vel Chrismon proprie est Monogramma Christi sic expressum ☧" [1 chrismon](http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/CHRISMON1) (par les Bénédictins de St. Maur, 1733–1736), in: du Cange, et al., *Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis*, ed. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 2, col. [318c](http://media.enc.sorbonne.fr/ducange/jpg/C/318c.jpg), citing Heumann. de re Diplom. inde a Carol. M. § 12; Murator. Antiquit. Ital. tom. 3. col. 75.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Grigg477_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Grigg477_4-1) Grigg, Robert (1977). ""Symphōnian Aeidō tēs Basileias": An Image of Imperial Harmony on the Base of the Column of Arcadius". *The Art Bulletin*. **59** (4): 477, 469–482. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3049702](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3049702). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3049702](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3049702).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [8.36b and 8.36c](http://www.fullbooks.com/Timaeus3.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Justin. *Apologia*, 1.60.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Latura, George (2012). ["Plato's Visible God: The Cosmic Soul Reflected in the Heavens"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel3030880). *Religions*. **3** (3): 880–886. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/rel3030880](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel3030880).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bagatti_8-0)** [Bagatti, Bellarmino](/source/Bellarmino_Bagatti) (1984). *The Church from the Circumcision: History and Archaeology of the Judaeo-Christians*. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Minor, n.2. Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [17529706](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17529706).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [http://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/dal1651al1675.htm](http://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/dal1651al1675.htm) storiadimilano.it

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [I.12](http://www.mlat.uzh.ch/MLS/xfromcc.php?tabelle=Landulfus_Mediolanensis_cps2&rumpfid=Landulfus_Mediolanensis_cps2,%20Historia%20Mediolanensis&id=Landulfus_Mediolanensis_cps2,%20Historia%20Mediolanensis&corpus=2&lang=0&von=overview_by_author)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** I. A. Ferrai, "I Fonti di Landolfo Seniore", *Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano* 14 (1895), [p. 29](https://archive.org/stream/bullettinodelli13italgoog#page/n34/mode/2up).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** *Allegory of the Church* by Calvin Kendall 1998 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-4426-1309-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4426-1309-2) page 137

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** For German usage, see Ersch *et al*., Volume 1, Issue 29 of *Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste*, 1837, [p. 303](https://books.google.com/books?id=sgxJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA303) (in German). Johann Christoph Gatterer, *Elementa artis diplomaticae universalis* (1765), [p. 145](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4lgnePhbj5wC/page/n170) ( *Abriß der Diplomatik* 1798, [p. 64](https://books.google.com/books?id=NaRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA64)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Johann Christoph Gatterer, *Abriß der Diplomatik* (1798), [p. 64f](https://books.google.com/books?id=NaRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA64). Carl Ernst Bohn, *Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek* vol. 111 (1792), [p. 521](https://books.google.com/books?id=s2hcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA521).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gieben_17-0)** *Christian sacrament and devotion* by Servus Gieben 1997 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-04-06247-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06247-5) page 18

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Becker_18-0)** *The Continuum encyclopedia of symbols* by Udo Becker 2000 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8264-1221-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1221-1) page 54

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CathHoly_19-0)** Holweck, Frederick. ["CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Holy Name of Jesus"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07421a.htm). *New Advent*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IHS_CathEnc_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IHS_CathEnc_20-1) Maere, René. "IHS." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bush(NA)2004_21-0)** Bush, Brian Paige; (NA), Bush (1 March 2004). *His Blueprint In The Bible: A Study Of The Number Three In Scripture*. Dorrance Publishing Co. p. 9. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780805963823](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805963823).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["IHS"](https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=IHS). *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or [participating institution membership](https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Romano, Ron. *Portland's Historic Eastern Cemetery: A Field of Ancient Graves*. Arcadia Publishing. p. 87.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** *New Jersey Cemeteries and Tombstones: History in the Landscape*. Rutgers University Press. 2008. p. 179.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** *Irish South Australia: New histories and insights*. Wakefield Press. 2019. p. 81.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** *Symbols of the Christian faith* by Alva William Steffler 2002 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8028-4676-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4676-9) page 67

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** JAANUS (2010) [*oribe dourou* 織部灯籠](https://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/o/oribedourou.htm), Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Jarus, Owen (October 21, 2023). ["'Christ' tattoo discovered on 1,300-year-old body in Sudan"](https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/christ-tattoo-discovered-on-1300-year-old-body-in-sudan+). [Live Science](/source/Live_Science). Retrieved December 17, 2023.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

### Sources

- Rahner, Hugo (1971). [*Greek Myths and Christian Mystery*](https://books.google.com/books?id=N8XAF-JE6PAC&pg=PA49). Translated by Brian Battershaw. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8196-0270-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0270-1).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Monograms of the name of Jesus Christ](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monograms_of_the_name_of_Jesus_Christ).

- [St. Bernardine of Siena](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050422222604/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1389) at the [Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress) Web Archives (archived 2005-04-22)

v t e Personal names and anthroponymy Personal name Birth name Given name Surname patrilineal matrilineal affixes nobiliary particle By sequence Given name list Middle name Surname list By trait Diminutive Double-barrelled Epithet animal common plant Eponymic Matronymic Metonymic Mononymic Occupational Patronymic surname Sobriquet Teknonymic Toponymic surname Patrial Unisex Virtue By life situation Aptronym Bardic name Birth name Code name Maiden and married names Necronym Posthumous name Temple name Placeholder name Notname Regnal name Slave name Pseudonyms (list) Art name bugō Nicknames list hypocorism list of monarchs nom de guerre Pen name heteronym Ring name shikona Stage name list list of mononyms Username By culture (surnames) East Asia (Sinosphere) Chinese art courtesy generation titles Hong Kong Formosan Japanese Amami Okinawan Korean Vietnamese Northern Asia and Central Asia Kalmyk Manchu Mongolian Sakha Tibetan West Asia / Middle East and North Africa Afghan Arabic Azerbaijani Berber Coptic Hebrew Mandaean Pashtun Persian Somali Tatar Turkish Oceania Australian Aboriginal Fijian Hawaiian Māori Vanuatuan Sub-Saharan Africa Ashanti Congolese Eritrean and Ethiopian Ewe Ghanaian Igbo Rwandan Yoruba Zimbabwean Europe, Americas and Australasia (Western world) Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Celtic Cornish Irish Manx Scottish Welsh Germanic Dutch English American African-American Canadian German Gothic Icelandic Scandinavian Swedish Romance French Italian Occitan Portuguese Roman praenomen nomen cognomen agnomen Romanian Spanish Hispanic America Catalan Slavic Bulgarian Croatian Czech East Slavic Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Kashubian Macedonian Polish Serbian Slovak Suffixes Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Other Albanian Armenian Basque Georgian Greek ancient Cypriot South Asia and Southeast Asia (Indosphere) Balinese Bengali Bhutanese Burmese Filipino Indonesian Chinese Javanese Cambodian Malaysian Mizo (Lushai) Indian Lao Pakistani Sindhi Sinhalese Tamilian Thai By religion Christian biblical papal russian orthodox clergy saint Buddhist surname Dharma Jewish Hebrew surname Mandaean Theophoric Manners of address (list) Of authority and of honour Styles Honorific diplomatic imperial, royal, and noble judiciary religious ecclesiastical Pre-nominal letters Suffix emeritus Post-nominal letters academic orders, decorations, and medals Titles Academic Imperial, royal and noble chivalric courtesy false hereditary subsidiary substantive Military professional Academic educational honorary Corporate Diplomatic Judicial Religious ecclesiastical papal Related traditions Baptism Name day Calendar of saints Related Acronym Anonymity Anthropomorphism personification national Call sign Deadnaming Endonym and exonym Family Galton–Watson process Legal name name change Namesake Naming taboo Nomenclature nomen nescio Misnomer Onomastics -onym Personal identity identifier Proper noun Signature monogram royal cypher khelrtva signum manus tughra Surnames by country

v t e Crosses In modern use Alcoraz Anchored/Saint Clement Anuradhapura Archangels Archiepiscopal Armenian Arrow/Barby Balkenkreuz Bolnisi Bottony Branch Bulgarian Burgundy Byzantine Calatrava Calvary Camargue Canterbury Catherine wheel Celtic Variant Cercelée Coptic Cossack Crosslet Fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double Ethiopian Evangelists Fleury Fitchy Forked Fourchy Fylfot Globus cruciger Archbishop's variant Gnostic Grapevine/Saint Nino Greek Greek Orthodox Huguenot Iron Jeremiah Jerusalem/Crusaders Jerusalem (Kingdom) Latin/Roman Macedonian Maltese Marada Marian Maronite Moline Nordic Novgorod Occitan Order of Christ Papal Patonce Pattée Fitchée Patriarchal Pommy Portate/Saint Gilbert Potent Quadrate Resistance Ringed Russian Russian Orthodox Salem Saltire/Saint Andrew Saint Chad Saint David Saint Florian Saint George Saint James/Santiago Saint John Saint Michael Saint Patrick Saint Peter Saint Philip Saint Piran Saint Thomas Serbian Serbian Orthodox Short Sword Syriac (Eastern) Syriac (Western) Tau/Saint Anthony Historical Avellane Aviz Black Blanc croix rouge Brigid Carolingian Chouan Consecration Coptic Coptic (Early) Cross cramponnée Crown Cuthbert's pectoral Engrailed Erminée Gammadion Jewelled Katanga Lazarus Lorraine Neith Nestorian Peñalba Pierced Quarterly Saint Alban Saint Julian Templar Teutonic Order Two-barred Victory Voided Wolf By function Altar Blessing Conciliation Heraldry Nordic Pisan High Market Mercat Memorial Mission Necklace Pectoral Plague Preaching Processional Lalibela Rood/Triumphal cross Stone Basalt Shaft Summit Wayside Christograms, Chrismons Chi Rho IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram/Monogrammatic/Tau Rho Related Ankh Armenian eternity sign Chakana Ichthys Irminsul Kolovrat Lauburu Mjölnir Rose Rota Solomon's knot Scientology Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun Swastika Triskelion/Triskele Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross List of tallest crosses in the world Christianity portal Arts portal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Christogram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christogram) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christogram?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.