# Chresmoda

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{{Short description|Extinct insect genus}}{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Tithonian|Cenomanian}}<ref name=fa>{{cite web|url= https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=175598|title=Chresmoda|website=[Paleobiology Database](/source/Paleobiology_Database)|access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>
| image = Chresmodidae - Chresmoda obscura.JPG
| image_caption = Fossil specimen of ''Chresmoda obscura'' from Germany, on display at [Galerie de paléontologie et d'anatomie comparée](/source/Galerie_de_pal%C3%A9ontologie_et_d'anatomie_compar%C3%A9e) in Paris
| taxon = Chresmoda
| authority = [Germar](/source/Ernst_Friedrich_Germar), 1839
| synonyms = *''Propygolampis''
}}

'''''Chresmoda''''' is an extinct genus of insects within the family [Chresmodidae](/source/Chresmodidae).

==Description==
left|thumb|Reconstruction of ''C.obscura''
''Chresmoda'' are large enigmatic insects with very long specialized legs, probably adapted for skating on the water surface similar to [pond skaters](/source/Pond_Skaters). They can reach a body length of about {{convert|25|mm}}, with a forewing length of about {{convert|28|mm}}.<ref name="fa" /> Some large specimens could reached a size of about {{convert|19|cm}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=1780|title=Fossil mit der ID: 1780 - Chresmoda obscura GERMAR, 1839 - Die Fossilien von Solnhofen|work=solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de|access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>

These Polyneoptera of uncertain position have been considered aquatic and living on the water surface, probably predaceous on nektonic small animals.<ref>A. G. Ponomarenko [http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/87A_135144_Ponomarenko.pdf Fossil insects from the Tithonian «Solnhofener Plattenkalke» in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nel|first1=Andre|last2=Azar|first2=Dany|last3=Martinez-Delclos|first3=Xavier|last4=Makhoul|first4=Edouard|date=2004-03-25|title=A new Upper Cretaceous species of Chresmoda from Lebanon – a latest representative of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Polyneoptera inc. sed.): first record of homeotic mutations in the fossil record of insects|journal=European Journal of Entomology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=145–151|doi=10.14411/eje.2004.019|doi-access=free}}</ref>

They lived during the [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) of Brazil,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Delclòs|first1=Xavier|last2=Nel|first2=André|last3=Azar|first3=Dany|last4=Bechly|first4=Günter|last5=Dunlop|first5=Jason A.|last6=Engel|first6=Michael S.|last7=Heads|first7=Sam W.|date=2008-03-01|title=The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235355888|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|language=en|volume=247|issue=3|pages=353–381|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353}}</ref> China,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Xinwen|last2=Ren|first2=Dong|last3=Pang|first3=Hong|last4=Shih|first4=Chungkun|date=2010-01-27|title=Late Mesozoic Chresmodids with Forewing from Inner Mongolia, China (Polyneoptera: Archaeorthoptera)|journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |series=English Edition|language=en|volume=84|issue=1|pages=38–46|doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00168.x}}</ref> Lebanon,<ref name=":0" /> Spain, United Kingdom, Mongolia and Myanmar, as well as in the [Late Jurassic](/source/Late_Jurassic) of Germany, from 150.8 to 93.5 Ma from the [Tithonian](/source/Tithonian) to the [Cenomanian](/source/Cenomanian) ages.<ref name=fa/> While most species are known from [compression fossils](/source/Compression_fossil), ''[Chresmoda chikuni](/source/Chresmoda_chikuni)'' is known from well preserved 3-dimensional specimens in [amber](/source/amber).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Weiwei |last1=Zhang |author2=Wanzhi Cai |author3=Wenzhu Li |author4=Xingke Yang |author5=Siqin Ge |year=2017|url=http://ir.ioz.ac.cn/bitstream/000000/13190/1/A%20new%20species%20of%20Chresmodidae%20from%20mid-Cretace.pdf|title=A new species of Chresmodidae from Mid-Cretaceous amber discovered in Myanmar|journal=Zoological Systematics|volume=42|issue=2|pages=243-247|doi=10.11865/zs.201714}}</ref>

==Species==
*'''''Chresmoda aquatica''''' <small>Martinez-Delclos, 1989 [La Pedrera de Rubies Formation](/source/La_Pedrera_de_Rubies_Formation) and [Las Hoyas](/source/Las_Hoyas), Spain, [Barremian](/source/Barremian)</small>
*'''''Chresmoda chikuni''''' <small>Zhang & Ge ''in'' Zhang ''et al.'', 2017 [Burmese amber](/source/Burmese_amber), Myanmar, Cenomanian</small>
*'''''Chresmoda libanica''''' <small>Nel ''et al.'', 2004 [Sannine Formation](/source/Sannine_Formation), Lebanon, Cenomanian</small>
*'''''Chresmoda multinervis''''' <small>Zhang ''et al.'', 2009 [Dabeigou Formation](/source/Dabeigou_Formation), China, Early Cretaceous</small>
*'''''Chresmoda mongolica''''' <small>Ponomarenko, 1986 [Gurvan-Eren Formation](/source/Gurvan-Eren_Formation), Mongolia, [Aptian](/source/Aptian)</small>
*'''''Chresmoda neotropica''''' <small>Engel & Heads, 2008 [Crato Formation](/source/Crato_Formation), Brazil, Aptian</small>
*'''''Chresmoda obscura''''' <small>Germar, 1839 [Solnhofen Limestone](/source/Solnhofen_Limestone), Germany, Tithonian</small>: can reach a size of about {{convert|14|cm}}.<ref>[http://www.solnhofen-fossilienatlas.de/fossil.php?fossilid=535 Solnhofen Fossilien Atlas]</ref> These [Polyneoptera](/source/Polyneoptera) of uncertain position have been considered aquatic and terrestrial bug or [phasmids](/source/Phasmatodea). They should instead be anomalous paraplecopterids living on the water surface, probably predaceous on nektonic small animals.<ref>A. G. Ponomarenko  [http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/87A_135144_Ponomarenko.pdf Fossil insects from the Tithonian «Solnhofener Plattenkalke» in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna]</ref> They lived during the [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) of Germany, from 150.8 to 145.5 Ma.<ref name=fa/>
*'''''Chresmoda orientalis''''' <small>Esaki, 1949 [Yixian Formation](/source/Yixian_Formation), China, Aptian</small>
*'''''Chresmoda oweni''''' <small>Westwood, 1854 [Purbeck Group](/source/Purbeck_Group), United Kingdom, [Berriasian](/source/Berriasian)</small>
*'''''Chresmoda shihi''''' <small>Zhang ''et al.'', 2009 Dabeigou Formation, China, Early Cretaceous</small>
<ref name=fa/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=https://lacewing.tamu.edu/SpeciesCatalog/Record?SpecNum=1964&CombinationNum=11579 |work=Lacewing Digital Library |title=''obscurus'' Germar, 1839 [''Chresmoda''] }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q18347473|from2=Q10747731}}
Category:Polyneoptera
Category:Prehistoric insect genera
Category:Mesozoic insects of Europe
Category:Taxa named by Ernst Friedrich Germar

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Chresmoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chresmoda) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chresmoda?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.