# Chobanids

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Country in the Middle East (1338–1357)

This article is about the Mongol dynasty in Iran. For the Anatolian beylik, see [Chobanids (beylik)](/source/Chobanids_(beylik)).

Chobanids چوپانیان 1338–1357 Territory of the Chobadnids ■ and division of Ilkhanate territory, circa 1350, including the Jalayirids ■, the Injuids ■ and the Muzaffarids ■ Capital Tabriz Common languages Persian, Mongolian Government Monarchy History • Established 1338 • Disestablished 1357 Preceded by Succeeded by Ilkhanate Golden Horde Jalayirids

The **Chobanids** or the **Chupanids** ([Persian](/source/Persian_language): چوپانیان) were descendants of a [Mongol](/source/Mongol) family of the [Suldus](/source/Suldus) clan that came to prominence in 14th century [Persia](/source/Persian_Empire).[1] At first serving under the [Ilkhans](/source/Ilkhan), they took *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* control of the territory after the fall of the [Ilkhanate](/source/Ilkhanate). The Chobanids ruled over [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan_(Iran)) (where they were based), [Arrān](/source/Arran_(Caucasus)), parts of [Asia Minor](/source/Asia_Minor), [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia), and west central Persia, while the [Jalayirids](/source/Jalayirid) took control in [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad).[2] [3]

## Amir Chupan and his sons

Main article: [Chupan](/source/Chupan)

During the early 14th century, Amir Chupan served under three successive Ilkhans, beginning with [Ghazan Mahmud](/source/Mahmud_Ghazan). A military commander of note, Chupan quickly gained a degree of influence over the Ilkhans and married several members of the line of [Hulagu Khan](/source/Hulagu_Khan). His power fueled resentment among the nobility, who conspired against him in 1319 but failed. The Ilkhan [Abu Sa'id](/source/Abu_Sa'id_(Ilkhanid_dynasty)), however, also disliked Chupan's influence and successfully eliminated him from court. He fled in 1327 to [Herat](/source/Herat), where the [Kartids](/source/Kartids) executed him. Several of his sons fled to the [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde) or the [Mamluks of Egypt](/source/Mamluk) while others were killed.

## Baghdad Khatun

Main article: [Bagdad Katun](/source/Bagdad_Katun)

A contemporary princely scene from [Isfahan](/source/Isfahan), during the last period of Chobanid control. *[Mu'nis al-ahrar](/source/The_Free_Man's_Companion_to_the_Niceties_of_Poems)* frontipiece, Isfahan, 1341.[4]

The Chobanids were not completely wiped out from Persia. A daughter of Chupan's, Baghdad Katun, had caught the eye of Abu Sa'id. During Chupan's lifetime, she had been married to [Hasan Buzurg](/source/Hasan_Buzurg), the future founder of the [Jalayirids](/source/Jalayirids), but after Chupan fled Hasan Buzurg divorced her, and she married Abu Sa'id. She quickly gained influence over the Ilkhan and exercised the wide powers given to her. She was alleged (but never proven) to have been involved in any conspiracies against the Ilkhan, but was believed by some to have caused Abu Sa'id's death in 1335. Abu Sa'id's successor [Arpa Ke'un](/source/Arpa_Ke'un) executed her.

## Role during the fall of the Ilkhanate, and Hasan-i Kuchak

Main article: [Hasan Kucek](/source/Hasan_Kucek)

Arpa Ke'un's position proved to be weak; when a granddaughter of Chupan, [Delsad Katun](/source/Delsad_Katun), fled to [Diyarbakr](/source/Diyarbakr), it caused the governor of that region to attack and defeat the Ilkhan. During the strife that occurred in the next few years, individual members of the Chobanids sided with various factions, such as Arpa or Hasan Buzurg. The latter ended up marrying Delsad Katun, who provided for the heirs to the Jalayirid position.

Map of the Chobanids (maximum extent, circa 1340)

Isfandiyar slaying the lions. *[Shahnama](/source/Shahnama)* 1330–1340, Isfahan

While the Jalayirids were consolidating their position in [Iraq](/source/Iraq), however, other Chobanids were also busy. [Hasan Kucek](/source/Hasan_Kucek), a grandson of Chupan, rallied much of the Chobanid family to his side and defeated the Jalayirids in 1338, paving the way for a Chobanid realm in the area around [Tabriz](/source/Tabriz). That same year, he elevated [Sati Beg](/source/Sati_Beg), sister of Abu Sa'id and widow of Chupan, to the Ilkhanid throne. To keep Sati Beg in check, he forced her to marry his puppet [Suleiman Khan](/source/Suleiman_Khan). Hasan Kucek continued to fight the Jalayirids (a fight which was further complicated by the incursions made by [Togha Temur](/source/Togha_Temur) of [Khurasan](/source/Greater_Khorasan)), but family infighting proved to be the most difficult challenge.

To the south, [Pir Husayn Chubani](/source/Pir_Husayn_Chubani) was designated as governor of the region of [Fars](/source/Fars_province) and [Isfahan](/source/Isfahan_province) regions from 1339 to 1342.[5][6] The Chobanids firmly controlled Isfahan at that time, until the takeover of the city by the [Injuid](/source/Injuids) [Abu Ishaq Inju](/source/Abu_Ishaq_Inju) in 1342, who replaced the Chobanids in southern Iran with the rule of the [Injuids](/source/Injuids).[7]

Several members defected to the Jalayirids; in any case, Hasan Kucek was forced to deal with them up until his death in 1343.

## Malek Ashraf and the Chobanid decline

Division of [Anūshīrwān](/source/Anushirwan)’s domains among the Chopanids, according to the agreement of 745 (1344–5)

Main article: [Malek Ashraf](/source/Malek_Ashraf)

A power struggle quickly emerged after Hasan Kucek's death. During the dispute, Hasan Kucek's brother Malek Asraf gained the upper hand and eliminated his uncles. By the end of 1344, Malek Asraf had gained effective control of the Chobanid lands. Like his predecessor, Malek Asraf used puppet monarchs, such as the Ilkhanid [Anūshīrwān](/source/Anushirwan) (1344–1357), from behind which he ruled. During his reign, the Chobanid attempted to capture [Baghdad](/source/Baghdad) from the Jalayirids in 1347 but failed miserably. He also failed to seize [Fars](/source/Fars_province) from the [Injuids](/source/Injuids) in 1350. As his reign wore on, Malek Asraf became more and more cruel, prompting widespread dissatisfaction amongst his subjects. When forces of the Golden Horde overran the Chobanid realm and captured Tabriz in 1357, few lamented the loss of power by the Chupanids. Malek Asraf was executed, and his family was brought north to the Golden Horde. Malek Asraf's offspring were eventually killed off in Persia, bringing a definitive end to the Chobanids as a power.

## Genealogy of House of Chupan

House of Chupan Chupanids Injuids Chupan Timur-Tash Shaykh-Mahmud Yaghi-Basti r. 1343–1343 r. 1343–1344 Surghan r. 1344–1345 Hasan r. 1338–1343 Malik-Ashraf r. 1345–1357 Pir-Husayn r. 1339–1342

## See also

History of the Mongols Timeline History Rulers Nobility Culture Language Mongols Proto-Mongols States Mongol khanates IX–X Tatar Khanate IX–XII Khereid Khanate X–1203 Khamag Mongol Khanate X–1206 Merkit Khanate XI–XII Naiman Khanate –1204 Mongol Empire 1206–1368 Chagatai Khanate 1225–1340s Golden Horde 1240–1502 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 Chobanids 1335–1357 Injuids 1335–1357 Jalairid Sultanate 1335–1432 Moghulistan 1346–1462 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368–1691 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kara Del 1383–1513 Four Oirat 1399–1634 Arghun dynasty 1479–1599 Turpan Khanate 1487–1660? Yarkent Khanate 1514–1705 Mughal Empire (in India) 1526–1857 Kalmyk Khanate 1630–1731 Dzungar Khanate 1634–1758 Khoshut Khanate 1640s–1717 Bogd Khanate 1911–1924 Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1992 Mengjiang 1939–1945 Mongolia 1992–present v t e

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- [Dai Chopan](/source/Dai_Chopan)

- [Dey Chopan District](/source/Dey_Chopan_District)

- [Chopan](/source/Chopan) – a town in India

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Ta'rīkh-i Shaikh Uwais: History of Shaikh Uwais – by Abū Bakr al-Quṭbī Aharī, Abu Bakr al Qutbi al-Ahri, Johannes Baptist van Loon

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelvilleZaryāb1991496–502_2-0)** [Melville & Zaryāb 1991](#CITEREFMelvilleZaryāb1991), pp. 496–502.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Encyclopædia Britannica](http://search.eb.com/eb/article-22890)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Carboni, Stefano (1994). [*Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s*](https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Illustrated_Poetry_and_Epic_Images_Persian_Painting_of_the_1330s_and_1340s.pdf) (PDF). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 17. The political situation in Isfahan and Shiraz before and about 1341 was confused. After the death of Abū Said in 1335, Isfahan was indirectly controlled by the Chūbanid Shaykh Hasan, who installed the Ilkhanid Sulayman as ruler of the region, but local leaders, among whom was a member of the Lunbānī family, made the town almost independent.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SC1_5-0)** Carboni, Stefano (1994). [*Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s*](https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Illustrated_Poetry_and_Epic_Images_Persian_Painting_of_the_1330s_and_1340s.pdf) (PDF). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9ff and 49ff. There can be in fact little doubt that in 740 Isfahan had been incorporated in a more or less regular manner into the realm of the Ilkhanid [Sulayman](/source/Suleiman_Khan), who was himself a puppet under the control of [Shaykh Hasan Chubani](/source/Hasan_Kuchak), and that this was still the case when *Mu'nis al-ahsar* was completed. We are informed that in 742 Pir Husayn Chubani, who had been sent to southern Iran in the name of Sulayman, replaced Sultanshah Jandar, whom he (Pir Husayn) had previously appointed governor of Isfahan, with Shaykh Abu Ishaq Inju.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. ["Encyclopaedia Iranica"](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vi-medieval-period). *iranicaonline.org*. In 742/1341-42, Amir Pir Ḥosayn Čupāni (see CHOBANIDS), who had gained suzerainty over Fārs and Isfahan, appointed Shaikh Abu Esḥāq Inju (q.v.) as governor of Isfahan.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Akopyan, Alexander V.; Mosanef, Farbod (30 January 2015). ["Between Jūjīds and Jalāyirids: the Coinage of the Chopānids, Akhījūq and their Contemporaries, 754–759/1353–1358"](https://www.academia.edu/13580159/Between_Jujids_and_Jalayirids_the_coinage_of_the_Chopanids_Akhijuq_and_their_contemporaries_754_759_1353_1358). *Der Islam*. **92** (1): 200. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/islam-2015-0008](https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2015-0008). The government of Pīr Ḥusayn in Fārs was initially recognized by his cousin the Chopānid Shaykh Ḥasan, but over time their relations became more and more strained due to the extension of Pīr Ḥusayn's territory towards Iṣfahān, a Chopānid stronghold. Amīr Pīr Ḥusayn was expelled from Fārs, defeated and executed by Shaykh Ḥasan in 742/1341–2.

## Sources

- Melville, Charles; Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (1991). ["CHOBANIDS"](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chobanids-chupanids-pers). *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 5*. pp. 496–502.

## Further reading

- Akopyan, Alexander V.; Mosanef, Farbod (2015). "Between Jūjīds and Jalāyirids: the Coinage of the Chopānids, Akhījūq and their Contemporaries, 754–759/1353–1358". *Der Islam*. **92** (1): 197–246. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/islam-2015-0008](https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2015-0008).

- Dianat, Ali Akbar; Gholami, Rahim. ["Chūpānids"](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/chupanids-COM_05000091?s.num=22&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.start=20&s.q=Caucasus+Iran). In [Madelung, Wilferd](/source/Wilferd_Madelung); [Daftary, Farhad](/source/Farhad_Daftary) (eds.). *Encyclopaedia Islamica Online*. Brill Online. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1875-9831](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831).

- Hope, Michael (2021). "The Political Configuration of Late Ilkhanid Iran: A Case Study of the Chubanid Amirate (738–758/1337–1357)". *Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies*: 1–17. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/05786967.2021.1889930](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05786967.2021.1889930). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [233888764](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233888764).

- May, Timothy (2016). ["Chūbānids"](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/chubanids-COM_24622). In Fleet, Kate; [Krämer, Gudrun](/source/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer); Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; [Rowson, Everett](/source/Everett_K._Rowson) (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam* (3rd ed.). Brill Online. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1873-9830](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Chobanids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobanids) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobanids?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.