# Chlorurus

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> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus
> Source revision: 1333044288
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{{Short description|Genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Chlorurus strongylocephalus 473622089 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = ''[Chlorurus strongylocephalus](/source/Chlorurus_strongylocephalus)''
| taxon = Chlorurus
| authority = [Swainson](/source/William_Swainson), 1839
| type_species = ''Scarus gibbus''
| type_species_authority = [Rüppell](/source/Eduard_R%C3%BCppell), 1829<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record|genid=1564|title=''Chlorurus''|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = [See text](/source/Chlorurus)
| synonyms = *''Pseudoscarus'' <small>[Bleeker](/source/Pieter_Bleeker), 1861</small>
*''Xanothon'' <small>[J.L.B. Smith](/source/J.L.B._Smith), 1956</small>
*''Ypsiscarus'' <small>[Schultz](/source/Leonard_Peter_Schultz), 1958</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Coffs>{{Cof family|family=Scaridae|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''Chlorurus ''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [parrotfish](/source/parrotfish) from the Indian and Pacific Oceans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204543 |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Chlorurus Swainson, 1839 |publisher=Marinespecies.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref><ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus |genus=Chlorurus |month=March |year=2018}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word {{'}}''Chlorurus''{{'}} comes from the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) words 'chloros', which means green and 'oura', which means tail.

== Evolution ==
[[File:Chlorurus enneacanthus, Raa Atoll, Maldives imported from iNaturalist photo 473622472 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|''[C. enneacanthus](/source/Chlorurus_enneacanthus)'' with an initial phase ''[Scarus scaber](/source/Scarus_scaber)'', in the [Maldives](/source/Maldives)]]
''Chlorurus'' is most closely related to its [sister genus](/source/Sister_group) ''[Scarus](/source/Scarus)''. Most recent phylogenetic analyses find that the two genera diverged during the [late Miocene](/source/late_Miocene) ([Messinian](/source/Messinian)).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Choat |first1=John. H. |last2=klanten |first2=Oya. S. |last3=Van Herwerden |first3=Lynne |last4=Robertson |first4=D. Ross |last5=Clements |first5=Kendall D. |date=November 2012 |title=Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae): Evolutionary History of Parrotfishes |url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=529–557 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In both genera, most of their [diversification](/source/Speciation) occurred some time later, within the last 3.5 million years during the [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Lydia L. |last2=Fessler |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Alfaro |first3=Michael E. |last4=Streelman |first4=J. Todd |last5=Westneat |first5=Mark W. |date=October 2008 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of regulatory gene sequences in the parrotfishes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=136–152 |bibcode=2008MolPE..49..136S |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.06.008 |pmc=3418665 |pmid=18621133}}</ref> In contrast, coral reefs in their modern form were established much earlier, during the Miocene.<ref name=":0" />

A 2012 phylogenetic analysis of 16 of the 18 ''Chlorurus'' species recovered 5 major [monophyletic](/source/Monophyly) clades.<ref name=":0" />

== Species ==
There are 18 species:<ref name=fishbase/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Species
!Terminal phase
!Initial phase
|-
|''[Chlorurus atrilunula](/source/Chlorurus_atrilunula)''
<small>([Randall](/source/John_Ernest_Randall) & [Bruce](/source/Robin_W._Bruce), 1983)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus bleekeri](/source/Chlorurus_bleekeri)''
<small>([de Beaufort](/source/Lieven_Ferdinand_de_Beaufort), 1940)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus bowersi](/source/Chlorurus_bowersi)''
<small>([Snyder](/source/John_Otterbein_Snyder), 1909)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus capistratoides](/source/Chlorurus_capistratoides)''
<small>(Bleeker, 1847)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus cyanescens](/source/Chlorurus_cyanescens)''
<small>([Valenciennes](/source/Achille_Valenciennes), 1840)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus enneacanthus](/source/Chlorurus_enneacanthus)''
<small>([Lacépède](/source/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de), 1802)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus frontalis](/source/Chlorurus_frontalis)''
<small>(Valenciennes, 1840)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus genazonatus](/source/Chlorurus_genazonatus)''
<small>(Randall & Bruce, 1983)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus gibbus](/source/Chlorurus_gibbus)''
<small>(Rüppell, 1829)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus japanensis](/source/Chlorurus_japanensis)''
<small>([Bloch](/source/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch), 1789)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus microrhinos](/source/Chlorurus_microrhinos)''
<small>(Bleeker, 1854)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus oedema](/source/Chlorurus_oedema)''
<small>(Snyder, 1909)</small>
|
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus perspicillatus](/source/Chlorurus_perspicillatus)''
<small>([Steindachner](/source/Franz_Steindachner), 1879)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus rhakoura](/source/Chlorurus_rhakoura)''
<small>Randall & Anderson, 1997</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus sordidus](/source/Chlorurus_sordidus)''
<small>([Forsskål](/source/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l), 1775)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus spilurus](/source/Chlorurus_spilurus)''
<small>(Valenciennes, 1840)</small>
|frameless
|
|-
|''[Chlorurus strongylocephalus](/source/Chlorurus_strongylocephalus)''
<small>(Bleeker, 1855)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|-
|''[Chlorurus troschelii](/source/Chlorurus_troschelii)''
<small>(Bleeker, 1853)</small>
|frameless
|frameless|190x190px
|}

==References==
{{Commons category|Chlorurus}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q840672}}

Category:Chlorurus
Category:Marine fish genera
Category:Taxa named by William Swainson

{{Labridae-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Chlorurus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.