# Chloroscombrus
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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| fossil_range =
| image = Chloroscombrus chrysurus.jpg
| image_caption = Atlantic bumper, ''Chloroscombrus chrysurus''
| taxon = Chloroscombrus
| authority = [Girard](/source/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Girard), 1858
| type_species = ''[Micropteryx cosmopolita](/source/Atlantic_bumper)''
[Agassiz](/source/Louis_Agassiz), 1829
| subdivision_ranks = [Species](/source/Species)
| subdivision = See text
}}
'''''Chloroscombrus''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) containing two [species](/source/species) of [tropical](/source/tropical) to [temperate](/source/temperate) water [marine](/source/marine_(ocean)) [fish](/source/fish) in the jack and horse mackerel [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Carangidae](/source/Carangidae). Both members are commonly known as '''bumpers''' or '''bumperfish''', with one species [endemic](/source/endemism) to the [Atlantic](/source/Atlantic) and the other to the eastern [Pacific](/source/Pacific). They have a convex ventral profile compared to most other carangids, with small oblique mouths and low dorsal and anal fins. [Phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) studies have found they are most closely related to the jacks of the genus ''Hemicaranx'', with these genera plus ''Selar'', ''Selaroides'' and possibly ''[Alepes](/source/Alepes)'', making up a [clade](/source/clade) within the [Caranginae](/source/Caranginae) subfamily. They are predatory fish which live in both inshore and offshore environments ranging from [estuaries](/source/estuaries) to the edge of the [continental shelf](/source/continental_shelf), and are of moderate importance to [fisheries](/source/fisheries).
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''Chloroscombrus'' is a genus containing two [extant](/source/extant_taxon) species. It is part of the jack family, Carangidae, which in turn is part of the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Carangiformes](/source/Carangiformes).[{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380–387 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2019-11-26 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601121150/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}] Recent [phylogenetic](/source/phylogenetic) studies using molecular information have placed ''Chloroscombrus'' in the subfamily Caranginae (or the tribe Carangini).[{{cite journal | last = Zhu | first = Shi-Hua |author2=Zheng, Wen-Juan |author3=Zou, Ji-Xing |author4=Yang, Ying-Chun |author5=Shen, Xi-Quan | title = Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | journal = Acta Zoologica Sinica | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 641–650 | year = 2007}}] The most recent phylogenetic study found the genus is very closely related to ''[Hemicaranx](/source/Hemicaranx)'', with the genera ''[Selar](/source/Selar_(fish))'', ''[Selaroides](/source/Selaroides)'' and possibly ''[Alepes](/source/Alepes)'' also placed in a clade within the Carangini. The study also strongly supported the monophyly of ''Chloroscombrus''[{{cite journal | last = Reed | first = David L. |author2=Kent E. Carpenter |author3=Martin J. deGravelle | title = Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 513–524 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2 | pmid = 12099802 | bibcode = 2002MolPE..23..513R }}]
''Chloroscombrus'' was created by the French [naturalist](/source/naturalist) [Charles Frédéric Girard](/source/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Girard) in 1858 to accommodate a 'new' species he had described; ''Chloroscombrus caribbaeus'', making this the original [type species](/source/type_species).[{{cite journal | last = Girard | first = C.F. | title = Notes upon various new genera and new species of fishes, in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collected in connection with the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Major William Emory, Commissioner | journal = Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | volume = 10 | pages = 167–171 | year = 1858 }}] For some reason, probably a lack of a [type specimen](/source/type_specimen) for ''C. carribaeus'', [David Starr Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) and [Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert) redesignated ''Micropteryx cosmopolita'' as the type species of ''Chloroscombrus'', which currently remains the accepted type species.[{{cite journal | last = Jordan | first = D.S. |author2=C.H. Gilbert | title = Synopsis of the fishes of North America | journal = Bulletin of the United States National Museum | volume = 16 | issue = i–iiv | pages = 1–1018 | year = 1883 }}]
However, both these names were subsequently found to be [junior synonym](/source/junior_synonym)s of [Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)' ''Scomber chrysurus'', effectively making ''Chloroscombrus chrysurus'' the type species. The name is derived from the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) words ''chloros''; meaning green and ''skombros''; meaning fish, particularly mackerel.[{{FishBase family | family = Carangidae | year = 2009 | month = May}}]
No species pertaining to ''Chloroscombrus'' are known from the [fossil record](/source/fossil_record).
==Species==
There are currently two recognized species in this genus though they may be conspecific, although no detailed study has been undertaken to prove such a relationship.:[{{FishBase genus | genus = Chloroscombrus| month = February | year = 2013}}]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|120px || ''[Chloroscombrus chrysurus](/source/Chloroscombrus_chrysurus)'' ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1766)|| Atlantic bumper || From Massachusetts, south to Florida, in the Caribbean, off Bermuda, and the Gulf of Mexico. Their range continues south to the coast of Uruguay. In the eastern Atlantic, the Atlantic bumper are known from the coast of Mauritania to Angola
|-
| || ''[Chloroscombrus orqueta](/source/Pacific_bumper)'' [D. S. Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) & [C. H. Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert), 1883 || Pacific bumper || southern California to the Gulf of California to central Peru.
|-
|}
==Description==
Both species of ''Chloroscombrus'' are small- to medium-sized fishes, growing to maximum known lengths of around 30 cm (''C. orqueta'')[{{FishBase | genus = Chloroscombrus | species = orqueta | year = 2009 | month = April}}] and 65 cm (''C. chrysurus'').[{{FishBase | genus = Chloroscombrus | species = chrysurus | year = 2009 | month = April}}] The genus is easily distinguished among most of the other carangid genera, although the [bigeye scad](/source/bigeye_scad), ''Selar crumenophthalmus'', may be confused with the Pacific member of the genus.[{{cite web | last = Mexfish | title = Pacific Bumperfish | work = Photos and Species Information for Fish Caught in Mexico | year = 2006 | url = http://www.mexfish.com/fish/pbump/pbump.htm | access-date = 2009-05-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081123032723/http://www.mexfish.com/fish/pbump/pbump.htm | archive-date = 2008-11-23 | url-status = dead }}] The distinguishing features of the genus include a more convex [ventral](/source/anatomical_terms_of_location) profile than the [dorsal](/source/anatomical_terms_of_location) profile, giving a very rounded underside appearance, a distinct black saddle on the upper part of the [caudal peduncle](/source/caudal_peduncle), a small oblique mouth and a relatively small [pupil](/source/pupil_(eye)) diameter.[{{cite book | editor-last = Carpenter | editor-first = K.E. | title = The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals |series= FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5 | publisher = FAO | year = 2002 | location = Rome | pages = 1438 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4162e/y4162e00.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104827-4 }}] The rest of the general body plan of the genus is similar to other carangids, with two separate, rather low [dorsal fin](/source/dorsal_fin)s; the first consisting of 8 [spines](/source/Fish_anatomy) and the second of 1 spine and 25 to 29 [soft rays](/source/Fish_anatomy). The [anal fin](/source/anal_fin) is also low, consisting of 2 detached spines anteriorly, followed by 1 spine and 25 to 29 soft rays.[{{cite book | last = Fischer | first = W. |author2=Krupp F. |author3=Schneider W. |author4=Sommer C. |author5=Carpenter K.E. |author6=Niem V.H. | title = Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. | publisher = FAO | year = 1995 | location = Rome | pages = 953 | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/sidp/3,1/en#Ecp | isbn = 92-5-303409-2 }}] The species are silvery in colour, with the dorsal surface ranging from blue-green to dark metallic blue. ''C. orqueta'' has a distinct black spot on the upper edge of the [operculum](/source/operculum_(fish)), while ''C. chrysurus'' does not.