# Chicago

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Chicago
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Chicago.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago
> Source revision: 1356581310
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

This article is about the city in Illinois. For other uses, see [Chicago (disambiguation)](/source/Chicago_(disambiguation)).

**Chicago**[a] is the [most populous city](/source/List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois) in the U.S. state of [Illinois](/source/Illinois) and in the [Midwestern United States](/source/Midwestern_United_States). Located on the western shore of [Lake Michigan](/source/Lake_Michigan), it is the [third-most populous city in the United States](/source/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population), with a population of 2.74 million at the [2020 census](/source/2020_United_States_census).[1] The [Chicago metropolitan area](/source/Chicago_metropolitan_area) has 9.41 million residents and is the [third-largest metropolitan area](/source/Metropolitan_statistical_area) in the country. Chicago is the [seat](/source/County_seat) of [Cook County](/source/Cook_County,_Illinois), the [second-most populous county](/source/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_in_the_United_States) in the U.S.

Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a [portage](/source/Chicago_Portage) between the [Great Lakes](/source/Great_Lakes) and the [Mississippi River](/source/Mississippi_River) watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.[2][3] In 1871, the [Great Chicago Fire](/source/Great_Chicago_Fire) destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,[4] but Chicago's population continued to grow.[3] Chicago made noted contributions to [urban planning](/source/Urban_planning) and [architecture](/source/Architecture_of_Chicago), such as the [Chicago School](/source/Chicago_school_(architecture)), the development of the [City Beautiful movement](/source/City_Beautiful_movement), and the steel-framed [skyscraper](/source/Skyscraper).[5][6]

Chicago is an international hub for finance, [culture](/source/Culture_of_Chicago), commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and [transportation](/source/Transportation_in_Chicago). It has the largest and most diverse finance [derivatives](/source/Derivative_(finance)) market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in [commodities](/source/Commodity) and [financial futures](/source/Financial_futures) alone.[7] [O'Hare International Airport](/source/O'Hare_International_Airport) is routinely ranked among the [world's top ten busiest airports by passenger traffic](/source/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic),[8] and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.[9] The Chicago area has one of the highest [gross domestic products](/source/List_of_cities_by_GDP) (GDP) of any urban region in the world, ranking sixth globally, generating over $919 billion in 2024.[10] [Chicago's economy](/source/Economy_of_Chicago) is [diverse](/source/Economic_diversity), with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.[7]

Chicago is a major destination for [tourism](/source/Tourism_in_Chicago), with 55 million people visiting its [cultural institutions](/source/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Chicago), Lake Michigan [beaches](/source/Chicago_beaches), restaurants, and other tourist sites in 2024.[11][12] Chicago's culture has made significant contributions to the visual arts, [literature](/source/Chicago_literature), film, [theater](/source/Theater_in_Chicago), comedy (especially [improvisational comedy](/source/Improvisational_theatre)), [food](/source/Cuisine_of_Chicago), dance, and music (particularly [jazz](/source/Music_of_Chicago), [blues](/source/Chicago_blues), [soul](/source/Chicago_soul), [hip-hop](/source/Hip-hop), [gospel](/source/Gospel_music),[13] [industrial](/source/Industrial_music), and [electronic dance music](/source/Electronic_dance_music), especially [house music](/source/House_music)). Chicago is home to the [Chicago Symphony Orchestra](/source/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra) and the [Lyric Opera of Chicago](/source/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago), while the [Art Institute of Chicago](/source/Art_Institute_of_Chicago) has an influential visual arts museum and [art school](/source/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago). The Chicago area is home to the [Barack Obama Presidential Center](/source/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center), and also hosts the [University of Chicago](/source/University_of_Chicago), [Northwestern University](/source/Northwestern_University), and the [University of Illinois Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_Chicago), among [other institutions of learning](/source/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Chicago). Professional [sports in Chicago](/source/Sports_in_Chicago) include all [major professional leagues](/source/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada), including two [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball) teams. The city also hosts the [Chicago Marathon](/source/Chicago_Marathon), one of the [World Marathon Majors](/source/World_Marathon_Majors).

## Etymology and nicknames

Main article: [Nicknames of Chicago](/source/Nicknames_of_Chicago)

See also: [Windy City (nickname)](/source/Windy_City_(nickname)) and [List of Chicago placename etymologies](/source/List_of_Chicago_placename_etymologies)

The name *Chicago* is derived from a French rendering of the [indigenous](/source/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas) [Miami–Illinois](/source/Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language) word *šikaakwa*, which was a name for a wild relative of [onion](/source/Onion) and [garlic](/source/Garlic) known to modern botanists as *[Allium tricoccum](/source/Allium_tricoccum)*.[14][page needed] The first known reference to the site of the city of Chicago as "*Checagou*" was by [Robert de La Salle](/source/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle) around 1679 in a memoir.[15] [Henri Joutel](/source/Henri_Joutel), in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area.[16] According to his diary of late September 1687:

... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.[16]

The city has had [several nicknames](/source/Nicknames_of_Chicago) throughout its history, such as the [Windy City](/source/Windy_City_(nickname)), Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.[17]

## History

Main article: [History of Chicago](/source/History_of_Chicago)

### Beginnings

In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the [Potawatomi](/source/Potawatomi), an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the [Miami](/source/Miami_people), [Sauk](/source/Sauk_people) and [Meskwaki](/source/Meskwaki) peoples in this region.[18] The first known permanent settler in Chicago was a trader, [Jean Baptiste Point du Sable](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable). Du Sable was of [African](/source/African_people) descent, perhaps born in the [French colony](/source/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies) of [Saint-Domingue](/source/Saint-Domingue) (Haiti), and he established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago".[19][20][21]

In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the [Northwest Indian War](/source/Northwest_Indian_War), an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the [Treaty of Greenville](/source/Treaty_of_Greenville). In 1803, the [U.S. Army](/source/United_States_Army) constructed [Fort Dearborn](/source/Fort_Dearborn), which was destroyed during the [War of 1812](/source/War_of_1812) in the [Battle of Fort Dearborn](/source/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn) by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.[22]

After the War of 1812, the [Odawa](/source/Odawa), [Ojibwe](/source/Ojibwe), and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 [Treaty of St. Louis](/source/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1816)). The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the [1833 Treaty of Chicago](/source/1833_Treaty_of_Chicago) and sent west of the [Mississippi River](/source/Mississippi_River) as part of the federal policy of [Indian removal](/source/Indian_removal).[23][24][25]

### 19th century

On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.[25] Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with [Edmund Dick Taylor](/source/Edmund_Dick_Taylor) as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,[26] and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.[27]

As the site of the [Chicago Portage](/source/Chicago_Portage),[28] the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, [Galena and Chicago Union Railroad](/source/Galena_and_Chicago_Union_Railroad), and the [Illinois and Michigan Canal](/source/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal) opened in 1848. The canal allowed [steamboats](/source/Steamboat) and [sailing ships](/source/Sailing_ship) on the [Great Lakes](/source/Great_Lakes) to connect to the Mississippi River.[29][30][31][32]

A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and [immigrants](/source/Immigration_to_the_United_States) from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the [American economy](/source/American_economy).[33] The [Chicago Board of Trade](/source/Chicago_Board_of_Trade) (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called [futures contracts](/source/Futures_contract).[34]

In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator [Stephen Douglas](/source/Stephen_Douglas), the champion of the [Kansas–Nebraska Act](/source/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act) and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.[35] These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, [Abraham Lincoln](/source/Abraham_Lincoln), to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the [1860 Republican National Convention](/source/1860_Republican_National_Convention), which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the [Wigwam](/source/Wigwam_(Chicago)). He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War).

To accommodate [rapid population growth](#Demographics) and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved [Chesbrough](/source/Ellis_S._Chesbrough)'s plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.[36] The project [raised much of central Chicago](/source/Raising_of_Chicago) to a new grade with the use of [jackscrews](/source/Jackscrews) for raising buildings.[37] While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the [Chicago River](/source/Chicago_River), and subsequently into [Lake Michigan](/source/Lake_Michigan), polluting the city's primary freshwater source.

The city responded by tunneling 2 miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built [water cribs](/source/Water_cribs_in_Chicago). In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the [Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal](/source/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal) that connects to the [Illinois River](/source/Illinois_River), which flows into the Mississippi River.[38][39][40]

On October 8, 1871, the [Great Chicago Fire](/source/Great_Chicago_Fire) destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6-kilometre) wide, a large section of the city at the time. At least 300 people were killed and over 100,000 were left homeless from the fire. [41][42][43] However, much of the city, including [railroads](/source/Railroads) and [stockyards](/source/Union_Stock_Yard), survived intact,[44] and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.[45][46] During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's [first skyscraper](/source/Home_Insurance_Building) in 1885, using [steel-skeleton](/source/Steel_frame) construction.[47][48]

The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the [Hyde Park Township](/source/Hyde_Park_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois), which now comprises most of the [South Side of Chicago](/source/South_Side_of_Chicago) and the far southeast of Chicago, and the [Jefferson Township](/source/Jefferson_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois), which now makes up most of [Chicago's Northwest Side](/source/Northwest_Side,_Chicago).[49] The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents.

Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from [Europe](/source/Europe) and migrants from the [Eastern United States](/source/Eastern_United_States). Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. [Germans](/source/Germans), [Irish](/source/Irish_people), [Poles](/source/Polish_people), [Swedes](/source/Swedes), and [Czechs](/source/Czechs) made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).[50][51]

[Labor conflicts](/source/Labor_history_of_the_United_States) followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool during the [Gilded Age](/source/Gilded_Age), including the [Haymarket affair](/source/Haymarket_affair) on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the [Pullman Strike](/source/Pullman_Strike). [Anarchist](/source/Anarchism) and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led [Jane Addams](/source/Jane_Addams) and [Ellen Gates Starr](/source/Ellen_Gates_Starr) to found [Hull House](/source/Hull_House) in 1889.[52] Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field of [social work](/source/Social_work).[53]

During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of [cholera](/source/Cholera), [smallpox](/source/Smallpox), and [yellow fever](/source/Yellow_fever) were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.[54]

The city established many large, well-landscaped [municipal parks](/source/Chicago_Park_District), which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was [John H. Rauch, M.D.](/source/John_Henry_Rauch) Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created [Lincoln Park](/source/Lincoln_Park) by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[55]

In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.[56][57] In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American [time zones](/source/Time_zone).[58] This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.

In 1893, Chicago hosted the [World's Columbian Exposition](/source/World's_Columbian_Exposition) on former marshland at the present location of [Jackson Park](/source/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)). The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential [world's fair](/source/World's_fair) in history.[59][60] The city's municipal device, a Y within a circle, was the result of a contest run by the *Chicago Tribune* in 1892, in anticipation of the Columbian Exposition.[61] The [University of Chicago](/source/University_of_Chicago), formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the [Midway Plaisance](/source/Midway_Plaisance), a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects the [Washington](/source/Washington_Park_(Chicago_park)) and Jackson Parks.[62][63]

### 20th and 21st centuries

#### 1900 to 1939

During [World War I](/source/World_War_I) and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the [Southern United States](/source/Southern_United_States). Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.[64] This [Great Migration](/source/Great_Migration_(African_American)) had an immense cultural impact, called the [Chicago Black Renaissance](/source/Chicago_Black_Renaissance), part of the [New Negro Movement](/source/New_Negro_Movement), in art, literature, and music.[65] Continuing racial tensions and violence in the city, such as the [Chicago race riot of 1919](/source/Chicago_race_riot_of_1919), also occurred.[66]

The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when [Prohibition](/source/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) was repealed. The 1920s saw [gangsters](/source/American_gangsters_during_the_1920s), including [Al Capone](/source/Al_Capone), [Dion O'Banion](/source/Dion_O'Banion), [Bugs Moran](/source/Bugs_Moran) and [Tony Accardo](/source/Tony_Accardo) battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era.[67] Chicago was the location of the infamous [St. Valentine's Day Massacre](/source/St._Valentine's_Day_Massacre) in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran, leaving seven rival members dead.[68]

From 1920 to 1921, [the city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes](/source/1920%E2%80%931921_Chicago_rent_strikes), which led to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords.[69][70][71][72][73][74]

Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called the [Society for Human Rights](/source/Society_for_Human_Rights). It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, *[Friendship and Freedom](/source/Friendship_and_Freedom)*. Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.[75]

The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Latinos in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a [Democrat](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)).[76]

From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.[76] Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with [Unemployed Councils](/source/Unemployed_Councils) contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935, the [Workers Alliance of America](/source/Workers_Alliance_of_America) began organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the [Memorial Day massacre of 1937](/source/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937) in the neighborhood of East Side.

In 1933, Chicago Mayor [Anton Cermak](/source/Anton_Cermak) was fatally wounded in [Miami](/source/Miami), Florida, during a [failed assassination attempt](/source/Attempted_assassination_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt) on President-elect [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/source/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) by [Giuseppe Zangara](/source/Giuseppe_Zangara). In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the [Century of Progress](/source/Century_of_Progress) International Exposition [World's Fair](/source/World's_Fair).[77] The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.[78]

#### 1940 to 1979

During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) from 1943 – 1945.[79]

The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the [second wave](/source/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)), as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.[80]

On December 2, 1942, physicist [Enrico Fermi](/source/Enrico_Fermi) conducted the world's first controlled [nuclear reaction](/source/Chicago_Pile-1) at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret [Manhattan Project](/source/Manhattan_Project). This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in [World War II](/source/World_War_II) in 1945.[81]

Mayor [Richard J. Daley](/source/Richard_J._Daley), a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of [machine politics](/source/Political_machine). In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.[82]

By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as [white flight](/source/White_flight) – as Blacks continued to move beyond the [Black Belt](/source/Black_Belt_(region_of_Chicago)).[83] While home loan discriminatory [redlining](/source/Redlining) against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as [blockbusting](/source/Blockbusting), completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.[84] Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, [Martin Luther King Jr.](/source/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) and [Albert Raby](/source/Albert_Raby) led the [Chicago Freedom Movement](/source/Chicago_Freedom_Movement), which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.[85]

Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous [1968 Democratic National Convention](/source/1968_Democratic_National_Convention), which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.[86] Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the [Willis Tower](/source/Willis_Tower), which in 1974 became the [world's tallest building](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world)), [University of Illinois at Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago), [McCormick Place](/source/McCormick_Place), and [O'Hare International Airport](/source/O'Hare_International_Airport), were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.[87] In 1979, [Jane Byrne](/source/Jane_Byrne), the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden [Cabrini-Green](/source/Cabrini-Green) housing project and leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.[88]

#### 1980 to present

In 1983, [Harold Washington](/source/Harold_Washington) became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.[89] Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson [Eugene Sawyer](/source/Eugene_Sawyer), who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.

[Richard M. Daley](/source/Richard_M._Daley), son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for [sustainable development](/source/Sustainable_development), as well as closing [Meigs Field](/source/Meigs_Field) in the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.[90][91]

In 1992, a construction accident near the [Kinzie Street Bridge](/source/Kinzie_Street_Bridge) produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an [abandoned freight tunnel system](/source/Chicago_Tunnel_Company) extending throughout the downtown [Loop](/source/Chicago_Loop) district. The [tunnels filled](/source/Chicago_flood) with 250 e6USgal of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.[92] The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion.[92]

On February 23, 2011, [Rahm Emanuel](/source/Rahm_Emanuel), a former [White House Chief of Staff](/source/White_House_Chief_of_Staff) and member of the [House of Representatives](/source/United_States_House_of_Representatives), won the mayoral election.[93] Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.[94] [Lori Lightfoot](/source/Lori_Lightfoot), the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.[95] All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was [Anna Valencia](/source/Anna_M._Valencia) and the city treasurer was [Melissa Conyears-Ervin](/source/Melissa_Conyears).[96]

On May 15, 2023, [Brandon Johnson](/source/Brandon_Johnson) assumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.[97]

## Geography

Main article: [Geography of Chicago](/source/Geography_of_Chicago)

### Topography

Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the [Chicago Metropolitan Area](/source/Chicago_Metropolitan_Area), situated in both the [Midwestern United States](/source/Midwestern_United_States) and the [Great Lakes region](/source/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)). The city rests on a [continental divide](/source/Continental_divide) at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes [watersheds](/source/Drainage_basin). In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the [Calumet River](/source/Calumet_River) in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city.[98][99]

Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge [lake freighters](/source/Lake_freighter) use the city's [Lake Calumet Harbor](/source/Port_of_Chicago) on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.[100]

When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.[101] The overall [grade](/source/Land_grading) of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft [above sea level](/source/Above_mean_sea_level). While measurements vary somewhat,[102] the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft, while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of [Blue Island](/source/Beverly,_Chicago) in the city's far south side.[103]

[Lake Shore Drive](/source/Lake_Shore_Drive) runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include [Lincoln Park](/source/Lincoln_Park), [Grant Park](/source/Grant_Park_(Chicago)), [Burnham Park](/source/Burnham_Park_(Chicago)), and [Jackson Park](/source/Jackson_Park_(Chicago)). There are 24 public [beaches](/source/Chicago_beaches) across 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.[104] Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for [Navy Pier](/source/Navy_Pier), [Northerly Island](/source/Northerly_Island), the [Museum Campus](/source/Museum_Campus_Chicago), and large portions of the [McCormick Place](/source/McCormick_Place) Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.

An informal name for the entire [Chicago metropolitan area](/source/Chicago_metropolitan_area) is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.[105][106][107]

### Communities

Main article: [Community areas of Chicago](/source/Community_areas_of_Chicago)

See also: [List of neighborhoods in Chicago](/source/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Chicago)

Major sections of the city include the central business district, called [the Loop](/source/Chicago_Loop), and the North, [South](/source/South_Side,_Chicago), and [West Sides](/source/West_Side,_Chicago).[108] The three sides of the city are represented on the [Flag of Chicago](/source/Flag_of_Chicago) by three horizontal white stripes.[109] The North Side is the city's most densely populated residential section, and many high-rises are on this side of the city along the lakefront.[110] The South Side is the city's largest section, encompassing roughly 60% of its land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of the [Port of Chicago](/source/Port_of_Chicago).[111]

In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 75 distinct [community areas](/source/Community_areas_in_Chicago), plus O'Hare in 1956 and Edgewater in 1980 for a total of 77. The community areas can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined [neighborhoods](/source/Neighborhoods_in_Chicago).[112][113]

### Streetscape

Main article: [Roads and expressways in Chicago](/source/Roads_and_expressways_in_Chicago)

Chicago's streets were laid out in a [street grid](/source/Grid_plan) that grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.[114] Streets following the [Public Land Survey System](/source/Public_Land_Survey_System) section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the [Plan of Chicago](/source/Burnham_Plan), but only the extension of [Ogden Avenue](/source/Ogden_Avenue_(Chicago)) was ever constructed.[115]

In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.[116] Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's [Western Avenue](/source/Western_Avenue_(Chicago)) is the longest continuous urban street in the world.[117] Other notable streets include [Michigan Avenue](/source/Michigan_Avenue_(Chicago)), [State Street](/source/State_Street_(Chicago)), [95th Street](/source/95th_Street_(Chicago)), [Cicero Avenue](/source/Cicero_Avenue), [Clark Street](/source/Clark_Street_(Chicago)), and [Belmont Avenue](/source/Belmont_Avenue_(Chicago)). The [City Beautiful movement](/source/City_Beautiful_movement) inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.[118]

### Architecture

Main article: [Architecture of Chicago](/source/Architecture_of_Chicago)

Further information: [List of tallest buildings in Chicago](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chicago) and [List of Chicago Landmarks](/source/List_of_Chicago_Landmarks)

The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first [steel-framed high-rise building](/source/Steel_frame), the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the [skyscraper era](/source/Early_skyscrapers),[48] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.[119] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.[120]

Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; [Willis Tower](/source/Willis_Tower) (formerly Sears Tower) is the third tallest building in the [Western Hemisphere](/source/Western_Hemisphere) after [One World Trade Center](/source/One_World_Trade_Center), and [Central Park Tower](/source/Central_Park_Tower).[121] The Loop's historic buildings include the [Chicago Board of Trade Building](/source/Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building), the [Fine Arts Building](/source/Fine_Arts_Building_(Chicago)), [35 East Wacker](/source/35_East_Wacker), and the [Chicago Building](/source/Chicago_Building), [860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments](/source/860-880_Lake_Shore_Drive_Apartments) by [Mies van der Rohe](/source/Mies_van_der_Rohe). Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as [Daniel Burnham](/source/Daniel_Burnham), [Louis Sullivan](/source/Louis_Sullivan), Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and [Helmut Jahn](/source/Helmut_Jahn).[122][123]

The [Merchandise Mart](/source/Merchandise_Mart), once the [largest building in the world](/source/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world), had its own [zip code](/source/Zip_code) until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.[124] Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), [Trump International Hotel and Tower](/source/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(Chicago)), the [Aon Center](/source/Aon_Center_(Chicago)) (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the [John Hancock Center](/source/John_Hancock_Center). [Industrial districts](/source/Industrial_district), such as some areas on the [South Side](/source/South_Side_(Chicago)), the areas along the [Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal](/source/Chicago_Sanitary_and_Ship_Canal), and the [Northwest Indiana](/source/Northwest_Indiana) area are clustered.[125]

Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the [Prairie School](/source/Prairie_School), two movements in architecture.[126] Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick [bungalows](/source/Bungalow) built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the [Polish Cathedral style](/source/Polish_Cathedral_style) of [church architecture](/source/Church_architecture). The Chicago suburb of [Oak Park](/source/Oak_Park,_Illinois) was home to famous architect [Frank Lloyd Wright](/source/Frank_Lloyd_Wright), who had designed The [Robie House](/source/Robie_House) located near the University of Chicago.[127][128]

A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.[129]

### Monuments and public art

Main article: [List of public art in Chicago](/source/List_of_public_art_in_Chicago)

Chicago is famous for its outdoor [public art](/source/Public_art) with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as [Benjamin Ferguson](/source/Benjamin_F._Ferguson)'s 1905 trust.[130] A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these are [Chagall's Four Seasons](/source/Four_Seasons_(Chagall)); the [Chicago Picasso](/source/Chicago_Picasso); [Miró's Chicago](/source/Mir%C3%B3's_Chicago); [Calder](/source/Alexander_Calder)'s [Flamingo](/source/Flamingo_(sculpture)); [Oldenburg](/source/Claes_Oldenburg)'s [Batcolumn](/source/Batcolumn); [Moore](/source/Henry_Moore)'s [Large Interior Form, 1953–54](/source/Large_Interior_Form,_1953%E2%80%9354), [Man Enters the Cosmos](/source/Man_Enters_the_Cosmos) and [Nuclear Energy](/source/Nuclear_Energy_(sculpture)); [Dubuffet](/source/Jean_Dubuffet)'s [Monument with Standing Beast](/source/Monument_with_Standing_Beast), [Abakanowicz](/source/Magdalena_Abakanowicz)'s [Agora](/source/Agora_(sculpture)); and [Anish Kapoor](/source/Anish_Kapoor)'s [Cloud Gate](/source/Cloud_Gate) which has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including the [Great Northern Migration](/source/Great_Migration_(African_American)) ([Saar](/source/Alison_Saar)) and the [centennial of statehood for Illinois](/source/Illinois_Centennial_Memorial_Column). Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: [Plensa](/source/Jaume_Plensa)'s [Crown Fountain](/source/Crown_Fountain) as well as [Burnham](/source/Daniel_Burnham) and Bennett's [Buckingham Fountain](/source/Buckingham_Fountain).[131][132]

### Climate

Main article: [Climate of Chicago](/source/Climate_of_Chicago)

See also: [Tornadoes in Chicago](/source/Tornadoes_in_Chicago)

The city mostly lies within the typical hot-summer [humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate) ([Köppen](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification): *Dfa*), and experiences four distinct seasons.[133][134][135] [Summers](/source/Summer) are hot and humid, with frequent [heat waves](/source/Heat_waves). The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake. [Winters](/source/Winter) are relatively cold and snowy. [Blizzards](/source/Blizzard) do occur, such as in [winter 2011](/source/January_31_%E2%80%93_February_2,_2011_North_American_blizzard).[136] There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. A [polar vortex in January 2019](/source/January%E2%80%93February_2019_North_American_cold_wave) nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.[137][138][139] Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April.[140]

[Spring](/source/Spring_(season)) and [autumn](/source/Autumn) are mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity. [Dew point](/source/Dew_point) temperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.[141] They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies within [USDA](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) plant [hardiness zone](/source/Hardiness_zone) 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.[142]

According to the [National Weather Service](/source/National_Weather_Service), Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.[143] [Midway Airport](/source/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport) reached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded a [heat index](/source/Heat_index) of 125 °F (52 °C) during the [1995 heatwave](/source/1995_Chicago_heat_wave).[144] The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded on [January 20, 1985](/source/January_1985_Arctic_outbreak), at O'Hare Airport.[141][144] Most of the city's rainfall is brought by [thunderstorms](/source/Thunderstorm), averaging 38 a year. The region is prone to [severe thunderstorms](/source/Severe_thunderstorm) during the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes.[145] Notably, the F4 [Oak Lawn tornado](/source/1967_Oak_Lawn_tornado_outbreak#Oak_Lawn–Evergreen_Park–Chicago_South_Side,_Illinois) moved through the South Side of the city on April 21, 1967, moving onto Lake Michigan as a waterspout.[146] Downtown Chicago was struck by an F3 tornado on May 6, 1876, again moving out over Lake Michigan.[147]

Like other major cities, Chicago experiences an [urban heat island](/source/Urban_heat_island), making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake,[148] which is sufficient to give lakefront areas such as [Northerly Island](/source/Northerly_Island) a [humid subtropical](/source/Humid_subtropical_climate) (*Cfa*) climate using Köppen's 27 °F (−3 °C) winter isotherm (as opposed to the firmly continental climate of inland areas such as [Midway](/source/Midway_International_Airport) and [O'Hare International Airports](/source/O'Hare_International_Airport)),[149] even though those areas are still continental (*Dca*) under Trewartha due to winters averaging below 32 °F (0 °C).[150] Northeast winds from wintertime [cyclones](/source/Low-pressure_area) departing south of the region sometimes bring the city [lake-effect snow](/source/Lake-effect_snow).[151]

Sunshine data for Chicago Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2 Source: Weather Atlas[152]

## Demographics

Main article: [Demographics of Chicago](/source/Demographics_of_Chicago)

During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. By the 1890 census, Chicago was the second most populous city in the United States. By 1900, it was the fifth largest in the world behind Berlin, Paris, New York, and London,[153] and the largest city founded in the prior century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,[154] and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.

From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including [Italians](/source/Italian_Americans), [Jews](/source/American_Jews), [Russians](/source/Russian_Americans), [Poles](/source/Polish_Americans), [Greeks](/source/Greek_Americans), [Armenians](/source/Armenian_Americans), [Lithuanians](/source/Lithuanian_Americans), [Bulgarians](/source/Bulgarian_Americans), [Albanians](/source/Albanian_Americans), [Romanians](/source/Romanian_Americans), [Turkish](/source/Turkish_Americans), [Croatians](/source/Croatian_Americans), [Serbs](/source/Serbian_Americans), [Bosnians](/source/Bosnian_Americans), [Montenegrins](/source/Montenegrin_Americans) and [Czechs](/source/Czech_Americans).[155][156][157] To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial [working class](/source/Working_class), were added an additional influx of [African Americans](/source/African_Americans) from the [American South](/source/Southern_United_States) as part of the [Great Migration](/source/Great_Migration_(African_American))—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.[155] Chicago has a [significant Bosnian population](/source/Bosnians_in_Chicago), many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s.[158]

In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "[Black Belt](/source/Black_Belt_(region_of_Chicago))" on the city's [South Side](/source/South_Side,_Chicago).[155] A large number of blacks also settled on the [West Side](/source/West_Side,_Chicago). By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.[155] Around that time, the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue in the [Uptown](/source/Uptown,_Chicago) neighborhood was the only one in the neighborhood on which African Americans could live or open establishments.[159][160] Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's [Harlem](/source/Harlem). In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.[155] Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.[161] The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago.[162][163][164]

Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in [Mexico](/source/Mexico), [Poland](/source/Poland) or [India](/source/India).[165] A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.[166]

Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles) as the United States' second largest city.[167] It then saw a rise in population for the 2000 census, a decrease in 2010, and another increase for the 2020 census.[168]

According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019, Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.[169][170][171][172]

Racial composition 2020[173] 2010[174] 1990[172] 1970[172] 1940[172] White (non-Hispanic) 31.4% 31.7% 37.9% 59.0%[b] 91.2% Hispanic or Latino 29.8% 28.9% 19.6% 7.4%[b] 0.5% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 28.7% 32.3% 39.1% 32.7% 8.2% Asian (non-Hispanic) 6.9% 5.4% 3.7% 0.9% 0.1% Two or more races (non-Hispanic) 2.6% 1.3% n/a n/a n/a

Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census[175][176] Race or Ethnicity Race Alone Total[c] White Black or African American Hispanic or Latino[d] Asian Native American Mixed Other

Chicago became a "de jure" [sanctuary city](/source/Sanctuary_city) in 2012 when Mayor [Rahm Emanuel](/source/Rahm_Emanuel) and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.[177]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's [American Community Survey](/source/American_Community_Survey) data estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386, and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.[178] About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.[179] In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million.[180]

According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:[181][182][183]

- Mexican (586,906)
- German (200,726)
- Irish (184,983)
- Polish (129,468)
- Puerto Rican (101,625)
- Italian (100,915)
- English (87,282)
- Chinese (67,951)
- Indian (48,535)
- Filipino (39,048)
- French (25,629)
- Russian (24,707)
- Swedish (21,795)
- Arab (19,432)
- West Indian (18,636)
- Guatemalan (18,205)
- Scottish (17,121)
- Korean (16,224)
- Ecuadorian (15,935)
- Nigerian (15,064)
- Greek (14,946)
- Norwegian (13,391)
- Colombian (13,785)
- Ukrainian (12,956)
- Vietnamese (12,280)
- Cuban (11,765)
- Czech (11,313)
- Romanian (11,237)
- Lithuanian (11,235)
- Dutch (11,196)

Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790.

### Sexual orientation and gender identity

See also: [LGBTQ rights in Illinois](/source/LGBTQ_rights_in_Illinois)

Chicago has the third-largest [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer](/source/LGBTQ_people) (LGBTQ) population in the United States.[184][185] Since the 2013 legalization of [same-sex marriage in Illinois](/source/Same-sex_marriage_in_Illinois), over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed in Illinois' [Cook County](/source/Cook_County,_Illinois), a majority of them in Chicago.[186][187] Chicago is the first U.S. city to have a [pro-gay organization](/source/Society_for_Human_Rights) and consistently ranks as one of the most LGBTQ-friendly cities in the nation.[188][189] [Lake View](/source/Lake_View,_Chicago) and [Edgewater](/source/Edgewater,_Chicago) are historically the epicenters of [LGBTQ culture in Chicago](/source/LGBTQ_culture_in_Chicago).[190][191]

### Religion

According to a 2014 study by the [Pew Research Center](/source/Pew_Research_Center), [Christianity](/source/Christianity) is the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),[192] with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States after [Dallas](/source/Dallas), [Atlanta](/source/Atlanta) and [Houston](/source/Houston).[192] [Roman Catholicism](/source/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States) and [Protestantism](/source/Protestantism_in_the_United_States) are the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed by [Eastern Orthodoxy](/source/Eastern_Orthodoxy) and [Jehovah's Witnesses](/source/Jehovah's_Witnesses) with 1% each.[193] Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups include [Irreligious](/source/Irreligion_in_the_United_States) (22%), [Judaism](/source/Judaism_in_the_United_States) (3%), [Islam](/source/Islam_in_the_United_States) (2%), [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism_in_the_United_States) (1%) and [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism_in_the_United_States) (1%).[193]

Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the [Evangelical Covenant Church](/source/Evangelical_Covenant_Church) and the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in America](/source/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America). It is the seat of several [dioceses](/source/Diocese_of_Chicago_(disambiguation)). The [Fourth Presbyterian Church](/source/Fourth_Presbyterian_Church_(Chicago)) is one of the largest [Presbyterian](/source/Presbyterian) congregations in the United States based on memberships.[194] Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of the [Assyrian Church of the East](/source/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East).[195] In 2014 the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) was the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with the [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago) being the largest Catholic jurisdiction. [Evangelical Protestantism](/source/Evangelical_Protestantism) form the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed by [Mainline Protestants](/source/Mainline_Protestant) (11%), and historically [Black churches](/source/Black_church) (8%). Among denominational Protestant branches, [Baptists](/source/Baptists) formed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%); [Lutherans](/source/Lutheran) (4%); and [Pentecostals](/source/Pentecostal) (3%).[193]

Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014. [Judaism](/source/Judaism) has at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population. A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.[166]

The first two [Parliament of the World's Religions](/source/Parliament_of_the_World's_Religions) in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.[196] Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including [Mother Teresa](/source/Mother_Teresa), the [Dalai Lama](/source/14th_Dalai_Lama)[197] and [Pope John Paul II](/source/Pope_John_Paul_II) in 1979.[198] [Pope Leo XIV](/source/Pope_Leo_XIV) was born in Chicago in 1955 and graduated from the [Catholic Theological Union](/source/Catholic_Theological_Union) in [Hyde Park](/source/Hyde_Park_(Chicago)).[199]

## Economy

Main article: [Economy of Chicago](/source/Economy_of_Chicago)

See also: [List of companies in the Chicago metropolitan area](/source/List_of_companies_in_the_Chicago_metropolitan_area)

Chicago has the third-largest [gross metropolitan product](/source/Gross_metropolitan_product) in the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.[200] The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.[201] The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.[202] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists [John Crerar](/source/John_Crerar_(industrialist)), [John Whitfield Bunn](/source/John_Whitfield_Bunn), [Richard Teller Crane](/source/Richard_Teller_Crane), [Marshall Field](/source/Marshall_Field), [John Farwell](/source/John_Farwell), [Julius Rosenwald](/source/Julius_Rosenwald), and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.

Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, following [Midtown Manhattan](/source/Midtown_Manhattan).[203] The city is the seat of the [Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago](/source/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago), the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial and [futures exchanges](/source/Futures_exchange), including the [Chicago Stock Exchange](/source/Chicago_Stock_Exchange), the [Chicago Board Options Exchange](/source/Chicago_Board_Options_Exchange) (CBOE), and the [Chicago Mercantile Exchange](/source/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange) (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the [Chicago Board of Trade](/source/Chicago_Board_of_Trade) (CBOT), by Chicago's [CME Group](/source/CME_Group). In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.[citation needed] [Chase Bank](/source/Chase_(bank)) has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's [Chase Tower](/source/Chase_Tower_(Chicago)).[204] Academically, Chicago has been influential through the [Chicago school of economics](/source/Chicago_school_of_economics), which fielded 12 [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences) winners.

The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.[205] Illinois is home to 66 [*Fortune* 1000](/source/Fortune_1000) companies, including those in Chicago.[206] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 *Fortune* Global 500 companies and 17 *Financial Times* 500 companies. The city claims three [Dow 30](/source/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average) companies: [aerospace](/source/Aerospace) giant [Boeing](/source/Boeing), which moved its headquarters from [Seattle](/source/Seattle) to the Chicago Loop in 2001;[207] [McDonald's](/source/McDonald's); and [Walgreens Boots Alliance](/source/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance).[208] For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.[209] However, three [*Fortune* 500](/source/Fortune_500) companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.[210]

Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are based in the Chicago area, including [Baxter International](/source/Baxter_International), [Boeing](/source/Boeing), [Abbott Laboratories](/source/Abbott_Laboratories), and the Healthcare division of [General Electric](/source/General_Electric). Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters of [Conagra](/source/Conagra), [Ferrara Candy Company](/source/Ferrara_Candy_Company), [Kraft Heinz](/source/Kraft_Heinz), [McDonald's](/source/McDonald's), [Mondelez International](/source/Mondelez_International), and [Quaker Oats](/source/Quaker_Oats).[211] Chicago has been a hub of the [retail](/source/Retail) sector since its early development, with [Montgomery Ward](/source/Montgomery_Ward), [Sears](/source/Sears), and [Marshall Field's](/source/Marshall_Field's). Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including [Walgreens](/source/Walgreens), [Sears](/source/Sears_Holdings_Corporation), [Ace Hardware](/source/Ace_Hardware), [Claire's](/source/Claire's), [ULTA Beauty](/source/ULTA_Beauty), and [Crate & Barrel](/source/Crate_%26_Barrel).[212] Tech companies based in the area include [CDW](/source/CDW), Uber Frieght, [Zebra Technologies](/source/Zebra_Technologies), [Motorola Solutions](/source/Motorola_Solutions), [Motorola](/source/Motorola) along with regional offices for [Google](/source/Google), [Salesforce](/source/Salesforce), [LinkedIn](/source/LinkedIn), and more.

Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the [bicycle craze](/source/Bike_boom#1890s), with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced [stamping](/source/Stamping_(metalworking)) to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[213] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the [Brass Era car](/source/Brass_Era_car) builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[214] Chicago was also the site of the [Schwinn Bicycle Company](/source/Schwinn_Bicycle_Company).

Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.[215] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind [Las Vegas](/source/Las_Vegas) and [Orlando](/source/Orlando,_Florida)) in number of conventions hosted annually.[216]

Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.[217][218]

## Culture and contemporary life

Main article: [Culture of Chicago](/source/Culture_of_Chicago)

Further information: [List of people from Chicago](/source/List_of_people_from_Chicago)

The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from [Rogers Park](/source/Rogers_Park,_Chicago) in the north to [South Shore](/source/South_Shore,_Chicago) in the south.[219] The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the [Mexican American](/source/Mexican_American) neighborhoods, such as [Pilsen](/source/Pilsen,_Chicago) along 18th street, and *La Villita* along 26th Street; the [Puerto Rican](/source/Puerto_Ricans_in_Chicago) enclave of [Paseo Boricua](/source/Paseo_Boricua) in the [Humboldt Park](/source/Humboldt_Park,_Chicago) neighborhood; [Greektown](/source/Greektown,_Chicago), along South [Halsted Street](/source/Halsted_Street), immediately west of downtown;[220] [Little Italy](/source/Little_Italy,_Chicago), along Taylor Street; [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown,_Chicago) in [Armour Square](/source/Armour_Square,_Chicago); [Polish Patches](/source/Polish_Patches) in [West Town](/source/West_Town,_Chicago); [Little Seoul](/source/Koreatown#Chicago,_Illinois) in [Albany Park](/source/Albany_Park,_Chicago) around Lawrence Avenue; [Little Vietnam](/source/Little_Vietnam,_Chicago) near [Broadway](/source/Broadway_(Chicago)) in Uptown; and the [Desi](/source/Desi) area, along [Devon Avenue](/source/Devon_Avenue_(Chicago)) in [West Ridge](/source/West_Ridge,_Chicago).[221]

Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the [Near North Side](/source/Near_North_Side,_Chicago), the [Near South Side](/source/Near_South_Side,_Chicago), and the [Near West Side](/source/West_Loop), as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous [skyscrapers](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chicago), abundant restaurants, [shopping](/source/Magnificent_Mile), [museums](/source/Museum_Campus), [Soldier Field](/source/Soldier_Field), convention facilities, [parkland](/source/List_of_Chicago_parks), and [beaches](/source/Beaches_in_Chicago).[citation needed]

Lincoln Park contains [Lincoln Park Zoo](/source/Lincoln_Park_Zoo) and [Lincoln Park Conservatory](/source/Lincoln_Park_Conservatory). The [River North Gallery District](/source/River_North_Gallery_District,_Near_North_Side,_Chicago) features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.[222] [Lake View](/source/Lake_View,_Chicago) is home to [Boystown](/source/Boystown,_Chicago), the city's large [LGBT](/source/LGBT) nightlife and culture center. The [Chicago Pride Parade](/source/Chicago_Pride_Parade), held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.[223] North [Halsted Street](/source/Halsted_Street) is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.[224]

The South Side neighborhood of [Hyde Park](/source/Hyde_Park,_Chicago) is the home of former U.S. President [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama) and First Lady [Michelle Obama](/source/Michelle_Obama). The neighborhood is home to the [Barack Obama Presidential Center](/source/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center), a museum and library dedicated to his presidency.[225] It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,[226] and the [Museum of Science and Industry](/source/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)). The 6-mile (9.7-kilometre) long [Burnham Park](/source/Burnham_Park_(Chicago)) stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits [Washington Park](/source/Washington_Park_(Chicago_park)). The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the [Midway Plaisance](/source/Midway_Plaisance), running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American [Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic](/source/Bud_Billiken_Parade_and_Picnic), which travels through [Bronzeville](/source/Bronzeville,_Chicago) to Washington Park. [Ford Motor Company](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) has an [automobile assembly plant](/source/Chicago_Assembly) on the South Side in [Hegewisch](/source/Hegewisch,_Chicago), and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.[citation needed]

The West Side holds the [Garfield Park Conservatory](/source/Garfield_Park_Conservatory), one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include [Humboldt Park](/source/Humboldt_Park_(Chicago_park))'s [Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture](/source/Institute_of_Puerto_Rican_Arts_and_Culture) and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the [National Museum of Mexican Art](/source/National_Museum_of_Mexican_Art) and [St. Adalbert's Church](/source/St._Adalbert's_in_Chicago) in [Pilsen](/source/Pilsen,_Chicago). The Near West Side holds the [University of Illinois at Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago) and was once home to [Oprah Winfrey](/source/Oprah_Winfrey)'s [Harpo Studios](/source/Harpo_Studios), the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.[227]

The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like *[The Blues Brothers](/source/The_Blues_Brothers_(film))* and television programs like the *[Saturday Night Live](/source/Saturday_Night_Live)* skit "[Bill Swerski's Superfans](/source/Bill_Swerski's_Superfans)", is an advanced form of [Inland Northern American English](/source/Inland_Northern_American_English). This dialect can be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes, such as [Detroit](/source/Detroit), [Cleveland](/source/Cleveland), [Milwaukee](/source/Milwaukee), and [Buffalo, New York](/source/Buffalo,_New_York), and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the [short "a"](/source/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A) sound as in "cat", which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.[228]

### Entertainment and the arts

Further information: [Theater in Chicago](/source/Theater_in_Chicago), [Visual arts of Chicago](/source/Visual_arts_of_Chicago) and [Music of Chicago](/source/Music_of_Chicago)

See also: [List of theaters in Chicago](/source/List_of_theaters_in_Chicago)

Renowned Chicago theater companies include the [Goodman Theatre](/source/Goodman_Theatre) in the Loop; the [Steppenwolf Theatre Company](/source/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company) and [Victory Gardens Theater](/source/Victory_Gardens_Theater) in Lincoln Park; and the [Chicago Shakespeare Theater](/source/Chicago_Shakespeare_Theater) at Navy Pier. [Broadway In Chicago](/source/Broadway_In_Chicago) offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the [Nederlander Theatre](/source/Nederlander_Theatre_(Chicago)), [CIBC Theatre](/source/CIBC_Theatre), [Cadillac Palace Theatre](/source/Cadillac_Palace_Theatre), [Auditorium Building](/source/Auditorium_Building) of [Roosevelt University](/source/Roosevelt_University), and [Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place](/source/Broadway_Playhouse_at_Water_Tower_Place). [Polish language](/source/Polish_language) productions for [Chicago's large Polish speaking population](/source/Poles_in_Chicago) can be seen at the historic [Gateway Theatre](/source/Gateway_Theatre_(Chicago)) in [Jefferson Park](/source/Jefferson_Park,_Chicago). Since 1968, the [Joseph Jefferson Awards](/source/Joseph_Jefferson_Award) are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern [improvisational theater](/source/Improvisational_theater), and includes the prominent groups [The Second City](/source/The_Second_City) and [I.O.](/source/IO_Theater) (formerly ImprovOlympic).[citation needed]

The [Chicago Symphony Orchestra](/source/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra) (CSO) performs at [Symphony Center](/source/Symphony_Center), and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.[229] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the [Chicago Sinfonietta](/source/Chicago_Sinfonietta), a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and [Millennium Park](/source/Millennium_Park). [Ravinia Festival](/source/Ravinia_Festival), located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The [Civic Opera House](/source/Civic_Opera_House_(Chicago)) is home to the [Lyric Opera of Chicago](/source/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago).[230] The [Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago](/source/Lithuanian_Opera_Company_of_Chicago) was founded by [Lithuanian Chicagoans](/source/Lithuanians_in_the_Chicago_area) in 1956,[231] and presents operas in [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language).

The [Joffrey Ballet](/source/Joffrey_Ballet) and [Chicago Festival Ballet](/source/Chicago_Festival_Ballet) perform in various venues, including the [Harris Theater](/source/Harris_Theater_(Chicago,_Illinois)) in [Millennium Park](/source/Millennium_Park). Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the [Hubbard Street Dance Chicago](/source/Hubbard_Street_Dance_Chicago) and [Chicago Dance Crash](/source/Chicago_Dance_Crash).[citation needed]

Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include [Chicago blues](/source/Chicago_blues), [Chicago soul](/source/Chicago_soul), [jazz](/source/Jazz), and [gospel](/source/Gospel_music). The city is the birthplace of [house music](/source/House_music) (a popular form of electronic dance music) and [industrial music](/source/Industrial_music), and is the site of an influential [hip hop scene](/source/Chicago_hip_hop). In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for [alternative rock](/source/Alternative_rock), [punk](/source/Punk_rock), and [new wave](/source/New_wave_music). The city has been a center for [rave](/source/Rave) culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago [indie](/source/Independent_music). [Annual festivals](/source/List_of_festivals_in_Chicago) feature various acts, such as [Lollapalooza](/source/Lollapalooza) and the [Pitchfork Music Festival](/source/Pitchfork_Music_Festival).[citation needed] Lollapalooza originated in 1991 as a touring festival, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.[232] A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the [University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center](/source/Harris_School_of_Public_Policy_Studies) ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".[233]

Chicago has a distinctive [fine art](/source/Fine_art) tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative [surrealism](/source/Surrealism), as in the works of [Ivan Albright](/source/Ivan_Albright) and [Ed Paschke](/source/Ed_Paschke). In 1968 and 1969, members of the [Chicago Imagists](/source/Chicago_Imagists), such as [Roger Brown](/source/Roger_Brown_(artist)), [Leon Golub](/source/Leon_Golub), [Robert Lostutter](/source/Robert_Lostutter), [Jim Nutt](/source/Jim_Nutt), and [Barbara Rossi](/source/Barbara_Rossi_(artist)) produced bizarre representational paintings. [Henry Darger](/source/Henry_Darger) is one of the most celebrated figures of [outsider art](/source/Outsider_art).[234]

### Tourism

Main article: [Tourism in Chicago](/source/Tourism_in_Chicago)

See also: [List of beaches in Chicago](/source/List_of_beaches_in_Chicago)

In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.[235] These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy.[235] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest [convention](/source/Convention_(meeting)) destination. A 2017 study by [Walk Score](/source/Walk_Score) ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[236] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of [Soldier Field](/source/Soldier_Field). Navy Pier, located just east of [Streeterville](/source/Streeterville), is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. The Ferris wheel first appeared at the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893.[237] The Willis Tower, formerly named Sears Tower, is a popular destination for tourists.[238]

### Museums

Further information: [List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago](/source/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Chicago)

Among the city's museums are the [Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum](/source/Adler_Planetarium_%26_Astronomy_Museum), the [Field Museum of Natural History](/source/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History), and the [Shedd Aquarium](/source/Shedd_Aquarium). The [Museum Campus](/source/Museum_Campus) joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned [Art Institute of Chicago](/source/Art_Institute_of_Chicago). Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago's [Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa](/source/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Cultures,_West_Asia_%26_North_Africa) has an extensive collection of [ancient Egyptian](/source/Ancient_Egypt) and [Near Eastern](/source/Near_East) archaeological artifacts.[239]

Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the [Chicago History Museum](/source/Chicago_History_Museum), the [Driehaus Museum](/source/Driehaus_Museum), the [DuSable Museum of African American History](/source/DuSable_Museum_of_African_American_History), the [Museum of Contemporary Art](/source/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago), the [Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum](/source/Peggy_Notebaert_Nature_Museum), the [Polish Museum of America](/source/Polish_Museum_of_America), the [Museum of Broadcast Communications](/source/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications), the [Chicago Architecture Foundation](/source/Chicago_Architecture_Foundation), and the [Museum of Science and Industry](/source/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)).[240][241][242]

### Cuisine

See also: [Culture of Chicago#Food and drink](/source/Culture_of_Chicago#Food_and_drink), [Chicago farmers' markets](/source/Chicago_farmers'_markets) and [List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago](/source/List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_in_Chicago)

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned [deep-dish pizza](/source/Chicago-style_pizza); this style is said to have originated at [Pizzeria Uno](/source/Uno_Chicago_Grill).[243] The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.[244] Certain Chicago pizza favorites include [Lou Malnati's](/source/Lou_Malnati's) and [Giordano's](/source/Giordano's).[245]

The [Chicago-style hot dog](/source/Chicago-style_hot_dog), typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, [yellow mustard](/source/Mustard_(condiment)#Yellow_mustard), pickled [sport peppers](/source/Chili_pepper), [tomato](/source/Tomato) wedges, [dill pickle](/source/Dill_pickle) spear and topped off with [celery salt](/source/Celery_salt) on a [poppy seed](/source/Poppy_seed) [bun](/source/Hot_dog_bun).[246] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of [ketchup](/source/Ketchup) as a garnish, but may prefer to add [giardiniera](/source/Giardiniera).[247][248][249]

A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the [Italian beef](/source/Italian_beef) sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in [au jus](/source/Au_jus) and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The [Maxwell Street Polish](/source/Maxwell_Street_Polish) is a grilled or deep-fried [kielbasa](/source/Kielbasa)—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[250]

[Chicken Vesuvio](/source/Chicken_Vesuvio) is roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. The [Puerto Rican](/source/Cuisine_of_Puerto_Rico)-influenced [jibarito](/source/Jibarito) is a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. The [mother-in-law](/source/Mother-in-law_(sandwich)) is a [tamale](/source/Tamale) topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.[251] The tradition of serving the [Greek](/source/Greek_cuisine) dish [saganaki](/source/Saganaki) while aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.[252] The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with [Metaxa](/source/Metaxa) and [flambéed](/source/Flamb%C3%A9ed) table-side.[253] [Chicago-style barbecue](/source/Chicago-style_barbecue) features hardwood smoked [rib tips](/source/Rib_tips) and [hot links](/source/Hot_links) which were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.[254] [Annual festivals](/source/List_of_festivals_in_Chicago) feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as [Taste of Chicago](/source/Taste_of_Chicago) and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.[255]

One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three [Michelin](/source/Michelin_Guide) stars, [Alinea](/source/Alinea_(restaurant)) is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: [Charlie Trotter](/source/Charlie_Trotter), [Rick Tramonto](/source/Rick_Tramonto), [Grant Achatz](/source/Grant_Achatz), and [Rick Bayless](/source/Rick_Bayless). In 2003, *[Robb Report](/source/Robb_Report)* named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".[256]

### Literature

Main article: [Chicago literature](/source/Chicago_literature)

Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of [social realism](/source/Social_realism). In the *[Encyclopedia of Chicago](/source/Encyclopedia_of_Chicago)*, [Northwestern University](/source/Northwestern_University) Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations.[257]

Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.[258] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,[259] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.[260] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.

At least three short periods in the [history of Chicago](/source/History_of_Chicago) have had a lasting influence on [American literature](/source/American_literature).[261] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression) to the 1940s.

What would become the influential *[Poetry](/source/Poetry_(magazine))* magazine was founded in 1912 by [Harriet Monroe](/source/Harriet_Monroe), who was working as an [art](/source/Art) [critic](/source/Critic) for the *Chicago Tribune*. The magazine discovered such poets as [Gwendolyn Brooks](/source/Gwendolyn_Brooks), [James Merrill](/source/James_Merrill), and [John Ashbery](/source/John_Ashbery).[262] [T. S. Eliot](/source/T._S._Eliot)'s first professionally published poem, "[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock](/source/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock)", was first published by *Poetry*. Contributors have included [Ezra Pound](/source/Ezra_Pound), [William Butler Yeats](/source/William_Butler_Yeats), [William Carlos Williams](/source/William_Carlos_Williams), [Langston Hughes](/source/Langston_Hughes), and [Carl Sandburg](/source/Carl_Sandburg), among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the [Imagist](/source/Imagist) and [Objectivist](/source/Objectivist_poets) poetic movements. From the 1950s to the 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.[263] In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the [poetry slam](/source/Poetry_slam).[264]

## Sports

Main article: [Sports in Chicago](/source/Sports_in_Chicago)

The city has two [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball) (MLB) teams: the [Chicago Cubs](/source/Chicago_Cubs) of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the [Chicago White Sox](/source/Chicago_White_Sox) of the American League play in Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.[265]

The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;[266] they have played in Chicago since 1871.[267] They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901.

The [Chicago Bears](/source/Chicago_Bears), one of the last two remaining charter members of the [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League) (NFL), have won nine [NFL Championships](/source/List_of_NFL_champions), including the 1985 [Super Bowl XX](/source/Super_Bowl_XX). The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field.

The [Chicago Bulls](/source/Chicago_Bulls) of the [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association) (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[268] During the 1990s, with [Michael Jordan](/source/Michael_Jordan) leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.[269][270]

The [Chicago Blackhawks](/source/Chicago_Blackhawks) of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "[Original Six](/source/Original_Six)" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six [Stanley Cups](/source/Stanley_Cup), including in 2010, 2013, and [2015](/source/2015_Stanley_Cup_Finals). Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the [United Center](/source/United_Center).[271]

Major league professional teams in Chicago (ranked by attendance) Club League Sport Venue Attendance Founded Championships Chicago Bears NFL Football Soldier Field 61,142 1919 9 Championships (1 Super Bowl) Chicago Cubs MLB Baseball Wrigley Field 41,649 1870 3 World Series Chicago White Sox MLB Baseball Rate Field 40,615 1900 3 World Series Chicago Blackhawks NHL Ice hockey United Center 21,653 1926 6 Stanley Cups Chicago Bulls NBA Basketball 20,776 1966 6 NBA Championships Chicago Fire MLS Soccer Soldier Field 17,383 1997 1 MLS Cup, 1 Supporters Shield Chicago Sky WNBA Basketball Wintrust Arena 10,387 2006 1 WNBA Championships Chicago Stars FC NWSL Soccer SeatGeek Stadium 5,863 2013 None

[Chicago Fire FC](/source/Chicago_Fire_FC) is a member of [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer) (MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four [U.S. Open Cups](/source/Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup), since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful [FIFA World Cup](/source/1994_FIFA_World_Cup) with games played at Soldier Field.[272]

The [Chicago Stars FC](/source/Chicago_Stars_FC) are a team in the [National Women's Soccer League](/source/National_Women's_Soccer_League) (NWSL). They previously played in [Women's Professional Soccer](/source/Women's_Professional_Soccer) (WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play at [SeatGeek Stadium](/source/SeatGeek_Stadium) in [Bridgeview, Illinois](/source/Bridgeview,_Illinois).

The [Chicago Sky](/source/Chicago_Sky) is a professional basketball team playing in the [Women's National Basketball Association](/source/Women's_National_Basketball_Association) (WNBA). They play home games at the [Wintrust Arena](/source/Wintrust_Arena). The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.[273]

The [Chicago Marathon](/source/Chicago_Marathon) has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six [World Marathon Majors](/source/World_Marathon_Majors).[274]

[Chicagoland Speedway](/source/Chicagoland_Speedway) in nearby [Joliet](/source/Joliet,_Illinois) has hosted [NASCAR Cup Series](/source/NASCAR_Cup_Series) races since [its opening](/source/2001_Tropicana_400) in [2001](/source/2001_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series), the track also hosts the [O'Reilly Series](/source/NASCAR_O'Reilly_Auto_Parts_Series), formerly the [Truck Series](/source/NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series), and the [ARCA Series](/source/ARCA_Menards_Series), [IndyCar](/source/IndyCar) also ran at the track until [2010](/source/2010_IndyCar_Series), the [2002 Delphi Indy 300](/source/2002_Delphi_Indy_300) was the closest finish in [IndyCar Series](/source/IndyCar_Series) history. The [Chicago Street Course](/source/Chicago_Street_Course) in [downtown Chicago](/source/Chicago_Loop) had races in the Cup Series and [Xfinity Series](/source/NASCAR_O'Reilly_Auto_Parts_Series) from 2023 to 2025, while the often forgotten [Chicago Motor Speedway](/source/Chicago_Motor_Speedway) held [CART](/source/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams) and NASCAR Truck Series races.

Five area colleges play in [Division I](/source/Division_I_(NCAA)) conferences: two from major conferences—the [DePaul Blue Demons](/source/DePaul_Blue_Demons) ([Big East Conference](/source/Big_East_Conference)) and the [Northwestern Wildcats](/source/Northwestern_Wildcats) ([Big Ten Conference](/source/Big_Ten_Conference))—and three from other D1 conferences—the [Chicago State Cougars](/source/Chicago_State_Cougars) ([Northeast Conference](/source/Northeast_Conference)); the [Loyola Ramblers](/source/Loyola_Ramblers) ([Atlantic 10 Conference](/source/Atlantic_10_Conference)); and the [UIC Flames](/source/UIC_Flames) ([Missouri Valley Conference](/source/Missouri_Valley_Conference)).[275]

Chicago has also entered into [esports](/source/Esports) with the creation of the [OpTic Chicago](/source/OpTic_Chicago), a professional [Call of Duty](/source/Call_of_Duty) team that participates within the [CDL](/source/Call_of_Duty_League).[276]

## Parks and greenspace

Main articles: [Parks in Chicago](/source/Parks_in_Chicago), [Chicago Boulevard System](/source/Chicago_Boulevard_System) and [Cook County Forest Preserves](/source/Cook_County_Forest_Preserves)

When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto *Urbs in Horto*, a [Latin](/source/Latin) phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the [Chicago Park District](/source/Chicago_Park_District) consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of [municipal parkland](/source/Municipal_park). There are 31 sand [beaches](/source/List_of_beaches_in_Chicago,_Illinois), a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.[277] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after [Central Park](/source/Central_Park) in [New York City](/source/New_York_City), and the [National Mall and Memorial Parks](/source/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks) in [Washington, D.C.](/source/Washington,_D.C.)[278]

There is a historic [boulevard system](/source/Chicago_boulevard_system),[279] a network of wide, tree-lined [boulevards](/source/Boulevard) which connect a number of Chicago [parks](/source/Parks_in_Chicago).[280] The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.[281] A number of [Chicago neighborhoods](/source/Neighborhoods_of_Chicago) emerged along these roadways in the 19th century.[280] The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six [squares](/source/Town_square), along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.[282] The *Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District* was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) in 2018.[283][284]

With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[285] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the [Ping Tom Memorial Park](/source/Ping_Tom_Memorial_Park) in Chinatown, [DuSable Park](/source/DuSable_Park_(Chicago)) on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.[citation needed]

The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the [Cook County Forest Preserves](/source/Cook_County_Forest_Preserves), a network of open spaces containing forest, [prairie](/source/Prairie), [wetland](/source/Wetland), streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,[286] including both the [Chicago Botanic Garden](/source/Chicago_Botanic_Garden) in [Glencoe](/source/Glencoe,_Illinois) and the [Brookfield Zoo](/source/Brookfield_Zoo) in [Brookfield](/source/Brookfield,_Illinois).[287] Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the [National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Side_Chicago).[288]

## Law and government

### Government

Main article: [Government of Chicago](/source/Government_of_Chicago)

The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and [legislative](/source/Legislature) branches. The [mayor of Chicago](/source/Mayor_of_Chicago) is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The incumbent mayor is [Brandon Johnson](/source/Brandon_Johnson). The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The [City Council](/source/Chicago_City_Council) is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 [alderpersons](/source/Alderman#United_States), one elected from each [ward](/source/Wards_of_the_United_States) in the city.[289] The council takes official action through the passage of [ordinances](/source/Local_ordinance) and resolutions and approves the city budget.[290]

The [Chicago Police Department](/source/Chicago_Police_Department) provides law enforcement and the [Chicago Fire Department](/source/Chicago_Fire_Department) provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the [Cook County Circuit Court](/source/Cook_County_Circuit_Court) of the State of Illinois court system, or in the [Northern District of Illinois](/source/Northern_District_of_Illinois), in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois [state's attorney](/source/State's_attorney); in the Federal court it is the United States [attorney](/source/District_Attorney).

### Politics

Main article: [Political history of Chicago](/source/Political_history_of_Chicago)

Presidential election results in Chicago[291] Year Democratic Republican Others 2024 78.3% 775,699 20.6% 203,817 1.2% 11,776 2020 82.5% 944,735 15.8% 181,234 1.6% 18,772 2016 82.9% 912,945 12.3% 135,320 4.8% 53,262

During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing [Democratic Party](/source/Cook_County_Democratic_Party) organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized [socialist](/source/Socialist), [anarchist](/source/Anarchist) and [labor organizations](/source/Labor_organization).[292] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "[solid blue](/source/Red_states_and_blue_states)" in [presidential elections](/source/United_States_presidential_election) since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago.

The citizens of Chicago have not elected a [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) mayor since 1927, when [William Thompson](/source/William_Hale_Thompson) was voted into office. The strength of the party in Chicago is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.[citation needed]

Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17 [districts](/source/Illinois's_congressional_districts) in the [United States House of Representatives](/source/United_States_House_of_Representatives). All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each: [Robert P. Hanrahan](/source/Robert_P._Hanrahan) from 1973 to 1975, and [Michael Patrick Flanagan](/source/Michael_Patrick_Flanagan) from 1995 to 1997.[citation needed]

[Machine politics](/source/Machine_politics) persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.[293] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of [Harold Washington](/source/Harold_Washington) (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor, [Richard M. Daley](/source/Richard_M._Daley), the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic [primary](/source/Partisan_primary) vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.[294]

The city is home of former United States President [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama) and First Lady [Michelle Obama](/source/Michelle_Obama); Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in [Kenwood](/source/Kenwood,_Chicago) on the city's south side.[295]

### Crime

Main article: [Crime in Chicago](/source/Crime_in_Chicago)

See also: [Timeline of organized crime in Chicago](/source/Timeline_of_organized_crime_in_Chicago)

Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.[296] Chicago experienced major rises in [violent crime](/source/Violent_crime) in the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.[297][298] Chicago's biggest [criminal justice](/source/Criminal_justice) challenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide, [armed robbery](/source/Armed_robbery), gang violence, and [aggravated battery](/source/Aggravated_battery). Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States.[299][300]

Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.[301] The neighborhoods of [Englewood](/source/Englewood,_Chicago) on the South Side, and [Austin](/source/Austin,_Chicago) on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.[302] Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.[303][304] According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,"[305] and is specifically related to the activities of the [Sinaloa Cartel](/source/Sinaloa_Cartel), which is active in several American cities.[306]

Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.[305] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;[307] the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.[308]

Chicago's long history of public [corruption](/source/Corruption) regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.[309] From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.[310] Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by the [U.S. Attorney](/source/US_Attorney)'s office, as legal [jurisdiction](/source/Jurisdiction) makes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.[311]

## Education

### Schools and libraries

[Chicago Public Schools](/source/Chicago_Public_Schools) (CPS) is the governing body of the [school district](/source/School_district) that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and [Advanced Placement](/source/Advanced_Placement) (AP) courses.[312] [Walter Payton College Prep High School](/source/Walter_Payton_College_Prep_High_School) is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.[313]

Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[314] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.[315] In September 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.[316] According to 2014 data, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of approximately 130 public high schools, sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).[317]

Chicago has a network of [Lutheran schools](/source/Lutheran_school),[318] and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the [Ida Crown Jewish Academy](/source/Ida_Crown_Jewish_Academy) in [West Ridge](/source/West_Ridge,_Chicago). The [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago) operates [Catholic schools](/source/Catholic_school), including [Jesuit preparatory schools](/source/List_of_Jesuit_secondary_schools_in_the_United_States#Illinois) and others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There is also the private [Chicago Academy for the Arts](/source/Chicago_Academy_for_the_Arts), a high school focused on six different artistic disciplines, and the public [Chicago High School for the Arts](/source/Chicago_High_School_for_the_Arts), a high school focused on five disciplines (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music).[319]

The [Chicago Public Library](/source/Chicago_Public_Library) system operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library.[320]

### Colleges and universities

Main article: [List of colleges and universities in Chicago](/source/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Chicago)

Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by *[U.S. News & World Report](/source/U.S._News_%26_World_Report)*.[321] Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; [Illinois Institute of Technology](/source/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology); [Loyola University Chicago](/source/Loyola_University_Chicago); [DePaul University](/source/DePaul_University); [Columbia College Chicago](/source/Columbia_College_Chicago) and the [University of Illinois Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_Chicago). Other notable schools include: [Chicago State University](/source/Chicago_State_University); the [School of the Art Institute of Chicago](/source/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago); [East–West University](/source/East%E2%80%93West_University); [National Louis University](/source/National_Louis_University); [North Park University](/source/North_Park_University); [Northeastern Illinois University](/source/Northeastern_Illinois_University); [Robert Morris University Illinois](/source/Robert_Morris_University_Illinois); [Roosevelt University](/source/Roosevelt_University); [Saint Xavier University](/source/Saint_Xavier_University); [Rush University](/source/Rush_University); and [Shimer College](/source/Shimer_College).[322]

[William Rainey Harper](/source/William_Rainey_Harper), the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the [junior college](/source/Junior_college) concept, establishing nearby [Joliet Junior College](/source/Joliet_Junior_College) as the first in the nation in 1901.[323] His legacy continues with the multiple [community colleges](/source/Community_college) in the Chicago proper, including the seven [City Colleges of Chicago](/source/City_Colleges_of_Chicago): [Richard J. Daley College](/source/Richard_J._Daley_College), [Kennedy–King College](/source/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College), [Malcolm X College](/source/Malcolm_X_College), [Olive–Harvey College](/source/Olive%E2%80%93Harvey_College), [Truman College](/source/Truman_College), [Harold Washington College](/source/Harold_Washington_College), and [Wilbur Wright College](/source/Wilbur_Wright_College), in addition to the privately held [MacCormac College](/source/MacCormac_College).[citation needed]

Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the [Adler School of Professional Psychology](/source/Adler_School_of_Professional_Psychology), [The Chicago School](/source/The_Chicago_School) the [Erikson Institute](/source/Erikson_Institute), [Institute for Clinical Social Work](/source/Institute_for_Clinical_Social_Work), [Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago](/source/Lutheran_School_of_Theology_at_Chicago), [Catholic Theological Union](/source/Catholic_Theological_Union), [Moody Bible Institute](/source/Moody_Bible_Institute), and [University of Chicago Divinity School](/source/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School).[citation needed]

## Media

Main article: [Media in Chicago](/source/Media_in_Chicago)

See also: [Chicago International Film Festival](/source/Chicago_International_Film_Festival)

### Television

The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.[324] Each of the big five [U.S. television networks](/source/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks), [NBC](/source/NBC), [ABC](/source/American_Broadcasting_Company), [CBS](/source/CBS), [Fox](/source/Fox_Broadcasting_Company) and [The CW](/source/The_CW), directly owns and operates a [high-definition television](/source/High-definition_television) station in Chicago ([WMAQ](/source/WMAQ-TV) 5, [WLS](/source/WLS-TV) 7, [WBBM](/source/WBBM-TV) 2, [WFLD](/source/WFLD) 32 and [WGN-TV](/source/WGN-TV) 9, respectively). WGN is owned by the CW through a majority stake held in the network by the [Nexstar Media Group](/source/Nexstar_Media_Group), which acquired it from its founding owner [Tribune Broadcasting](/source/Tribune_Broadcasting) in 2019. WGN was once carried, with some programming differences, as "[WGN America](/source/WGN_America)" on [cable and satellite TV](/source/Cable_television) nationwide and in parts of the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean). WGN America eventually became [NewsNation](/source/NewsNation) in 2021.

Chicago has been the home of several prominent talk shows, including *[The Oprah Winfrey Show](/source/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show)*, *[Steve Harvey Show](/source/Steve_Harvey_(talk_show))*, *[The Rosie Show](/source/The_Rosie_Show)*, *[The Jerry Springer Show](/source/The_Jerry_Springer_Show)*, *[The Phil Donahue Show](/source/The_Phil_Donahue_Show)*, *[The Jenny Jones Show](/source/The_Jenny_Jones_Show)*, and more. The city has one [PBS](/source/PBS) member station (its second: [WYCC](/source/WYCC) 20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017[325]): [WTTW](/source/WTTW) 11, producer of shows such as *[Sneak Previews](/source/Sneak_Previews)*, *[The Frugal Gourmet](/source/The_Frugal_Gourmet)*, *[Lamb Chop's Play-Along](/source/Lamb_Chop's_Play-Along)* and *[The McLaughlin Group](/source/The_McLaughlin_Group)*.

As of 2018, *[Windy City Live](/source/Windy_City_Live)* is Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner and [Ryan Chiaverini](/source/Ryan_Chiaverini) at ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999, *[Judge Mathis](/source/Judge_Mathis)* also films his syndicated arbitration-based reality [court show](/source/Court_show) at the [NBC Tower](/source/NBC_Tower). Beginning in January 2019, *[Newsy](/source/Newsy)* began producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.[citation needed]

#### Television stations

Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are:

- [WBBM-TV](/source/WBBM-TV) (2), owned and operated by [CBS](/source/CBS).
- [WMAQ-TV](/source/WMAQ-TV) (5), owned and operated by [NBC](/source/NBC).
- [WLS-TV](/source/WLS-TV) (7), owned and operated by [ABC](/source/American_Broadcasting_Company).
- [WGN-TV](/source/WGN-TV) (9), a [CW](/source/The_CW) station owned and operated by network majority owner [Nexstar Media Group](/source/Nexstar_Media_Group).
- [WTTW](/source/WTTW) (11), a [PBS](/source/PBS) member station owned by Window to the World Communications, Inc.
- [WCIU-TV](/source/WCIU-TV) (26), an independent station (with [MeTV](/source/MeTV) via low-powered [WWME-CD](/source/WWME-CD) on DT3) owned and operated by [Weigel Broadcasting](/source/Weigel_Broadcasting).
- [WFLD](/source/WFLD) (32), owned and operated by [Fox](/source/Fox_Broadcasting_Company).
- [WWTO-TV](/source/WWTO-TV) (35), owned and operated by TBN, licensed in [Naperville](/source/Naperville).
- [WCPX-TV](/source/WCPX-TV) (38), owned and operated by [Ion Television](/source/Ion_Television).
- [WSNS-TV](/source/WSNS-TV) (44), owned and operated by [Telemundo](/source/Telemundo).
- [WPWR-TV](/source/WPWR-TV) (50), owned and operated by [MyNetworkTV](/source/MyNetworkTV) ([Fox](/source/Fox_Broadcasting_Company)), licensed to [Gary, Indiana](/source/Gary,_Indiana).
- [WYIN](/source/WYIN) (56), a PBS member station owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., licensed in Gary, Indiana.
- [WTVK](/source/WTVK_(TV)) (59), an independent station owned by Venture Technologies Group, licensed in [Oswego, Illinois](/source/Oswego,_Illinois).
- [WXFT-DT](/source/WXFT-DT) (60), owned and operated by [Unimas](/source/Unimas).
- [WJYS](/source/WJYS) (62), an independent station owned by Millennial Telecommunications, Inc., licensed to [Hammond, Indiana](/source/Hammond,_Indiana).
- [WGBO-DT](/source/WGBO-DT) (66), owned and operated by [Univision](/source/Univision).

### Newspapers

Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the *[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)* and the *[Chicago Sun-Times](/source/Chicago_Sun-Times)*, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as *[Chicago](/source/Chicago_(magazine))*, the [*Dziennik Związkowy* (*Polish Daily News*)](/source/Dziennik_Zwi%C4%85zkowy_(Polish_Daily_News)), *[Draugas](/source/Draugas)* (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the *[Chicago Reader](/source/Chicago_Reader)*, the *[SouthtownStar](/source/SouthtownStar)*, the *[Chicago Defender](/source/Chicago_Defender)*, the *[Daily Herald](/source/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights))*, *[Newcity](/source/Newcity)*,[326][327] *[StreetWise](/source/StreetWise)* and the *[Windy City Times](/source/Windy_City_Times)*.

The entertainment and cultural magazine *[Time Out Chicago](/source/Time_Out_Chicago)* and [*GRAB*](/source/Grab_(magazine)) magazine are published in the city, as well as local music magazine *[Chicago Innerview](/source/Chicago_Innerview)*. Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet, *[The Onion](/source/The_Onion)*, and its sister pop-culture publication, *[The A.V. Club](/source/The_A.V._Club)*.[328]

### Movies and filming

See also: [List of movies set in Chicago](/source/List_of_fiction_set_in_Chicago#Films) and [List of television shows set in Chicago](/source/List_of_fiction_set_in_Chicago#Television_shows)

### Radio

Chicago has five [50,000 watt AM radio stations](/source/List_of_50_kW_AM_radio_stations_in_the_United_States): the [Audacy](/source/Audacy,_Inc.)-owned [WBBM](/source/WBBM_(AM)) and [WSCR](/source/WSCR); the [Tribune Broadcasting](/source/Tribune_Broadcasting)-owned [WGN](/source/WGN_(AM)); the [Cumulus Media](/source/Cumulus_Media)-owned [WLS](/source/WLS_(AM)); and the [ESPN Radio](/source/ESPN_Radio)-owned [WMVP](/source/WMVP). Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including *[Beyond the Beltway](/source/Beyond_the_Beltway)* with [Bruce DuMont](/source/Bruce_DuMont) on Sunday evenings.[citation needed]

[WBEZ](/source/WBEZ) produces nationally aired programs such as [PRI](/source/Public_Radio_International)'s *[This American Life](/source/This_American_Life)* and [NPR](/source/National_Public_Radio)'s *[Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!](/source/Wait_Wait...Don't_Tell_Me!)*.[329][330]

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

Main article: [Transportation in Chicago](/source/Transportation_in_Chicago)

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States and North America. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong) and [Singapore](/source/Singapore).[331]

The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[332]

#### Parking

Due to Chicago's [wheel tax](/source/Wheel_tax),[333] residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.[334] In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests.[335][336]

Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to its [public](/source/Commercial_area) street parking.[337] In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease its [parking meter](/source/Parking_meter) system to an operating company created by [Morgan Stanley](/source/Morgan_Stanley), called [Chicago Parking Meters LLC](/source/Chicago_Parking_Meters_LLC). Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy."[338]

The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue for [Chicago Parking Meters LLC](/source/Chicago_Parking_Meters_LLC) investors.[339]

#### Expressways

Main article: [Roads and expressways in Chicago](/source/Roads_and_expressways_in_Chicago)

Eight mainline and four auxiliary [interstate highways](/source/Interstate_Highway_System) ([41](/source/Interstate_41) (mostly in Wisconsin), [55](/source/Interstate_55_in_Illinois), [57](/source/Interstate_57), [65](/source/Interstate_65_in_Indiana) (only in Indiana), [80](/source/Interstate_80_in_Illinois) (also in [Indiana](/source/Interstate_80_in_Indiana)), [88](/source/Interstate_88_(west)), [90](/source/Interstate_90_in_Illinois) (also in [Indiana](/source/Indiana_Toll_Road)), [94](/source/Interstate_94_in_Illinois) (also in [Indiana](/source/Interstate_94_in_Indiana)), [190](/source/Interstate_190_(Illinois)), [290](/source/Interstate_290_(Illinois)), [294](/source/Interstate_294), and [355](/source/Interstate_355)) run through Chicago and its suburbs. [I-490](/source/Interstate_490_(Illinois)) is currently under construction on the west side of O'Hare Airport. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate [Adlai Stevenson](/source/Adlai_Stevenson_II).

The [Kennedy](/source/Kennedy_Expressway) and [Dan Ryan](/source/Dan_Ryan_Expressway) Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.[340]

#### Transit systems

The [Regional Transportation Authority](/source/Regional_Transportation_Authority_(Illinois)) (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.

- The [Chicago Transit Authority](/source/Chicago_Transit_Authority) (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a [rapid transit](/source/Rapid_transit) elevated and subway system known as the [Chicago "L"](/source/Chicago_%22L%22) (or just the "L") (short for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both [Midway](/source/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport) and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the [Red](/source/Red_Line_(CTA)), [Blue](/source/Blue_Line_(CTA)), [Green](/source/Green_Line_(CTA)), [Orange](/source/Orange_Line_(CTA)), [Brown](/source/Brown_Line_(CTA)), [Purple](/source/Purple_Line_(CTA)), [Pink](/source/Pink_Line_(CTA)), and [Yellow](/source/Yellow_Line_(CTA)) lines. The Red and Blue lines both offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of three in the United States, the other are New York City and Philadelphia) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
- [Metra](/source/Metra), the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line [commuter rail](/source/Commuter_rail) services out of four rail terminals in downtown Chicago. It connects the City with suburban Cook County and the five [collar counties](/source/Collar_counties) of [DuPage](/source/DuPage_County,_Illinois), [Kane](/source/Kane_County,_Illinois), [Lake](/source/Lake_County,_Illinois), [McHenry](/source/McHenry_County,_Illinois), and [Will](/source/Will_County,_Illinois). One line continues onto [Kenosha](/source/Kenosha,_Wisconsin), [Wisconsin](/source/Wisconsin).[341] Starting in 2027, there will be a [new inter-city service](/source/Rockford_Intercity_Passenger_Rail) to [Rockford, Illinois.](/source/Rockford,_Illinois)
- [Pace](/source/Pace_Suburban_Bus) provides bus and [paratransit](/source/Paratransit) service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the City as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.[342]

Beginning in June 2026, the RTA will be replaced by the Northern Illinois Transit Authority (NITA).[343]

The [Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District](/source/South_Shore_Line) (NICTD) operates the South Shore Line, which provides commuter rail service from [Millennium Station](/source/Millennium_Station) to [Northwest Indiana](/source/Northwest_Indiana). Since March 2026, it consists of two services: the [Lakeshore Corridor](/source/Lakeshore_Corridor) to [South Bend](/source/South_Bend_International_Airport_station) and the [Monon Corridor](/source/Monon_Corridor) to [Munster/Dyer](/source/Munster/Dyer_station).[344]

[Greyhound Lines](/source/Greyhound_Lines) provides inter-city bus service to and from the city at the [Chicago Bus Station](/source/Chicago_Bus_Station), and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of [Megabus](/source/Megabus_(North_America)).

#### Passenger rail

[Amtrak](/source/Amtrak) long distance and [inter-city rail](/source/Inter-city_rail) services originate from [Chicago Union Station](/source/Chicago_Union_Station).[345] Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.[346] The services terminate in [Port Huron](/source/Port_Huron,_Michigan), [St. Paul](/source/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota), the San Francisco Area, New York City, New Orleans, [Portland, Oregon](/source/Portland,_Oregon), [Seattle](/source/Seattle), [Miami](/source/Miami), [Milwaukee](/source/Milwaukee), [Carbondale](/source/Carbondale,_Illinois), [Quincy](/source/Quincy,_Illinois), Boston, [St. Louis](/source/St._Louis), [Kansas City](/source/Kansas_City,_Missouri), [Grand Rapids](/source/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan), [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles), [San Antonio](/source/San_Antonio), and [Pontiac, Michigan](/source/Pontiac,_Michigan). Future service will terminate at [Moline](/source/Moline,_Illinois).

Chicago has a total of four active rail terminals: [Chicago Union Station](/source/Chicago_Union_Station), [Ogilvie Transportation Center](/source/Ogilvie_Transportation_Center), [LaSalle Street Station](/source/LaSalle_Street_Station), and [Millennium Station](/source/Millennium_Station). Amtrak only serves Union Station, while Metra serves all four stations. The South Shore Line services uses Millennium Station as its Chicago terminal.[347]

#### Bicycle and scooter sharing systems

In July 2013, the [bicycle-sharing system](/source/Bicycle-sharing_system) [Divvy](/source/Divvy) was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations.[348] It is operated by [Lyft](/source/Lyft) for the [Chicago Department of Transportation](/source/Chicago_Department_of_Transportation).[349] As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding [Pullman](/source/Pullman,_Chicago), Rosedale, [Beverly](/source/Beverly,_Chicago), [Belmont Cragin](/source/Belmont_Cragin,_Chicago) and [Edison Park](/source/Edison_Park,_Chicago).[350]

In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.[351] The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leaders [Bird](/source/Bird_Global), [Jump](/source/Jump_(transportation_company)), [Lime](/source/Lime_(transportation_company)) and [Lyft](/source/Lyft).[352] Each company was allowed to bring 250 [electric scooters](/source/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters), although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.[353] The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.[354]

#### Freight rail

Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.[355] All five [Class I railroads](/source/Class_I_railroad) meet in Chicago. As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).[356] According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.[357] CREATE, the [Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program](/source/Chicago_Region_Environmental_and_Transportation_Efficiency_Program), comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.[358]

#### Airports

Further information: [Transportation in Chicago#Airports](/source/Transportation_in_Chicago#Airports)

Chicago is served by [O'Hare International Airport](/source/O'Hare_International_Airport), the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,[359] on the far Northwest Side, and [Midway International Airport](/source/Midway_International_Airport) on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.[360] O'Hare is major hub for [American Airlines](/source/American_Airlines) and [United Airlines](/source/United_Airlines). Midway is a major operating base for [Southwest Airlines](/source/Southwest_Airlines). Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.[361] The CTA's [Blue Line](/source/Blue_Line_(CTA)) provides direct rail access to O'Hare, while the [Orange Line](/source/Orange_Line_(CTA)) provides direct rail access to Midway.

[Gary/Chicago International Airport](/source/Gary/Chicago_International_Airport) and [Chicago Rockford International Airport](/source/Chicago_Rockford_International_Airport), located in [Gary, Indiana](/source/Gary,_Indiana) and [Rockford, Illinois](/source/Rockford,_Illinois), respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards [building an entirely new airport](/source/Proposed_Chicago_south_suburban_airport) in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.[362] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for [United Airlines](/source/United_Airlines), the world's third-largest airline.

#### Port authority

Main article: [Port of Chicago](/source/Port_of_Chicago)

The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers](/source/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers).[363]

- Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,400,000 sq ft) of storage.
- Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the [Grand Calumet River](/source/Grand_Calumet_River) and [Little Calumet River](/source/Little_Calumet_River) 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (310,000 sq ft) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
- Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along [Lake Calumet](/source/Lake_Calumet).
- The Illinois International Port district also operates [Foreign trade zone](/source/Foreign_trade_zones_of_the_United_States) No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.

### Utilities

Electricity for most of [northern Illinois](/source/Northern_Illinois) is provided by [Commonwealth Edison](/source/Commonwealth_Edison), also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders [Iroquois County](/source/Iroquois_County,_Illinois) to the south, the [Wisconsin](/source/Wisconsin) border to the north, the [Iowa](/source/Iowa) border to the west and the [Indiana](/source/Indiana) border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of [Exelon](/source/Exelon)) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently,[when?] the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.[364][365][366]

Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of [Integrys Energy Group](/source/Integrys_Energy_Group), which is headquartered in Chicago.

Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now [landfilled](/source/Landfill), mainly in the [Calumet area](/source/Lake_Calumet). From 1995 to 2008, the city had a [blue bag](/source/Blue_bag) program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.[367] Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.[368]

### Health systems

The [Illinois Medical District](/source/Illinois_Medical_District) is on the Near West Side. It includes [Rush University Medical Center](/source/Rush_University_Medical_Center), ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by *U.S. News & World Report* for 2014–16, the [University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago](/source/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Medicine), Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and [John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County](/source/John_H._Stroger_Jr._Hospital_of_Cook_County), one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.[369]

Two of the country's premier academic medical centers, [Northwestern Memorial Hospital](/source/Northwestern_Memorial_Hospital) and the [University of Chicago Medical Center](/source/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center), reside in Chicago. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the [Feinberg School of Medicine](/source/Feinberg_School_of_Medicine); Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which was ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by *U.S. News & World Report* for 2017–18;[370] the [Shirley Ryan AbilityLab](/source/Shirley_Ryan_AbilityLab) (formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which was ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by *U.S. News & World Report*;[371] the new [Prentice Women's Hospital](/source/List_of_Northwestern_University_buildings#Prentice_Women's_Hospital); and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.

The [University of Illinois College of Medicine](/source/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Medicine) at UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and [Urbana–Champaign](/source/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign)).[372]

In addition, the [Chicago Medical School](/source/Chicago_Medical_School) and Loyola University Chicago's [Stritch School of Medicine](/source/Stritch_School_of_Medicine) are located in the suburbs of [North Chicago](/source/North_Chicago,_Illinois) and [Maywood](/source/Maywood,_Illinois), respectively. The [Midwestern University](/source/Midwestern_University) Chicago College of [Osteopathic Medicine](/source/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States) is in [Downers Grove](/source/Downers_Grove,_Illinois).

The [American Medical Association](/source/American_Medical_Association), [Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education](/source/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education), [Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education](/source/Accreditation_Council_for_Continuing_Medical_Education), [American Osteopathic Association](/source/American_Osteopathic_Association), [American Dental Association](/source/American_Dental_Association), [Academy of General Dentistry](/source/Academy_of_General_Dentistry), [Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics](/source/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics), [American Association of Nurse Anesthetists](/source/American_Association_of_Nurse_Anesthetists), [American College of Surgeons](/source/American_College_of_Surgeons), [American Society for Clinical Pathology](/source/American_Society_for_Clinical_Pathology), [American College of Healthcare Executives](/source/American_College_of_Healthcare_Executives), the [American Hospital Association](/source/American_Hospital_Association), and [Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association](/source/Blue_Cross_and_Blue_Shield_Association) are all based in Chicago.

## Sister cities

- [Accra](/source/Accra), Ghana
- [Amman](/source/Amman), Jordan
- [Athens](/source/Athens), Greece
- [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade), Serbia
- [Birmingham](/source/Birmingham), England, United Kingdom
- [Bogotá](/source/Bogot%C3%A1), Colombia
- [Busan](/source/Busan), South Korea
- [Casablanca](/source/Casablanca), Morocco
- [Delhi](/source/Delhi), India
- [Durban](/source/Durban), South Africa
- [Galway](/source/Galway), Ireland
- [Gothenburg](/source/Gothenburg_Municipality), Sweden
- [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg), Germany
- [Kyiv](/source/Kyiv), Ukraine
- [Lahore](/source/Lahore), Pakistan
- [Lucerne](/source/Lucerne), Switzerland
- [Mexico City](/source/Mexico_City), Mexico
- [Milan](/source/Milan), Italy
- [Moscow](/source/Moscow), Russia (suspended)
- [Osaka](/source/Osaka), Japan
- [Paris](/source/Paris), France (friendship city)
- [Petah Tikva](/source/Petah_Tikva), Israel
- [Prague](/source/Prague), Czech Republic
- [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai), China
- [Shenyang](/source/Shenyang), China
- [Sydney](/source/Sydney), Australia (friendship city)
- [Toronto](/source/Toronto), Canada
- [Vilnius](/source/Vilnius), Lithuania
- [Warsaw](/source/Warsaw), Poland

[373]

## See also

- [Chicago area water quality](/source/Chicago_area_water_quality)
- [Chicago Wilderness](/source/Chicago_Wilderness)
- [Gentrification of Chicago](/source/Gentrification_of_Chicago)
- [Index of Illinois-related articles](/source/Index_of_Illinois-related_articles)
- [List of cities with the most skyscrapers](/source/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers)
- [National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Central_Chicago)
- [National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Side_Chicago)
- [National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Side_Chicago)
- [USS *Chicago*](/source/USS_Chicago), four ships

## Explanatory notes

1. /ʃᵻˈkɑːɡoʊ/ shih-KAH-goh, /ʃᵻˈkɔːɡoʊ/ shih-KAW-goh;[374] mia: *Shikaakwa*; oj: *Zhigaagong*[375]

1. From 15% sample

1. The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.

1. Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.

## References

### Citations

1. ["QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/POP010220). United States Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211007170437/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois/POP010220) October 7, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 19, 2021.

1. ["Demography: Chicago as a Modern World City"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html). Encyclopedia of Chicago. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221012204646/https://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html) October 12, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 4, 2022.

1. Cohen, Jennie (October 7, 2011). ["Urban Infernos Throughout History"](http://www.history.com/news/urban-infernos-throughout-history). History. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225065428/http://www.history.com/news/urban-infernos-throughout-history) February 25, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

1. ["Skyscrapers"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1149.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220318074246/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1149.html) March 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

1. Glancey, Jonathan (October 5, 2015). ["The city that changed architecture forever"](http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150930-chicago-birthplace-of-the-skyscraper). *BBC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200511131812/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150930-chicago-birthplace-of-the-skyscraper) May 11, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 30, 2018.

1. ["Economy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170212224011/http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/). *World Business Chicago*. Archived from [the original](http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/economy/) on February 12, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.

1. ["2017 Passenger Summary – Annual Traffic Data"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200529042253/https://aci.aero/data-centre/annual-traffic-data/passengers/2017-passenger-summary-annual-traffic-data/). *ACI World*. Archived from [the original](https://aci.aero/data-centre/annual-traffic-data/passengers/2017-passenger-summary-annual-traffic-data/) on May 29, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2019.

1. Rodriguez, Alex (January 26, 2014). "Chicago takes on the world". *Chicago Tribune*. Sec. 1 p. 15.

1. ["Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area | FRED | St. Louis Fed"](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397&t=msa&ob=t&od=asc). *fred.stlouisfed.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240207214503/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397&t=msa&ob=t&od=asc) February 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 November 2025.

1. Mercado, Melody (19 May 2025). ["Tourism In Chicago Bounced Back In 2024 With 55 Million Visitors, $20 Billion In Spending"](https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/19/tourism-in-chicago-bounced-back-in-2024-with-55-million-visitors-20-billion-in-spending/). *Block Club Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250519155325/https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/19/tourism-in-chicago-bounced-back-in-2024-with-55-million-visitors-20-billion-in-spending/) May 19, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

1. ["Chicago saw a boost in tourism last year. Will the pope be a blessing in 2025?"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/15/chicago-tourism-55-million-visitors/). *Chicago Tribune*. 15 May 2025. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250521194912/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/15/chicago-tourism-55-million-visitors/) May 21, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

1. Marovich, Robert M. (2015). *A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music*. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-252-08069-2.

1. Costa, David J. (2003). [*The Miami-Illinois Language*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qCyE8fR12HsC). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803215146. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250305030616/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCyE8fR12HsC) March 5, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 27, 2025.

1. Quaife, Milo M. (1933). [*Checagou: From Indian Wigwam to Modern City, 1673–1835*](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151734). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [OCLC 1865758](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1865758)

1. Swenson, John F. (Winter 1991). "Chicagoua/Chicago: The origin, meaning, and etymology of a place name". *Illinois Historical Journal*. **84** (4): 235–248. [ISSN 0748-8149](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0748-8149). [OCLC 25174749](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25174749)

1. Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). *Chicagoland: City and Suburbs in the Railroad Age*. The University of Chicago Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-226-42882-6. LCCN 2005002198.

1. Genzen (2007), pp. 10–11, 14–15.

1. Keating (2005), pp. 30–31, 221.

1. Swenson, John W (1999). ["Jean Baptiste Point de Sable—The Founder of Modern Chicago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050116080031/http://www.earlychicago.com/essays.php?essay=7). *Early Chicago*. Early Chicago, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.earlychicago.com/essays.php?essay=7) on January 16, 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2010.

1. Genzen (2007), pp. 16–17.

1. Buisseret (1990), pp. 22–23, 68, 80–81.

1. Keating (2005), pp. 30–32.

1. ["Timeline: Early Chicago History"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chicago-timeline/). *Chicago: City of the Century*. WGBH Educational Foundation And Window to the World Communications, Inc. 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102159/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/timeline/index.html) March 25, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 26, 2009.

1. ["Act of Incorporation for the City of Chicago, 1837"](http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11480.html). State of Illinois. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110307032921/http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11480.html) March 7, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 3, 2011.

1. Walter Nugent. "[Demography](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221012204646/https://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962.html) October 12, 2022 at the Wayback Machine" in *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society.

1. Keating (2005), p. 27.

1. Buisseret (1990), pp. 86–98.

1. Condit (1973), pp. 30–31.

1. Genzen (2007), pp. 24–25.

1. Keating (2005), pp. 26–29, 35–39.

1. Conzen, Michael P. ["Global Chicago"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/300132.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151112152124/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/300132.html) November 12, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 6, 2015.

1. ["Timeline-of-achievements"](http://www.cmegroup.com/company/history/timeline-of-achievements.html). [CME Group](/source/CME_Group). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120107030442/http://www.cmegroup.com/company/history/timeline-of-achievements.html) January 7, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 20, 2013.

1. ["Stephen Douglas"](https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/excat/douglas5.html). University of Chicago. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110609004224/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/excat/douglas5.html) June 9, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 29, 2011.

1. ["Chicago Daily Tribune, Thursday Morning, February 14"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140325060713/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1912/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14). nike-of-samothrace.net. Archived from [the original](http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1912/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14) on March 25, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. ["5 Bull Moose From a Bully Pulpit"](http://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/bull-moose-from-a-bully-pulpit). Austin Community College. August 22, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210227004439/http://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/bull-moose-from-a-bully-pulpit/) February 27, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 21, 2021.

1. Condit (1973), pp. 15–18, 243–245.

1. Genzen (2007), pp. 27–29, 38–43.

1. Buisseret (1990), pp. 154–155, 172–173, 204–205.

1. Buisseret (1990), pp. 148–149.

1. Genzen (2007), pp. 32–37.

1. Lowe (2000), pp. 87–97.

1. Lowe (2000), p. 99.

1. Bruegmann, Robert (2005). ["Built Environment of the Chicago Region"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/181.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210505235245/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/181.html) May 5, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 5, 2013.

1. Condit (1973), pp. 9–11.

1. Allen, Frederick E. (February 2003). ["Where They Went to See the Future"](http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2003/1/2003_1_68.shtml). *[American Heritage](/source/American_Heritage_(magazine))*. **54** (1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070220103637/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2003/1/2003_1_68.shtml) February 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 5, 2013.

1. Lowe (2000), pp. 121, 129.

1. Cain, Louis P. (2005). ["Annexations"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/53.html). *The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080919135149/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/53.html) September 19, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 14, 2015.

1. Vol. 6. pp. 118–125; see page 124; first para. Population.—Of the total population in 1900 not less than 34.6% were foreign-born; the number of persons either born abroad, or born in the United States of foreign parentage (i.e. father or both parents foreign), was 77.4% of the population, and in the total number of males of voting age the foreign-born predominated (53.4%).

1. ["Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) on August 12, 2012.

1. ["Hull House Maps Its Neighborhood"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410008.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130509185234/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410008.html) May 9, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2013.

1. Johnson, Mary Ann. ["Hull House"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130328134724/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html) March 28, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. Sandvick, Clinton (2009). "Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois: 1877–1890". *Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine*. **82** (2): 67–74. [PMC 2701151](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701151). [PMID 19562006](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562006)

1. Beatty, William K. (1991). "John H. Rauch – Public Health, Parks and Politics". *Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago*. **44**: 97–118.

1. Condit (1973), pp. 43–49, 58, 318–319.

1. United States. Office of the Commissioner of Railroads (1883). [*Report to the Secretary of the Interior*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GmfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 19. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122354/https://books.google.com/books?id=GmfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 8, 2020.

1. ["Chicago's Rich History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110610015848/http://www.choosechicago.com/attendees/about_chicago/Pages/chicago_history.aspx). Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau. Archived from [the original](http://www.choosechicago.com/attendees/about_chicago/Pages/chicago_history.aspx) on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.

1. Lowe (2000), pp. 148–154, 158–169.

1. ["The Chicago Municipal Device is the city symbol few Chicagoans know about"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/2026/02/11/chicago-municipal-symbol/). *Chicago Tribune*. 2026-02-11. Retrieved 2026-02-16.

1. ["Exhibits on the Midway Plaisance, 1893"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11421.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121029013143/http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11421.html) October 29, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. Harper, Douglas. ["midway"](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/midway). *Chicago Manual Style (CMS)*. Online Etymology Dictionary. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220151/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/midway) June 16, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. Martin, Elizabeth Anne (1993). ["Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php). *Bentley Historical Library Bulletin*. **40**. University of Michigan. Archived from [the original](https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php) on June 15, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2013.

1. Darlene Clark Hine (2005). ["Chicago Black Renaissance"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/240.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221017083203/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/240.html) October 17, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

1. Essig, Steven (2005). ["Race Riots"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210623041337/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html) June 23, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

1. ["Gang (crime) – History"](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang). Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090416115239/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang) April 16, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 1, 2009.

1. O'Brien, John. ["The St. Valentine's Day Massacre"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021619/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story) May 10, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. Robbins, Mark W. (2017). ["5. Rent War! Middle-Class Tenant Organizing"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.9343785). *Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America*. University of Michigan Press. [doi:10.3998/mpub.9343785](https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9343785). ISBN 978-0-472-13033-7. [JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.9343785](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998%2Fmpub.9343785). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240404195206/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.9343785) April 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 4, 2024.

1. ["U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-us-lists-rent-war-flat/156947272/). *Chicago Tribune*. March 24, 1921. p. 3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241203000340/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-us-lists-rent-war-flat/156947272/) December 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2024. – via [Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)

1. ["Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/belleville-daily-advocate-rent-hog-gets/156947338/). *Belleville Daily Advocate*. March 30, 1921. p. 1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250428163308/https://www.newspapers.com/article/belleville-daily-advocate-rent-hog-gets/156947338/) April 28, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2024. – via [Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)

1. ["Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/115494379/). *Chicago Tribune*. December 28, 1921. p. 7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241201005314/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/115494379/) December 1, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2024. – via [Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)

1. ["Fine Landlord $25 In Test Case On New Heat Law"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-fine-landlord-25-in-tes/156947510/). *Chicago Tribune*. December 7, 1922. p. 3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250311211222/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-fine-landlord-25-in-tes/156947510/) March 11, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2024. – via [Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)

1. ["Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance - RentConfident, Chicago IL"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034732/https://blog.rentconfident.com/2823/progress-by-degrees-a-history-of-the-chicago-heat-ordinance/). *The RentConfident Blog*. April 30, 2021. Archived from [the original](https://blog.rentconfident.com/2823/progress-by-degrees-a-history-of-the-chicago-heat-ordinance/) on April 30, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2024.

1. ["Timeline: Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-inn-through-years/). PBS. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130522061316/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/stonewall/) May 22, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. ["Great Depression"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/542.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago History Museum. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180411165807/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/542.html) April 11, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

1. ["Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933–1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home"](http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_cop.php?CISOROOT=/uic_cop). Collections.carli.illinois.edu. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172313/http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_uic_cop.php?CISOROOT=/uic_cop) July 18, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 3, 2011.

1. Robert W. Rydell. ["Century of Progress Exposition"](http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago Historical Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110514034330/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html) May 14, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 3, 2011.

1. ["Chicago's Long and Extraordinary Labor History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231116060238/https://ibew.org/ibew40thconvention/DailyArticles/2205/220427_Labor-History). *ibew.org*. Archived from [the original](https://ibew.org/ibew40thconvention/DailyArticles/2205/220427_Labor-History) on November 16, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

1. ["World War II"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1384.html). *Encyclopedia of Chicago*. Chicago History Museum. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180328181817/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1384.html) March 28, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 27, 2018.

1. ["CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)"](http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml). *Argonne National Laboratory*. U.S. Department of Energy. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190508171228/https://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/early-reactors.shtml) May 8, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. Szymczak, Patricia (June 18, 1989). ["O'Hare suburbs under fire"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-18-8902100436-story.html). *[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220720015834/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-18-8902100436-story.html) July 20, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 20, 2022.

1. Steffes, Tracey L (2015). ["Managing School Integration and White Flight: The Debate over Chicago's Future in the 1960s"](https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566970). *Journal of Urban History*. **42** (4). [doi:10.1177/0096144214566970](https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566970). [ISSN 0096-1442](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-1442). [S2CID 147531740](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147531740). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112327/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144214566970) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

1. Mehlhorn, Dmitri (December 1998). "A Requiem for Blockbusting: Law, Economics, and Race-Based Real Estate Speculation". *Fordham Law Review*. **67**: 1145–1161.

1. Lentz, Richard (1990). *Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King*. LSU Press. p. 230. ISBN 0-8071-2524-5.

1. Mailer, Norman. ["Brief History Of Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention"](http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml). *Facts on File, CQ's Guide to U.S. Elections*. CNN. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220318074348/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml) March 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 5, 2013.

1. Cillizza, Chris (September 23, 2009). ["The Fix – Hall of Fame – The Case for Richard J. Daley"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130201063930/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-the-case-for-rich.html). *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)*. Archived from [the original](http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-the-case-for-rich.html) on February 1, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.

1. Dold, R. Bruce (February 27, 1979). ["Jane Byrne elected mayor of Chicago"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-byrne-story,0,7583194.story). *[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140715034553/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-byrne-story,0,7583194.story) July 15, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2020.

1. Rivlin, Gary & Larry Bennett (November 25, 2012). ["The legend of Harold Washington"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/11/25/the-legend-of-harold-washington/). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130510035458/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-11-25/news/ct-oped-1125-washington-20121125_1_harold-washington-first-african-american-mayor-economic-development) May 10, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. ["Chicago and the Legacy of the Daley Dynasty"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100911050717/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2016992,00.html). *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*. September 9, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2016992,00.html) on September 11, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. ["National Building Museum to honor Daley for greening of Chicago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130510023109/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/04/national-building-museum-to-honor-daley-and-chicago-for-the-greening-of-chicago-.html). *Chicago Tribune*. April 8, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/04/national-building-museum-to-honor-daley-and-chicago-for-the-greening-of-chicago-.html) on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.

1. ["1992 Loop Flood Brings Chaos, Billions In Losses"](http://cbs2chicago.com/vault/local_story_104140940.html). CBS2 Chicago. April 14, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231222/http://cbs2chicago.com/vault/local_story_104140940.html) September 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 11, 2008.

1. ["News: Rahm Emanuel wins Chicago mayoral race"](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41715205). NBC News. February 23, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200601010954/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41715205) June 1, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 3, 2011.

1. Tareen, Sophia & Burnett, Sarah (April 7, 2015). ["Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel wins 2nd term in runoff victory"](https://www.businessinsider.com/chicago-mayor-rahm-emanuel-wins-2nd-term-in-runoff-victory-2015-4). *Business Insider*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190403015441/https://www.businessinsider.com/chicago-mayor-rahm-emanuel-wins-2nd-term-in-runoff-victory-2015-4) April 3, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 3, 2019.

1. Bosman, Julie; Smith, Mitch; Davey, Monica (April 2, 2019). ["Lori Lightfoot Is Elected Chicago Mayor, Becoming First Black Woman to Lead City"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/chicago-election-results.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/us/chicago-election-results.html) January 1, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 3, 2019.

1. Perez, Juan Jr. ["With Mayor Lori Lightfoot's inauguration, 3 women of color now hold top citywide offices: 'Chicago was ready for this'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190713152154/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/with-mayor-lori-lightfoots-inauguration-3-women-of-color-now-hold-top-citywide-offices-chicago-was-ready-for-this/ar-AABDWHV). *Chicago Tribune*. MSN. Archived from [the original](https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/with-mayor-lori-lightfoots-inauguration-3-women-of-color-now-hold-top-citywide-offices-chicago-was-ready-for-this/ar-AABDWHV) on July 13, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.

1. ["Inauguration Day: Brandon Johnson sworn in as Chicago's 57th mayor"](https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/live-updates/inauguration-day-mayor-brandon-johnson-chicago/). *CBS News*. May 15, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250915000218/https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/live-updates/inauguration-day-mayor-brandon-johnson-chicago/) September 15, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 3, 2025.

1. Condit (1973), pp. 5–6.

1. Genzen (2007), pp. 6–9.

1. Angel, Jim. ["State Climatologist Office for Illinois"](http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/general/chicago-climate-narrative.htm). *Illinois State Water Survey*. [Prairie Research Institute](/source/Prairie_Research_Institute). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130724032003/http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/General/chicago-climate-narrative.htm) July 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 4, 2013.

1. ["Thompson's Plat of 1830"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070423202023/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11175.html). Chicago Historical Society. 2004. Archived from [the original](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11175.html) on April 23, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2011.

1. ["The Elevation of Chicago: A Statistical Mystery"](https://www.chipublib.org/blogs/post/the-elevation-of-chicago-a-statistical-mystery/). *Chicago Public Library*. September 29, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220609092728/https://www.chipublib.org/blogs/post/the-elevation-of-chicago-a-statistical-mystery/) June 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 22, 2018.

1. ["Chicago Facts"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213300/https://www.neiu.edu/~jmhemzac/courses/docs/ofs2005-09%20small2.pdf). *[Northeastern Illinois University](/source/Northeastern_Illinois_University)*. p. 46. Archived from [the original](http://www.neiu.edu/~jmhemzac/courses/docs/ofs2005-09%20small2.pdf) on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.

1. Fulton, Jeff. ["Public Beaches in Chicago"](http://traveltips.usatoday.com/public-beaches-chicago-53741.html). *[USA Today](/source/USA_Today)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054140/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/public-beaches-chicago-53741.html) March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 28, 2013.

1. ["Chicago Tribune Classifieds map of Chicagoland"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/communities/). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220713090859/https://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/communities/) July 13, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. ["Chicagoland Region"](http://www.enjoyillinois.com/topSpots/region.aspx?area=chicagoland). *EnjoyIllinois.com*. Illinois Department of Tourism. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110928043624/http://www.enjoyillinois.com/topSpots/region.aspx?area=chicagoland) September 28, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 14, 2009.

1. ["Fast Facts About The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce"](http://www.chicagolandchamber.org/sub/fast_facts.asp). Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090209003914/http://www.chicagolandchamber.org/sub/fast_facts.asp) February 9, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 6, 2014.

1. ["South Side"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1177.html). Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. August 1, 1971. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032129/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1177.html) October 17, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 10, 2013.

1. ["Municipal Flag of Chicago"](http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/symbols/flag.php). Chicago Public Library. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130615003832/http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/symbols/flag.php) June 15, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 22, 2013.

1. ["Lakeview (Chicago, Illinois)"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/us/illinois/cook-county/chicago/lakeview-(chicago-illinois)-PLGEO100100501254600.topic). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130928071057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/us/illinois/cook-county/chicago/lakeview-(chicago-illinois)-PLGEO100100501254600.topic) September 28, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 25, 2013.

1. ["CPS Teacher Housing: Chicago Communities"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130321030228/http://teacherhousing.cps.k12.il.us/communities.aspx). [Chicago Public Schools](/source/Chicago_Public_Schools). Archived from [the original](http://teacherhousing.cps.k12.il.us/communities.aspx) on March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2013.

1. ["List of Chicago Neighborhoods – Chicago"](http://www.streetadvisor.com/chicago-cook-county-illinois/questions/list-of-chicago-neighborhoods). StreetAdvisor. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110730092727/http://www.streetadvisor.com/chicago-cook-county-illinois/questions/list-of-chicago-neighborhoods) July 30, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 10, 2013.

1. ["Chicago's Neighborhoods"](https://chicagostudies.uchicago.edu/neighborhoods). University of Chicago. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210906182304/https://chicagostudies.uchicago.edu/neighborhoods) 6 Sep 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 March 2026.

1. ["Gulp! How Chicago Gobbled Its Neighbors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160115150008/http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/gulp-how-chicago-gobbled-its-neighbors-109583). Archived from [the original](http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/gulp-how-chicago-gobbled-its-neighbors-109583) on January 15, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

1. Condit (1973), pp. 31, 52–53.

1. ["Chicago neighborhoods on Walk Score"](https://www.walkscore.com/IL/Chicago). *walkscore.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240713155443/https://www.walkscore.com/IL/Chicago) July 13, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 16, 2024.

1. Rodolphe El-Khoury & Edward Robbins (June 19, 2004). [*Shaping the City: Studies in History, Theory and Urban Design*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbv-zU6M9WIC&pg=PA60). Taylor & Francis. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-0-415-26189-0. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112336/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbv-zU6M9WIC&pg=PA60) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 9, 2013.

1. Lopez, Russell (2012). ["Nineteenth-Century Reform Movements"](https://books.google.com/books?id=zbjFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41). *Building American Public Health: Urban Planning, Architecture, & the Quest for Better Health in the United States*. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-137-00243-3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112348/https://books.google.com/books?id=zbjFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 19, 2019.

1. ["The Home Insurance Building"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140917212325/http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/3168/The-Home-Insurance-Building.php). *Chicago Architecture Info*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/3168/The-Home-Insurance-Building.php) on September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

1. [World's Tallest Cities](http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_017.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070308161625/http://www.ultrapolisproject.com/ultrapolis_017.htm) March 8, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. *UltrapolisProject.com*.

1. ["Skyscraper Center - Tallest Buildings"](https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings). *Vertical Urbanism*. VerticalUrbanism.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171018184522/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings) October 18, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 December 2025.

1. Bach (1980), p. [9](https://archive.org/details/chicagosfamousbu00cond/page/n60).

1. Lowe (2000), pp. 118–127.

1. Pridmore, Jay (2003). *The Merchandise Mart*. Pomegranate Communications. ISBN 0-7649-2497-4. LCCN 2003051164.

1. Bach (1980), pp. 70, 99–100, 146–147.

1. Condit, Carl W. (1998). *The Chicago School of Architecture*. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11455-4.

1. Hoffmann, Donald (1984). *Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House: The Illustrated Story of an Architectural Masterpiece*. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 19–25. ISBN 0-486-24582-9.

1. ["Frederick C. Robie House"](http://www.flwright.org/researchexplore/robiehouse). Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140910224118/http://flwright.org/researchexplore/robiehouse) September 10, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

1. ["Chicago Architecture Foundation River Cruise Aboard Chicago's First Lady Cruises"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180619205552/https://www.architecture.org/experience-caf/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/). *Chicago Architecture Foundation – CAF*. Archived from [the original](https://www.architecture.org/experience-caf/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/) on June 19, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.

1. ["The Public Art Scene You're Missing in Chicago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131016194149/http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/chicago/2013/10/street-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1). Conde Nast Traveler. October 1, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/chicago/2013/10/street-art-tour-murals-hyde-park-university-chicago-illinois_slideshow_item0_1) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.

1. ["Crown Fountain in Millennium Park"](https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/chicago_s_publicartcrownfountaininmillenniumpark.html). *chicago.gov*. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

1. ["Clarence F. Buckingham Memorial Fountain | Chicago Park District"](https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/clarence-f-buckingham-memorial-fountain). *www.chicagoparkdistrict.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231021195052/https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/clarence-f-buckingham-memorial-fountain/) October 21, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

1. ["Climate of Chicago – Illinois State Climatologist"](https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/climate-of-illinois/climate-of-chicago/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165100/https://stateclimatologist.web.illinois.edu/climate-of-illinois/climate-of-chicago/) March 24, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1. Mölders, Nicole & Kramm, Gerhard (July 5, 2014). [*Lectures in Meteorology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nWr1AwAAQBAJ&q=hot-summer+humid+continental+climate+CHICAGO&pg=PA521). Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-02144-7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112337/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWr1AwAAQBAJ&q=hot-summer+humid+continental+climate+CHICAGO&pg=PA521) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 9, 2020.

1. ["Chicago, Illinois Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"](http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=3527&cityname=Chicago,+Illinois,+United+States+of+America). *Weatherbase*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043008/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=3527&cityname=Chicago,+Illinois,+United+States+of+America) May 19, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 24, 2020.

1. [Photos: The blizzard of 2011](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/chi-110201-monster-snowstorm-2011-pictures-photogallery.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190422210415/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/chi-110201-monster-snowstorm-2011-pictures-photogallery.html) April 22, 2019 at the Wayback Machine *Chicago Tribune*

1. [Extreme cold in Midwest will finally begin to ease grasp](https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/31/weather/winter-weather-thursday-wxc/index.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190131210531/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/31/weather/winter-weather-thursday-wxc/index.html) January 31, 2019 at the Wayback Machine [CNN](/source/CNN), Holly Yan and Madeline Holcombe, January 31, 2019

1. [At 23 below, Wednesday marked Chicago's 4th coldest temperature recorded](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-met-viz-chicago-record-coldest-days-htmlstory.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190423013906/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-met-viz-chicago-record-coldest-days-htmlstory.html) April 23, 2019 at the Wayback Machine *Chicago Tribune*, Jonathon Berlin and Kori Rumore, January 31, 2019

1. [University of Iowa student dies during polar vortex; 7 other deaths linked to wintry blast](https://www.foxnews.com/us/university-of-iowa-student-dies-during-polar-vortex-7-other-deaths-linked-to-wintry-blast) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190131172237/https://www.foxnews.com/us/university-of-iowa-student-dies-during-polar-vortex-7-other-deaths-linked-to-wintry-blast) January 31, 2019 at the Wayback Machine [Fox News](/source/Fox_News), Stephen Sorace, January 31, 2019

1. [Weather History: When Does Chicago Typically See Its Final Snow of the Season?](https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/weather-history-when-does-chicago-typically-see-its-final-snow-of-the-season/2804459/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230313144928/https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/weather-history-when-does-chicago-typically-see-its-final-snow-of-the-season/2804459/) March 13, 2023 at the Wayback Machine NBC, April 11, 2022

1. NOAA

1. ["USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"](https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/). USDA/Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/) February 27, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 16, 2014.

1. [Chicago's Official Records](http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=chi_records) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121028054101/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=chi_records) October 28, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. National Weather Service. Retrieved November 25, 2012.

1. Chicago Top 20 of 20th century

1. ["A Study of Chicago's Significant Tornadoes"](http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=Sigchitorn). *[National Weather Service](/source/National_Weather_Service)*. [NOAA](/source/NOAA). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160039/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=Sigchitorn) November 5, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 10, 2013.

1. ["One of the worst tornado outbreaks for northern IL with three F4s devastates Belvidere, Lake Zurich, & Oak Lawn, IL"](https://www.weather.gov/lot/1967_April_Tornadoes). [National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois](/source/National_Weather_Service_Chicago,_Illinois). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250531192846/https://www.weather.gov/lot/1967_April_Tornadoes) May 31, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 April 2025.

1. ["Significant Tornadoes in the Chicago Metropolitan Area"](https://www.weather.gov/media/lot/severe/chitorlist.pdf). [National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois](/source/National_Weather_Service_Chicago,_Illinois). October 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200725040951/https://www.weather.gov/media/lot/severe/chitorlist.pdf) July 25, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 14, 2025.

1. ["Heat Island Effect"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081101090214/http://epa.gov/heatisland/pilot/archives/Chicago.pdf). Archived from [the original](http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/pilot/archives/Chicago.pdf) on November 1, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

1. ["World distribution of major climatic types"](https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification/World-distribution-of-major-climatic-types). *Encyclopedia Britannica*. Online ed. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250414142323/https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification/World-distribution-of-major-climatic-types) April 14, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2025.

1. Millison, Andrew (August 2019). ["Climate Classification Systems"](https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-classification-systems/). Oregon State University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221202234032/https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-classification-systems/) December 2, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2025.

1. Skilling, Tom. ["Ask Tom: Does Chicago Get Lake-Effect Snow?"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-wea-asktom-0307-20180306-column.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180307034058/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-wea-asktom-0307-20180306-column.html) March 7, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 6, 2018.

1. ["Chicago, Illinois, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"](https://www.weather-us.com/en/illinois-usa/chicago-climate). Weather Atlas. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190415040947/https://www.weather-us.com/en/illinois-usa/chicago-climate) April 15, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 7, 2019.

1. ["Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050920013856/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm). Geography.about.com. Archived from [the original](http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm) on September 20, 2005. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. ["Chicago Growth 1850–1990: Maps by Dennis McClendon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116040104/http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/chimaps/mcclendon.html). University Illinois Chicago. Archived from [the original](http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/chimaps/mcclendon.html) on 16 Jan 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2007.

1. Lizabeth Cohen, *Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939*. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990; pp. 33–34.

1. ["Russians"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1104.html). *encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220318074704/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1104.html) March 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 6, 2022.

1. ["Armenians"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/69.html). *www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251201212024/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/69.html) December 1, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-12-01.

1. ["Bosnians"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/157.html). *encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230319201618/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/157.html) March 19, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 2, 2023.

1. Giles, Sharon (2023). ["Uptown Girl"](https://www.amazon.com/CAN-YOU-TOO-Inspirations-award-winning/dp/B0C522W4Z5). *If we can do it, you can, too!*. Sha, Mandy & Lee, Cassandra (eds.). Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. pp. 44–46. ISBN 9798379235413. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241202195934/https://www.amazon.com/CAN-YOU-TOO-Inspirations-award-winning/dp/B0C522W4Z5) December 2, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 21, 2023.

1. Reddy, Gayatri (November 2, 2021). ["Winthrop Family and Black Resilience on the North Side of Chicago"](https://www.chicagoreporter.com/winthrop-family-and-black-resilience-on-the-north-side-of-chicago/). *The Chicago Reporter*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231221031120/https://www.chicagoreporter.com/winthrop-family-and-black-resilience-on-the-north-side-of-chicago/) December 21, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 20, 2023.

1. ["Fact Sheet: Black Population Loss in Chicago"](https://greatcities.uic.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Black-Population-Loss-in-Chicago.pdf). Great Cities Institute University of Illinois at Chicago. July 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240313105510/https://greatcities.uic.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Black-Population-Loss-in-Chicago.pdf) March 13, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 3, 2024.

1. Loury, Alden (June 13, 2023). ["Chicago areas with steep Black population decline see more violence and job loss"](https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-black-population-decline-crime-job-loss/6d880f62-ba00-4b44-9e0a-57c50fc4f51d). *WBEZ Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230920/https://www.wbez.org/stories/chicago-black-population-decline-crime-job-loss/6d880f62-ba00-4b44-9e0a-57c50fc4f51d) April 16, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

1. ["As the Black population continues to drop in Chicago and Illinois, few regret their move: 'I have peace'"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/2021/11/22/as-the-black-population-continues-to-drop-in-chicago-and-illinois-few-regret-their-move-i-have-peace/). *[Chicago Tribune](/source/Chicago_Tribune)*. November 22, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240227083812/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2021/11/22/as-the-black-population-continues-to-drop-in-chicago-and-illinois-few-regret-their-move-i-have-peace/) February 27, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

1. Schamisso, Ben (February 7, 2022). ["Chicago is Seeing an Exodus of Black Americans"](https://scrippsnews.com/stories/chicago-is-seeing-an-exodus-of-black-americans/). *Scripps News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240225192152/https://scrippsnews.com/stories/chicago-is-seeing-an-exodus-of-black-americans/) February 25, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 3, 2024.

1. ["Chicago's Immigrants Break Old Patterns"](https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chicagos-immigrants-break-old-patterns). September 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231116212227/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chicagos-immigrants-break-old-patterns) November 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2023.

1. ["Metropolitan Chicago Jewish Population Study (MCJPS) Interactive Mapping Tool"](https://2020populationstudy.juf.org/Metro_Chicago.html). *[Jewish United Fund](/source/Jewish_United_Fund)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000020/https://2020populationstudy.juf.org/Metro_Chicago.html) December 30, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 29, 2023.

1. Marshall Ingwerson (April 13, 1984). ["It's official: Los Angeles ousts Chicago as No. 2 city"](https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0413/041337.html). *The Christian Science Monitor*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235400/https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0413/041337.html) August 16, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 28, 2017.

1. ["U.S. Census website"](https://www.census.gov/). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/) July 9, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 1, 2014.

1. ["Comparative Demographic Estimates – 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Chicago"](https://www.census.gov/). U.S. Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/) July 9, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 20, 2019.

1. Armentrout, Mitchell (September 14, 2017). ["Census: Hispanics surpass blacks as Chicago's 2nd-largest racial group"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170929215921/https://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/census-hispanics-surpass-blacks-as-chicagos-2nd-largest-racial-group/). *Chicago Sun-Times*. Archived from [the original](http://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/census-hispanics-surpass-blacks-as-chicagos-2nd-largest-racial-group/) on September 29, 2017.

1. Ross, Jeremy (September 15, 2017). ["Hispanic Population Surges In Chicago, New Census Data Shows"](http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2017/09/15/hispanic-population-surges-in-chicago/). CBS News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220304055916/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2017/09/15/hispanic-population-surges-in-chicago/) March 4, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["Illinois – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.

1. ["2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)"](https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=9700000US3408220&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P4). US Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220712094355/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=9700000US3408220&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P4) July 12, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

1. ["Chicago (city), Illinois"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141231062823/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000.html). *State & County QuickFacts*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000.html) on December 31, 2014.

1. ["Explore Census Data"](https://data.census.gov/table?q=Chicago+city,+Illinois&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1). *data.census.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405175656/https://data.census.gov/table?q=Chicago+city,+Illinois&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1) April 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2023.

1. ["Explore Census Data"](https://data.census.gov/table?q=P2&g=160XX00US1714000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2). *data.census.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230405175656/https://data.census.gov/table?q=P2&g=160XX00US1714000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2) April 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2023.

1. ["Chapter 2–173 Welcoming City Ordinance"](https://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Office%20of%20New%20Americans/PDFs/WelcomeCityOrdinance.pdf). *Municipal Code of Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050847/https://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Office%20of%20New%20Americans/PDFs/WelcomeCityOrdinance.pdf) February 2, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 25, 2017.

1. ["Grid View: Table B19326 - Census Reporter"](https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B19326&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000). *censusreporter.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240629054152/https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B19326&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000) June 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

1. ["Census profile: Chicago, IL"](http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1714000-chicago-il/). *Census Reporter*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240629054152/http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1714000-chicago-il/) June 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

1. ["These are the cities with the most ultra-rich people"](http://www.chicagobusiness.com/finance-banking/these-are-cities-most-ultra-rich-people). *Crain's Chicago Business*. September 6, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220611141809/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/finance-banking/these-are-cities-most-ultra-rich-people) June 11, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 10, 2018.

1. ["Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter"](https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000#valueType%7Cestimate). *censusreporter.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240629054152/https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000#valueType%7Cestimate) June 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

1. ["Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter"](https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000). *censusreporter.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240629054152/https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000) June 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

1. ["Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter"](https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02018&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000). *censusreporter.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240629054152/https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02018&geo_ids=16000US1714000&primary_geo_id=16000US1714000) June 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

1. ["San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage."](http://www.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt-percentage.aspx). *gallup.com*. March 20, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022104058/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt-percentage.aspx) October 22, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 15, 2016.

1. ["The Metro Areas With the Largest, and Smallest, Gay Populations"](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html). *The New York Times*. March 21, 2015. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html) January 1, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Leonor Vivanco (April 18, 2016). ["Same-sex marriage licenses could hit 10,000 in Cook County this summer"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-same-sex-marriage-licenses-cook-county-20160418-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220609085107/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-same-sex-marriage-licenses-cook-county-20160418-story.html) June 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2020.

1. Shields, Nick (August 31, 2016). ["10,000th same-sex couple issued marriage license in Cook County"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111023/http://cookcountyclerk.com/newsroom/newsfromclerk/Pages/10,000thsame-sexcoupleissuedmarriagelicenseinCookCounty.aspx) (Press release). *Cook County Clerk*. Archived from [the original](http://www.cookcountyclerk.com/newsroom/newsfromclerk%5CPages/10,000thsame-sexcoupleissuedmarriagelicenseinCookCounty.aspx) on December 13, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017.

1. Francis, Meredith (2019-06-26). ["The Chicagoan Who Founded the Earliest Gay Rights Group in America"](https://www.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/26/henry-gerber). *WTTW Chicago*. Retrieved 2026-04-16.

1. Padgett, Donald (2023-11-01). ["These are the 15 most LGBTQ-friendly cities in the U.S. | Advocate.com"](https://www.advocate.com/news/gay-friendly-cities). *www.advocate.com*. Retrieved 2026-04-16.

1. ["LGBTQ Chicago: Northalsted -"](https://chicagopride.gopride.com/boystown.cfm). *ChicagoPride.com*. Retrieved 2026-04-16.

1. [https://chicagopride.gopride.com/andersonville.cfm](https://chicagopride.gopride.com/andersonville.cfm)

1. [Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles](http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210609103107/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/) June 9, 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center

1. ["Religious Landscape Study"](https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/chicago-metro-area/). [Pew Research Center](/source/Pew_Research_Center). May 11, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220326020605/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/chicago-metro-area/) March 26, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

1. ["Table 6 Fifteen Largest PC(USA) Congregations Based on Membership Size, 2014"](http://www.presbyterianmission.org/wp-content/uploads/Comparative_Statistics_2014-for-PCUSA.pdf#page=11) (PDF). Research Services, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160801154345/https://www.presbyterianmission.org/wp-content/uploads/Comparative_Statistics_2014-for-PCUSA.pdf) August 1, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 8, 2017.

1. Baum, Wilhelm & Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). [*The Church of the East: A Concise History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ). London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 978-1-134-43019-2. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112352/https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2020.

1. Avant, Gerry (September 11, 1993). ["Parliament of World's Religions"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xj5TAAAAIBAJ&pg=5129,4279121). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220611141937/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xj5TAAAAIBAJ&pg=5129%2C4279121) June 11, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

1. Watts, Greg (2009). [*Mother Teresa: Faith in the Darkness*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqWTRO3CU4C&pg=PA67). Lion Books. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-7459-5283-3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112829/https://books.google.com/books?id=5pqWTRO3CU4C&pg=PA67) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 16, 2015.

1. Davis, Robert (October 5, 1979). ["Pope John Paul II in Chicago"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-pope-story,0,3834966.story). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140708052326/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-pope-story,0,3834966.story) July 8, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2013.

1. FitzPatrick, Lauren (2025-05-03). ["From Chicago's south suburbs to helping choose the next pope"](https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/03/robert-prevost-pope-francis-conclave-catholic-church-dolton-saint-mary-assumption-parish). *Chicago Sun-Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250508173008/https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/03/robert-prevost-pope-francis-conclave-catholic-church-dolton-saint-mary-assumption-parish) May 8, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-05-08.

1. ["Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2016"](https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/gdp_metro_newsrelease.htm). *bea.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180111210606/https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/gdp_metro_newsrelease.htm) January 11, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2018.

1. ["Moody's: Chicago's Economy Most Balanced in US (January 23, 2003)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20031129081651/http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/about/upload/20ChicagoSunTimes6-23-03.pdf). Archived from [the original](http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/about/upload/20ChicagoSunTimes6-23-03.pdf) on November 29, 2003.. Accessed from *World Business Chicago*.

1. ["Washington area richest, most educated in US: report"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800133.html). *The Washington Post*. June 8, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171222034437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800133.html) December 22, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

1. ["The ten largest US central business districts | Modern Cities"](https://www.moderncities.com/article/2018-jan-the-ten-largest-us-central-business-districts). *moderncities.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211333/https://www.moderncities.com/article/2018-jan-the-ten-largest-us-central-business-districts) July 27, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 1, 2020.

1. ["JPMorgan History | The History of Our Firm"](http://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history.htm). Jpmorganchase.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100117003703/http://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history.htm) January 17, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 6, 2010.

1. ["Chicago Area Employment — February 2018"](https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/areaemployment_chicago.htm). *bls.gov/regions/midwest*. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112723/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/areaemployment_chicago.htm) September 22, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2018.

1. ["FORTUNE 500 2007: States – Illinois"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070908020234/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/IL.html). CNNMoney.com. Archived from [the original](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/IL.html) on September 8, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.

1. ["The World According to GaWC 2008"](http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html). *Globalization and World Cities Research Network*. GaWC Loughborough University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110826010640/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html) August 26, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 29, 2009.

1. ["Dow 30 Companies"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130424101006/http://money.cnn.com/data/dow30/). CNNMoney. Archived from [the original](https://money.cnn.com/data/dow30/) on April 24, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2019.

1. ["Chicago Named Nation's Top Metro Area for Corporate Relocation For the Sixth Straight Year"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190721185936/http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/chicago-named-nations-top-metro-area-for-corporate-relocation-for-the-sixth-straight-year/). *World Business Chicago*. March 25, 2019. Archived from [the original](http://www.worldbusinesschicago.com/chicago-named-nations-top-metro-area-for-corporate-relocation-for-the-sixth-straight-year/) on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.

1. Dylan Sharkey (October 17, 2022). ["Chicago's Fortune 500 headquarters are shrinking"](https://www.illinoispolicy.org/chicagos-fortune-500-headquarters-are-shrinking/). Illinois Policy. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221115231134/https://www.illinoispolicy.org/chicagos-fortune-500-headquarters-are-shrinking/) November 15, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 9, 2022. Chicago has lost three Fortune 500 headquarters in 2022.

1. Poinski. ["Why Chicago is the nation's capital of food and beverage manufacturing"](https://www.fooddive.com/news/why-chicago-is-the-nations-capital-of-food-and-beverage-manufacturing/560943/). *Food Dive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240804081521/https://www.fooddive.com/news/why-chicago-is-the-nations-capital-of-food-and-beverage-manufacturing/560943/) August 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. ["75 Companies in Chicago Pushing the City to New Heights 2024 | Built In Chicago"](https://www.builtinchicago.org/articles/largest-companies-in-chicago-tech). *Built In*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241012213419/https://www.builtinchicago.org/articles/largest-companies-in-chicago-tech) October 12, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. Norcliffe 2001, p. 107

1. Clymer 1950, p. 178

1. ["Retrieved January 26, 2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100315090242/http://www.exhibitorhost.com/US_Largest_Convention_Centers.html). Exhibitorhost.com. September 26, 1987. Archived from [the original](http://www.exhibitorhost.com/US_Largest_Convention_Centers.html) on March 15, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

1. Carpenter, Dave (April 26, 2006). ["Las Vegas rules convention world"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190427054312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2006-04-26-convention-cities_x.htm). *[USA Today](/source/USA_Today)*. [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). Archived from [the original](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2006-04-26-convention-cities_x.htm) on April 27, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2014.

1. ["Minimum Wage"](https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/minimumwageinformation.html#:~:text=As%20of%20July%201%2C%202020,with%2021%20or%20more%20workers.). *chicago.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200724030007/https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/minimumwageinformation.html#:~:text=As%20of%20July%201%2C%202020,with%2021%20or%20more%20workers.) July 24, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 24, 2020.

1. Elejalde-Ruiz, Alexia. ["Chicago City Council raises minimum wage to $15 by 2021, but restaurant servers still will get lower tipped wage"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-minimum-wage-approved-20191126-esp6g6do6nhzjfl7i7yphbfmrm-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191127023209/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-minimum-wage-approved-20191126-esp6g6do6nhzjfl7i7yphbfmrm-story.html) November 27, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 1, 2020.

1. ["Chicago Demographics"](http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doit/general/GIS/Chicago_Maps/Census_Maps/Population_Total.pdf). *City of Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173623/http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doit/general/GIS/Chicago_Maps/Census_Maps/Population_Total.pdf) October 14, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 21, 2013.

1. Zeldes, Leah A. (August 27, 2009). ["Opaa! Chicago Taste of Greece flies this weekend"](http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524005447/http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/08/27/chicago-taste-of-greece-flies-this-weekend/). *Dining Chicago*. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/08/27/chicago-taste-of-greece-flies-this-weekend/) on May 24, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2013.

1. ["Ethnic Dining in Chicago"](http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020445.html). *[Frommers](/source/Frommers)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170701000940/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/chicago/0006020445.html) July 1, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 14, 2013.

1. Kim, Joanne (November 6, 2015). ["How River North changed from the city's industrial center to a booming art district"](https://www.timeout.com/chicago/blog/how-river-north-changed-from-the-citys-industrial-center-to-a-booming-art-district-110615). [Time Out](/source/Time_Out_(magazine)). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250331135829/https://www.timeout.com/chicago/blog/how-river-north-changed-from-the-citys-industrial-center-to-a-booming-art-district-110615) March 31, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 31, 2025.

1. ["How Chicago's Pride Parade Grew from a Small March to a Big Event"](https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/28/chicago-pride-parade). *WTTW Chicago*. June 28, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220609093009/https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2019/06/28/chicago-pride-parade) June 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 9, 2019.

1. Peregrin, Tony (April 25, 2012). ["Instagreeter Program Launches in Boystown"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/ct-redeye-xpm-2012-04-25-31356727-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172429/https://www.chicagotribune.com/redeye/ct-redeye-xpm-2012-04-25-31356727-story.html) April 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 1, 2019.

1. Armentrout, Mitchell (7 March 2026). ["Obama Presidential Center's opening date set for Juneteenth"](https://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago/2026/03/07/obama-presidential-center-opening-juneteenth-chicago). *Chicago Sun-Times*. Retrieved 4 May 2026.

1. ["The World University Rankings"](http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/institution/university-of-chicago). *[Times Higher Education](/source/Times_Higher_Education)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150529203500/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/institution/university-of-chicago) May 29, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 2, 2013.

1. Luna, Nancy. ["Inside McDonald's new headquarters in Chicago"](https://www.nrn.com/quick-service/inside-mcdonald-s-new-headquarters-in-chicago). *www.nrn.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250328102246/https://www.nrn.com/quick-service/inside-mcdonald-s-new-headquarters-in-chicago) March 28, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-03-19.

1. Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology". Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds). *[A Handbook of Varieties of English](https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine*. Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 297.

1. Huizenga, Tom (November 21, 2008). ["Chicago Symphony Tops U.S. Orchestras"](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390). NPR. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211028111319/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97291390) October 28, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 31, 2008.

1. ["Lyric Opera House history"](https://www.lyricopera.org/about/history/lyric-opera-house-history/). *lyricopera.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231102034922/https://www.lyricopera.org/about/history/lyric-opera-house-history/) November 2, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

1. ["About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20051221183321/http://lithoperachicago.org/index.html). Lithuanian Opera Co. Archived from [the original](http://www.lithoperachicago.org/) on December 21, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2006.

1. ["Lollapalooza | History & Facts"](https://www.britannica.com/art/Lollapalooza). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221013002415/https://www.britannica.com/art/Lollapalooza) October 13, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 13, 2022.

1. Lawrence Rothfield; Don Coursey; Sarah Lee; Daniel Silver; Wendy Norri (November 21, 2007). ["Chicago Music City: A Summary Report on the Music Industry in Chicago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116022404/http://74.220.219.62/~natkinne/chicago-music.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/chicagomusiccity_summary1.pdf). *The Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago*. Archived from [the original](http://74.220.219.62/~natkinne/chicago-music.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/chicagomusiccity_summary1.pdf) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2012.

1. June Skinner Sawyers (2012). *Chicago Portraits New Edition*. Northwestern University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8101-2649-7.

1. ["2014 Chicago Tourism Profile"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160116012209/http://www.choosechicago.com/includes/content/docs/media/Chicago-Visitation-Annual-2014-6.20.15-.pdf). Choose Chicago. 2015. Archived from [the original](http://www.choosechicago.com/includes/content/docs/media/Chicago-Visitation-Annual-2014-6.20.15-.pdf) on January 16, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

1. ["2017 City and Neighborhood Rankings"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170131231927/https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/). Walk Score. 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/) on January 31, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2019.

1. ["Inventions from the World's Columbian Exposition"](https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/inventions-from-the-world-s-columbian-exposition.htm). National Park Service. August 16, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2026.

1. ["Skydeck Chicago at Willis Tower"](https://theskydeck.com/). *Skydeck Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221121203121/https://theskydeck.com/) November 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 21, 2022.

1. Glusac, Elaine (February 27, 2018). ["14 Best Museums in Chicago"](https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-chicago). *Condé Nast Traveler*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241226133051/https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-chicago) December 26, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. Glusac, Elaine (February 27, 2018). ["14 Best Museums in Chicago"](https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-chicago). *Condé Nast Traveler*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241226133051/https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/best-museums-in-chicago) December 26, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. Messner, Matthew (December 29, 2017). ["Chicago's DuSable Museum of African American History converts a horse stable into a powerful space"](https://www.archpaper.com/2017/12/chicagos-dusable-museum-roundhouse/). *The Architect's Newspaper*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240623035727/https://www.archpaper.com/2017/12/chicagos-dusable-museum-roundhouse/) June 23, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. ["Museum of Science and Industry changing name after $125M gift from Ken Griffin"](https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2019/10/3/20896953/museum-of-science-industry-changing-name-125-million-gift-ken-griffin). *Chicago Sun-Times*. October 3, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241203065248/https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2019/10/3/20896953/museum-of-science-industry-changing-name-125-million-gift-ken-griffin) December 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. Bendersky, Ari (May 8, 2012). ["Chicago's Deep Dish History: It All Started With Uno's"](http://chicago.eater.com/archives/2012/05/08/chicagos-deep-dish-history-the-beginning.php). *Eater.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120722101232/http://chicago.eater.com/archives/2012/05/08/chicagos-deep-dish-history-the-beginning.php) July 22, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 27, 2013.

1. Fischer, MD, Stuart J. ["Chicago: Landmarks, Pizza, Politics, and Jazz"](http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp). *American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130402141408/http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2013/AAOS16_3_20.asp) April 2, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 27, 2013.

1. Gemignani, Tony. (2014). *The pizza bible : the world's favorite pizza styles, from Neapolitan, deep-dish, wood-fired, Sicilian, calzones and focaccia to New York, New Haven, Detroit, and more*. First ed. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. ISBN 978-1-60774-605-8. [OCLC 879642419](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879642419)

1. ["Classic Chicago Hot Dog"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030415193753/http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0%2C1977%2CFOOD_9936_8208%2C00.html). *Emril Lagasse*. 1999. Archived from [the original](http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_8208,00.html) on April 15, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2007.

1. ["Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080815101621/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26). Archived from [the original](http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?erube_fh=wttw&wttw.submit.CPRecipieDetail=1&wttw.RecipieID=26) on August 15, 2008.

1. Gibson, Kelly & Portia Belloc Lowndes (2008). [*The Slow Food guide to Chicago: Restaurants, markets, bars*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238). Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-931498-61-6. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg1wcViP7vgC&q=Chicago%20%22hot%20dog%22%20ketchup&pg=PA238) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 18, 2010. no self-respecting Chicagoan would think of using ketchup as a condiment ...

1. Fodor's (2009). [*Fodor's Chicago 2010*](https://archive.org/details/fodorschicago20100fodo). Fodor's. p. [352](https://archive.org/details/fodorschicago20100fodo/page/n353). ISBN 978-1-4000-0860-5. Retrieved February 18, 2010. Make sure to never add ketchup to your Chicago-style hot dog: a major no-no among hot dog aficionados.

1. Zeldes, Leah A. (January 22, 2010). ["City of the big sandwiches: Four uncommon Chicago meals on a bun"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175141/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/). *Dining Chicago*. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/01/22/city-of-the-big-sandwiches-four-uncommon-chicago-meals-on-a-bun/) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010.

1. Sula, Mike (December 26, 1996). ["Omnivorous: On the Trail of the Delta Tamale"](http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080515/). *Chicago Reader*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090505235318/http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080515/) May 5, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 3, 2011.

1. ["History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20020608155056/http://theparthenon.com/history.htm). The Parthenon. Archived from [the original](http://www.theparthenon.com/history.htm) on June 8, 2002. Retrieved May 30, 2011.

1. Zeldes, Leah A (September 30, 2002). ["How to Eat Like a Chicagoan"](http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13). *Chicago's Restaurant Guide*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20021001023605/http://www.chicagorestaurant.com/show_article.php?aID=13) October 1, 2002 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 30, 2002.

1. ["Don't forget South Side barbecue in Chicago as Texas-style ascends"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-chicago-style-barbecue-texas-qs-tips-and-links-20220926-bc6dwbv6nzhp3pkm367pmn63ca-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. September 26, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230725031156/https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-chicago-style-barbecue-texas-qs-tips-and-links-20220926-bc6dwbv6nzhp3pkm367pmn63ca-story.html) July 25, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 27, 2023.

1. Raymond, Marcella (June 22, 2019). ["Weekend festival celebrates food trucks in Chicago"](https://wgntv.com/news/trending/weekend-festival-celebrates-food-trucks-in-chicago). *Chicago's Very Own WGN 9*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210621061542/https://wgntv.com/news/trending/weekend-festival-celebrates-food-trucks-in-chicago/) June 21, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 14, 2021.

1. ["Robb Report Editors Name Chicago As Country's Finest Dining Destination"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140107032639/http://robbreport.com.sg/News-and-Press/Robb-Report-Editors-Name-Chicago-As-Countrys-Finest-Dining-Destination). *[Robb Report](/source/Robb_Report)*. Archived from [the original](http://robbreport.com.sg/News-and-Press/Robb-Report-Editors-Name-Chicago-As-Countrys-Finest-Dining-Destination) on January 7, 2014.

1. ["Fiction"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html). *chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220118043823/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html) January 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

1. ["Fiction"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html). *chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220118043823/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/448.html) January 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

1. ["Literary Cultures"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/755.html). *chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221011210402/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/755.html) October 11, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

1. ["Literary Images of Chicago"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1390.html). *chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221008200636/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1390.html) October 8, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

1. ["Chicago Literary Renaissance"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html). *chicagohistory.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220921183952/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html) September 21, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

1. Goodyear, Dana, ["The Moneyed Muse: What can two hundred million dollars do for poetry?"](https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140630105939/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/02/19/070219fa_fact_goodyear) June 30, 2014 at the Wayback Machine, article, *[The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)*, February 19 and 26 double issue, 2007

1. Diggory, Terence (April 22, 2015). [*Encyclopedia of the New York School Poets*](https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271). Infobase Learning. ISBN 978-1-4381-4066-7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112921/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpxbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT271) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

1. Rodriguez, Luis (January 4, 2011). [*Hearts and Hands: Creating Community in Violent Times*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255). Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-057-4. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112835/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRG1XpKfemwC&pg=PA255) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

1. ["When will the White Sox and Cubs meet in the World Series? Sooner than you think"](https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/20157170/a-chicago-cubs-white-sox-world-series-sooner-think). ESPN. July 26, 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231116060245/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/20157170/a-chicago-cubs-white-sox-world-series-sooner-think) November 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

1. Santo, Ron & Pepe, Phil (April 1, 2005). ["Preface by Phil Pepe"](https://archive.org/details/fewchosen00rons/page/). *Few and Chosen Cubs: Defining Cubs Greatness Across the Eras*. Chicago, IL: Triumph Books. p. [xxi](https://archive.org/details/fewchosen00rons/page/). ISBN 978-1-57243-710-4.

1. ["MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia"](https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/). *Baseball-Reference.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180516091149/https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/) May 16, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

1. Cahill, Dan (December 22, 2015). ["Bulls are second-most popular U.S. team on Facebook"](http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/bulls-are-second-most-popular-u-s-team-on-facebook-gallery/). *[Chicago Sun-Times](/source/Chicago_Sun-Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816195431/http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/bulls-are-second-most-popular-u-s-team-on-facebook-gallery/) August 16, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 21, 2016.

1. Martin, Clare. ["The Bulls Dynasty"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131209024614/http://www.nba.com/history/bulls_dynasty.html). [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association). Archived from [the original](http://www.nba.com/history/bulls_dynasty.html) on December 9, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.

1. Markovits, Andrei S. & Rensmann, Lars (2010). [*Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&pg=PA89). Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-691-13751-3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112830/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&pg=PA89) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 9, 2020.

1. ["Frequently Asked Questions | United Center"](https://www.unitedcenter.com/venue/frequently-asked-questions/). *www.unitedcenter.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231116060246/https://www.unitedcenter.com/venue/frequently-asked-questions/) November 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

1. ["World Cup 2014 countdown: Diana Ross and the opening ceremony of USA"](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/world-cup-2014-countdown-diana-ross-and-the-opening-ceremony-of-usa-94-9169002.html). *The Independent*. March 4, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231209231350/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/world-cup-2014-countdown-diana-ross-and-the-opening-ceremony-of-usa-94-9169002.html) December 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 22, 2024.

1. ["Gvozdenovic still has hoop dreams"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-gvozdenovic-still-has-ho/156947659/). *Chicago Tribune*. October 7, 2005. pp. 4–12. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090414/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-gvozdenovic-still-has-ho/156947659/) November 30, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2024. – via [Newspapers.com](/source/Newspapers.com)

1. ["World Marathon Majors"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061020023826/http://www.chicagomarathon.com/pdf/World%20Marathon%20Majors.pdf). The LaSalle Bank Marathon. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagomarathon.com/pdf/World%20Marathon%20Majors.pdf) on October 20, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2007.

1. ["NCAA Members By Division"](https://archive.today/20130415102306/http://web1.ncaa.org/onlineDir/exec2/divisionListing?sortOrder=0&division=1). *[NCAA](/source/NCAA)*. Archived from [the original](http://web1.ncaa.org/onlineDir/exec2/divisionListing?sortOrder=0&division=1) on April 15, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013.

1. ["OpTic Chicago officially confirmed for CDL 2021"](https://www.charlieintel.com/call-of-duty-league/optic-chicago-officially-confirmed-for-cdl-2021-64483/). *Charlie INTEL*. November 11, 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240909141514/https://www.charlieintel.com/call-of-duty-league/optic-chicago-officially-confirmed-for-cdl-2021-64483/) September 9, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

1. ["History"](http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/about-us/history/). Chicago Park District. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161219142505/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/about-us/history/) December 19, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

1. ["City Park Facts Report"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160920120721/http://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/files_upload/2014_CityParkFacts.pdf). [The Trust for Public Land](/source/The_Trust_for_Public_Land). February 2014. p. 30. Archived from [the original](http://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/files_upload/2014_CityParkFacts.pdf) on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2014.

1. ["Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" map](http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Historic_Preservation/Publications/ParkBlvdsHD_NR_map_14July2011.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150928161117/http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Historic_Preservation/Publications/ParkBlvdsHD_NR_map_14July2011.pdf) September 28, 2015 at the Wayback Machine, City of Chicago. Retrieved March 31, 2016.

1. ["Biking the Boulevards with Geoffrey Baer"](http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=74,3). WTTW. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160322071810/http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=74%2C3) March 22, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 31, 2016.

1. Bledstein, Burton J. ["Chicago's Park & Boulevard System"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612212814/http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/hist/hull-maxwell/vicinity/nws1/urban_slum/maps/IndMaps-Docs/1880parks.pdf). University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from [the original](http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/hist/hull-maxwell/vicinity/nws1/urban_slum/maps/IndMaps-Docs/1880parks.pdf) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2016.

1. ["Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District"](https://tclf.org/landscapes/chicago-park-boulevard-system-historic-district) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160322070826/http://tclf.org/landscapes/chicago-park-boulevard-system-historic-district) March 22, 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved March 31, 2016.

1. ["Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 02/01/2019 Through 2/7/2019"](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2019-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf). National Park Service. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044359/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-20190208.htm) February 10, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 17, 2019.

1. ["National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190218202015/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/803178.pdf). *gis.hpa.state.il.us*. November 9, 2018. Archived from [the original](http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/803178.pdf) on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.

1. ["Harbors"](http://www.chicagoharbors.info/slip-information/). *Chicago Park District*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160606111045/http://www.chicagoharbors.info/slip-information/) June 6, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 9, 2013.

1. ["Forest Preserve District of Cook County"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120505022445/http://library.uic.edu/collections/fpdcc). *University of Illinois at Chicago*. Archived from [the original](http://library.uic.edu/collections/fpdcc) on May 5, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2013.

1. ["Affiliates"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120308144514/http://fpdcc.com/about/affiliates/). *[Forest Preserve District of Cook County](/source/Forest_Preserve_District_of_Cook_County)*. Archived from [the original](http://fpdcc.com/about/affiliates/) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2013.

1. National Park Service (2004). ["National Register of Historic Places"](https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000871). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230509121638/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/04000871) May 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 24, 2023.

1. ["City Council, Your Ward & Alderperson"](https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/about/council.html). *chicago.gov*. Retrieved December 10, 2023.

1. ["Chicago Government"](http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/chicagogovt.html). *City of Chicago*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181111074509/https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/chicagogovt.html) November 11, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 13, 2013.

1. ["Dave's Redistricting"](https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::8a4586ad-4c58-489b-828c-4477cfd0ce88). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230228051204/https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::8a4586ad-4c58-489b-828c-4477cfd0ce88) February 28, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

1. Schneirov (1998), pp. 173–174.

1. Montejano (1999), pp. 33–34.

1. ["7 big ideas for making Illinois more (small-d) democratic – CHANGE Illinois"](https://www.changeil.org/2022/03/7-big-ideas-for-making-illinois-more-small-d-democratic/). March 28, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220816041513/https://www.changeil.org/2022/03/7-big-ideas-for-making-illinois-more-small-d-democratic/) August 16, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 18, 2022.

1. Blakley, Derrick (July 27, 2016). ["With Michelle Obama In Town, Speculation About Future For Their Home"](http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2016/07/27/with-michelle-obama-in-town-speculation-about-future-for-their-home/). *cbslocal.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160730175417/http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2016/07/27/with-michelle-obama-in-town-speculation-about-future-for-their-home/) July 30, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 30, 2016.

1. ["2021 Year End Summary Crime Statistics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220715025318/https://home.chicagopolice.org/statistics-data/crime-statistics/). Chicago Police Department. Archived from [the original](https://home.chicagopolice.org/statistics-data/crime-statistics/) on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

1. ["Chicago Police Annual Report 1967"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041413/https://portal.chicagopolice.org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/News/Statistical%20Reports/Annual%20Reports/1967_AR.pdf) (PDF). Chicago Police Department. Archived from [the original](https://portal.chicagopolice.org/portal/page/portal/ClearPath/News/Statistical) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2015.

1. ["Chicago Police Annual Report 2017"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181203184344/https://home.chicagopolice.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017-Annual-Report.pdf). *chicagopolice.org*. Chicago Police Department. p. 68. Archived from [the original](https://home.chicagopolice.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017-Annual-Report.pdf) on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.

1. Monkovic, Toni & Asher, Jeff (June 16, 2021). ["Why People Misperceive Crime Trends (Chicago Is Not the Murder Capital)"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/upshot/murder-crime-trends-chicago.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN 0362-4331](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230425160403/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/upshot/murder-crime-trends-chicago.html) April 25, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

1. Fieldstadt, Elisha (February 23, 2022). ["Highest murder rates in the U.S. - The most deadly cities"](https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/murder-map-deadliest-u-s-cities/). CBS News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211107070825/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/murder-map-deadliest-u-s-cities/) November 7, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

1. Moser, Whet (August 14, 2012). ["Gawker Glosses Chicago's Murder Problem"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085301/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-312/August-2012/Gawker-Glosses-Chicagos-Murder-Problem/). *Chicago*. '***(August 2012). Chicago Tribune Media Group. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-312/August-2012/Gawker-Glosses-Chicagos-Murder-Problem/) on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.***

1. Christensen, Jen (March 14, 2014). ["Tackling Chicago's 'crime gap'"](http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/13/us/chicago-crime-gap/). CNN. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140827235801/http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/13/us/chicago-crime-gap/) August 27, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 28, 2014.

1. ["Chicago Gang Violence: By The Numbers"](https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/fullpage/chicago-gang-violence-numbers-17509042). *ABC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090102/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/fullpage/chicago-gang-violence-numbers-17509042) December 22, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 17, 2015.

1. ["Chicago Most Gang-Infested City in U.S., Officials Say"](http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-crime-commision-gang-book-138174334.html). NBC Chicago. January 26, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160102151110/http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-crime-commision-gang-book-138174334.html) January 2, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 17, 2015.

1. Lippert, John; Cattan, Nacha; Parker, Mario (September 17, 2013). ["Heroin Pushed on Chicago by Cartel Fueling Gang Murders"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-17/heroin-pushed-on-chicago-by-cartel-fueling-gang-murders.html). Bloomberg News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131006065328/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-17/heroin-pushed-on-chicago-by-cartel-fueling-gang-murders.html) October 6, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

1. ["Probing Ties Between Mexican Cartel And Chicago's Violence"](https://www.npr.org/2013/09/17/223309103/probing-ties-between-mexican-drug-cartel-and-chicagos-violence). *Morning Edition*. NPR. September 17, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131014124759/http://www.npr.org/2013/09/17/223309103/probing-ties-between-mexican-drug-cartel-and-chicagos-violence) October 14, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

1. Hinz, Greg & Corfman, Thomas. ["Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419142049/http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#rate). *Crain's Chicago Business*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#rate) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

1. Hinz, Greg & Corfman, Thomas. ["Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419142049/http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#murder). *Crain's Chicago Business*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagobusiness.com/section/measuring-rahm-emanuel#murder) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

1. ["Chicago's 'hall of shame'"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2012-02-24-ct-met-aldermen-convicted-0224-20120224-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. February 24, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200621051228/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2012-02-24-ct-met-aldermen-convicted-0224-20120224-story.html) June 21, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 20, 2020.

1. Austin Berg (November 16, 2015). ["More than half of Chicago aldermen took illegal campaign cash in 2013 | City Limits"](http://www.chicagonow.com/city-limits/2015/11/more-than-half-of-chicago-aldermen-took-illegal-campaign-cash-in-2013/). *Chicagonow.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170527150531/http://www.chicagonow.com/city-limits/2015/11/more-than-half-of-chicago-aldermen-took-illegal-campaign-cash-in-2013/) May 27, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 17, 2015.

1. ["Northern District of Illinois – Department of Justice"](https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil). November 13, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230614164719/https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil) June 14, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

1. ["Chicago Public Schools : Selective enrollment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100827013715/http://www.cps.edu/Schools/High_schools/Pages/Selectiveenrollment.aspx). Chicago Public Schools. Archived from [the original](http://www.cps.edu/Schools/High_schools/Pages/Selectiveenrollment.aspx) on August 27, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.

1. ["These Are the Best High Schools in Illinois"](https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/search?state-urlname=illinois). *usnews.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180628233843/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/search?state-urlname=illinois) June 28, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["Top 100 Chicago-area high schools"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101101050631/http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/2846182%2Cchicago-area-high-school-rank.article). *Chicago Sun-Times*. Archived from [the original](http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/2846182,chicago-area-high-school-rank.article) on November 1, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.

1. ["At-a-glance: Stats and Facts"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200730153238/https://www.cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx). Chicago Public Schools. September 17, 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

1. ["Chicago teachers on strike"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120916033301/http://www.timeoutchicagokids.com/guides-resources/178436/chicago-teachers-on-strike). Time Out Chicago Kids. Archived from [the original](http://timeoutchicagokids.com/guides-resources/178436/chicago-teachers-on-strike) on September 16, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.

1. Lutton, Linda & Metzger, Brendan (July 16, 2014). ["The Big Sort"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113818/http://www.wbez.org/news/big-sort-110502). [WBEZ](/source/WBEZ). Archived from [the original](http://www.wbez.org/news/big-sort-110502) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

1. Pogorzelski & Maloof 2008, p. 58

1. ["Chicago High School for the Arts"](http://www.chiarts.org/). *chiarts.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160926191506/http://chiarts.org/) September 26, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 26, 2016.

1. ["Chicago Public Library"](https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/cpl.html). *chicago.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113333/https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/cpl.html) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 23, 2022.

1. ["2024 Best Colleges in Illinois"](https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/il). *[U.S. News & World Report](/source/U.S._News_%26_World_Report)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130831183814/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/il) August 31, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 4, 2023.

1. ["Chicago, Illinois Colleges and Universities"](http://www.free-4u.com/Colleges/Chicago-IL-Colleges.html). Free-4u.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161016001739/http://www.free-4u.com/Colleges/Chicago-IL-Colleges.html) October 16, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 8, 2017.

1. ["History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090801202244/http://www.jjc.edu/ABOUT/Pages/default.aspx). Joliet Junior College. 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.jjc.edu/about/pages/default.aspx) on August 1, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.

1. ["Nielsen Media 2009–2010 Local Market Estimates"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080828033056/http://tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi). *Nielsen Media Research*. Broadcast Employment Services. September 27, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.tvjobs.com/cgi-bin/markets/market2.cgi) on August 28, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2010.

1. ["Window to The World Communications presents WYCC MHz Worldview beginning April 23, 2018 | WTTW Chicago"](https://interactive.wttw.com/faq-wycc-broadcast-mhz-worldview). *Window To The World Communications*. WTTW. April 23, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013115/https://interactive.wttw.com/faq-wycc-broadcast-mhz-worldview) March 30, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 29, 2019.

1. Hollingsworth, Chauncey (May 10, 1995). ["Shakey Ground: Arts Magazines Find Chicago's Landscape Still Hostile To New Ventures"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/1995/05/10/shakey-ground/). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101204032520/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-05-10/features/9505110049_1_chicago-magazine-asa-baber-art-department) December 4, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 31, 2010. A vast expanse of the local cultural landscape lay unexplored between the realm of free arts weeklies like NewCity and the Reader and commercial ventures like Chicago magazine ... NewCity wasn't quite as sophisticated two years ago as it is now.

1. ["Chicago Daily News II: This Time It's Digital"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101206042433/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/technology_internetcritic/2005/12/chicagos_newest.html). *Chicago Tribune*. December 9, 2005. Archived from [the original](http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/technology_internetcritic/2005/12/chicagos_newest.html) on December 6, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010. The competition ... Newcity are in the digital space, ...

1. ["The Onion celebrates controversial Chicago move with banjo playing, steak tartare"](http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120801/BLOGS08/120809965/the-onion-celebrates-controversial-chicago-move-with-banjo-playing-steak-tartare). *[Crain's Chicago Business](/source/Crain's_Chicago_Business)*. August 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113339/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120801/BLOGS08/120809965/chicago-welcomes-the-onion-staff-to-the-city-at-paris-club-bash) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

1. ["Wait Wait…Don’t Tell Me! Tickets"](https://www.wbez.org/pages/wait-wait-dont-tell-me-tickets). *WBEZ*. Retrieved 2026-05-02.

1. ["Ira Glass now owns all of ‘This American Life’"](http://www.robertfeder.com/2015/07/09/ira-glass-gains-sole-ownership-of-this-american-life/). *Robert Feder*. 2015-07-09. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170305092348/http://www.robertfeder.com/2015/07/09/ira-glass-gains-sole-ownership-of-this-american-life/) 2017-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-05-02.

1. Madigan (2004), p. 52.

1. ["Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511162014/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html). *Governing*. December 9, 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html) on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

1. ["Chicago Wheel Tax Administrative Rules"](https://chicityclerk.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Signed%20Admin%20Rules%20with%20No%20Fee%20Veteran%20Update%201-27-2021.pdf). City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk. January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2024.

1. ["Vehicle Stickers"](https://ezbuy.chicityclerk.com/vehicle-stickers). City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk. 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.

1. ["Residential Zone Parking"](https://311.chicago.gov/s/article/Residential-zone-parking?language=en_US). City of Chicago Office of the City Clerk. December 12, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2024.

1. Jkalov (2015). ["Chicago Residential Parking Zones"](https://jkalov.carto.com/viz/d52e0db0-8654-11e4-9a46-0e9d821ea90d/public_map). *jkalov.carto.com*. Retrieved February 1, 2024.

1. ["Paying for Parking: It's Snow Joke"](https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-parking-ticket-paybox-snow/1892557/). NBC 5 Chicago. January 7, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230812165146/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-parking-ticket-paybox-snow/1892557/) August 12, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 12, 2023.

1. ["FAIL: The Reader's Parking Meter Investigation; Ben Joravsky and Mick Dumke's report on the privatization of Chicago's parking meters, how the deal went down, and its fallout"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121013195959/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fail-chicago-parking-meter-privatization-archive/Content?oid=1265254). *[Chicago Reader](/source/Chicago_Reader)*. December 10, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fail-chicago-parking-meter-privatization-archive/Content?oid=1265254) on October 13, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Joravsky, Ben & Dumke, Mick (April 9, 2009). ["FAIL, Part One: Chicago's Parking Meter Lease Deal; How Daley and his crew hid their process from the public, ignored their own rules, railroaded the City Council, and screwed the taxpayers on the parking meter lease deal"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120202224452/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fail-parking-meters-lease-deal/Content?oid=1098561). *Chicago Reader*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/fail-parking-meters-lease-deal/Content?oid=1098561) on February 2, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Joravsky, Ben & Dumke, Mick (May 21, 2009). ["FAIL, Part Two: One BILLION Dollars! New evidence suggests Chicago leased out its parking meters for a fraction of what they're worth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111126060213/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/one-billion-dollars-parking-meter-fiasco-part-two/Content?oid=1123046). *Chicago Reader*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/one-billion-dollars-parking-meter-fiasco-part-two/Content?oid=1123046) on November 26, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Joravsky, Ben & Dumke, Mick (June 18, 2009). ["FAIL, Part Three: The Insiders; Who benefited from the parking meter fiasco"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120130220751/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-parking-meter-fiasco-part-iii/Content?oid=1127436). *Chicago Reader*. Archived from [the original](http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-parking-meter-fiasco-part-iii/Content?oid=1127436) on January 30, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2023.

1. ["Parking meter deal gets even worse for Chicago taxpayers, annual audit shows"](https://chicago.suntimes.com/city-hall/2022/5/26/23143356/chicago-parking-meters-75-year-lease-daley-city-council-audit-skyway-loop-garages-krislov). *Chicago Sun-Times*. May 26, 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220526231258/https://chicago.suntimes.com/city-hall/2022/5/26/23143356/chicago-parking-meters-75-year-lease-daley-city-council-audit-skyway-loop-garages-krislov) May 26, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 12, 2023.

1. ["Illinois Department of Transportation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100528044022/http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/table.htm). Dot.il.gov. Archived from [the original](http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/table.htm) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.

1. ["System Map | Metra"](https://www.metra.com/system-map). *www.metra.com*. Retrieved 2026-05-12.

1. ["New Yorkers are top transit users"](https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222801/http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm) May 16, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, by Les Christie, *CNNmoney.com*, June 29, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2009.

1. Armentrout, Mitchell (2025-12-16). ["Pritzker signs CTA/Metra/Pace overhaul that ‘makes transit safer and more reliable’"](https://chicago.suntimes.com/transportation/2025/12/16/illinois-transit-bill-signed-pritzker). *Chicago Sun-Times*. Retrieved 2026-03-26.

1. ["Stations & Map"](https://mysouthshoreline.com/plan-your-trip/stations-map/). *South Shore Line*. Retrieved 2026-05-12.

1. ["Amtrak"](https://chicagounionstation.com/travel/amtrak). *Chicago Union Station*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230630014904/https://chicagounionstation.com/travel/amtrak) June 30, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2023.

1. Garcia, Evan (February 23, 2017). ["Chicago Highlighted as the US Railroad Capital by Trains Magazine"](https://news.wttw.com/2017/02/23/chicago-highlighted-us-railroad-capital-trains-magazine). *WTTW News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417070254/https://news.wttw.com/2017/02/23/chicago-highlighted-us-railroad-capital-trains-magazine) April 17, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2023.

1. ["Stations, Lines & Schedules | Metra"](https://www.metra.com/stations-and-lines). *www.metra.com*. Retrieved 2026-03-26.

1. ["Chicago Welcomes Divvy Bike Sharing System"](http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/cdot/provdrs/bike/news/2013/jul/chicago_welcomesdivvybikesharingsystem.html). [Mayor of Chicago](/source/Mayor_of_Chicago). July 1, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2019.

1. Buckley, Madeline (March 12, 2019). ["Divvy to get $50 million upgrade from Lyft investment in exchange for ride revenue under contract proposal"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-divvy-expansion-deal-20190312-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190513181450/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-divvy-expansion-deal-20190312-story.html) May 13, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 1, 2019.

1. Wisniwski, Mary (June 8, 2019). ["City gets ready to spread Divvy bikes to Far South Side"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/transportation/ct-biz-divvy-bike-share-south-side-getting-around-20190708-6ky2nlk6zvhuzisj45xroroju4-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191028144350/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/transportation/ct-biz-divvy-bike-share-south-side-getting-around-20190708-6ky2nlk6zvhuzisj45xroroju4-story.html) October 28, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 28, 2019.

1. ["City Of Chicago Announces E-Scooter Pilot Program And Call For Vendors"](https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2019/05/02/city-of-chicago-announces-e-scooter-pilot-program-and-call-for-vendors/). CBS 2. May 2, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200305121003/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2019/05/02/city-of-chicago-announces-e-scooter-pilot-program-and-call-for-vendors/) March 5, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 1, 2019.

1. Wiesniewski, Mary (June 17, 2019). ["Electric shared scooters have arrived in Chicago: Here's what you need to know"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-biz-cb-scooters-are-coming-20190611-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190905225206/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-biz-cb-scooters-are-coming-20190611-story.html) September 5, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 1, 2019.

1. Freund, Sara (August 16, 2019). ["Just like Lime, Bird says biggest rider complaint is not enough scooters"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195756/https://chicago.curbed.com/2019/8/16/20808590/bird-scooters-chicago-lyft-lime-electric). *[Curbed](/source/Curbed) Chicago*. Archived from [the original](https://chicago.curbed.com/2019/8/16/20808590/bird-scooters-chicago-lyft-lime-electric) on August 16, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.

1. Hofmann, Eva (December 1, 2019). ["Should Chicago keep e-scooter program going?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191108171527/http://www.gazettechicago.com/index/2019/11/should-chicago-keep-e-scooter-program-going/). *[The London Gazette](/source/The_Gazette_(Chicago))*. Archived from [the original](http://www.gazettechicago.com/index/2019/11/should-chicago-keep-e-scooter-program-going/) on November 8, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.

1. ["About"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160419211030/http://www2.beltrailway.com/about-2/). March 19, 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www2.beltrailway.com/about-2/) on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.

1. Winsor, Jeromie (July 14, 2003). ["Metropolitan Planning Council"](https://archive.today/20120530063637/http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=1707). Metroplanning.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=1707) on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. ["CREATE Program Benefits Fact Sheets"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150814015216/http://createprogram.org/benefits.htm). *CREATE*. Archived from [the original](http://www.createprogram.org/benefits.htm) on August 14, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

1. ["CREATE projects"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150813234025/http://createprogram.org/projects.htm). *CREATE*. CREATE.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.createprogram.org/projects.htm) on August 13, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

1. ["Annual Traffic Data – 2015 Preliminary"](http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2016/04/04/ACI-releases-preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-). *[Airports Council International](/source/Airports_Council_International)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082544/http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2016/04/04/ACI-releases-preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-) April 5, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 6, 2015.

1. ["Preliminary Traffic Results for 2005 Show Firm Rebound (March 14, 2006)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060623093321/http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/PR140306_2005_Prelim_Results.pdf). Archived from [the original](http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/PR140306_2005_Prelim_Results.pdf) on June 23, 2006. (520 KB). *Airports Council International*.

1. Metsch, Steve (July 2012). ["Top IDOT official says third airport will be built"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120801232449/http://www.suntimes.com/news/14080173-418/top-idot-official-says-third-airport-will-be-built.html). *Chicago Sun-Times*. Archived from [the original](http://www.suntimes.com/news/14080173-418/top-idot-official-says-third-airport-will-be-built.html) on August 1, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

1. Metsch, Steve (July 2012). ["Top IDOT official says third airport will be built"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120801232449/http://www.suntimes.com/news/14080173-418/top-idot-official-says-third-airport-will-be-built.html). *Chicago Sun-Times*. Archived from [the original](http://www.suntimes.com/news/14080173-418/top-idot-official-says-third-airport-will-be-built.html) on August 1, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

1. ["Calumet Harbor and River"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130610095421/http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorksProjects/CalumetHarborandRiver.aspx). *[US Army Corps of Engineers](/source/US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorksProjects/CalumetHarborandRiver.aspx) on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.

1. ["IIT.edu"](http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html). IIT.edu. June 20, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080605021018/http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html) June 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. ["KentLaw.edu"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203000/http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv030707.html). KentLaw.edu. Archived from [the original](http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv030707.html) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. Martin LaMonica. ["'Micro' wind turbines are coming to town"](http://news.cnet.com/Micro+wind+turbines+are+coming+to+town/2100-11398_3-6037539.html). CNET. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113341/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/micro-wind-turbines-are-coming-to-town/) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 4, 2009.

1. ["Waste Disposal"](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html). Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120605002907/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html) June 5, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 31, 2012.

1. Bentley, Chris (July 1, 2015). ["What really happens to Chicago's blue cart recycling?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151211143038/http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/what-really-happens-chicagos-blue-cart-recycling-112302). *WBEZ91.5 Chicago Public Media*. Chicago Public Media. Archived from [the original](http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/what-really-happens-chicagos-blue-cart-recycling-112302) on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.

1. Havertz, Rieke. ["Counting Bullets: A Night at a Chicago Trauma Unit"](http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/north-america-chicago-stroger-hospital-cook-county-youth-violence-counting-bullets-night-chicago-trauma-unit). *[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting](/source/Pulitzer_Center_on_Crisis_Reporting)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113103/http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/north-america-chicago-stroger-hospital-cook-county-youth-violence-counting-bullets-night-chicago-trauma-unit) August 23, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 2, 2013.

1. ["Rankings"](https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/chicago-il). *health.usnews.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095509/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/chicago-il) February 13, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 12, 2021.

1. ["Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130819161644/http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/rehabilitation-institute-of-chicago-6431012). *U.S. News & World Report*. Archived from [the original](http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/il/rehabilitation-institute-of-chicago-6431012) on August 19, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.

1. ["Fact sheet"](https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf). *aamc.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161016215352/https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf) October 16, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 11, 2016.

1. ["Sister Cities"](http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/). Chicago Sister Cities International. Retrieved 2023-07-15.

1. Carrico, Natalya (March 18, 2019). ["'We're still here'"](https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/tipi-first-nations-garden-albany-park/Content?oid=69017988). *Chicago Reader*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201213172436/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/tipi-first-nations-garden-albany-park/Content?oid=69017988) December 13, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 12, 2021.

### Cited references

- Bach, Ira J. (1980), [*Chicago's Famous Buildings*](https://archive.org/details/chicagosfamousbu00cond), The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-03396-1. LCCN 79023365
- Buisseret, David (1990), [*Historic Illinois From The Air*](https://archive.org/details/historicillinois0000buis), The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-07989-9. LCCN 89020648
- Clymer, Floyd (1950), "Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925", New York: Bonanza Books, [OCLC 1966986](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1966986)
- Condit, Carl W. (1973), [*Chicago 1910–29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology*](https://archive.org/details/chicago191029bui0000cond), The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-11456-2. LCCN 72094791
- Genzen, Jonathan (2007), *The Chicago River: A History in Photographs*, Westcliffe Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-1-56579-553-2. LCCN 2006022119
- Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.) (2004), *The Encyclopedia of Chicago*, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-31015-9. [OCLC 54454572](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54454572)
- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. *Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980* (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [online](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1); see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
- Lowe, David Garrard (2000), [*Lost Chicago*](https://archive.org/details/lostchicago0000lowe), New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, ISBN 0-8230-2871-2. LCCN 00107305
- Madigan, Charles (ed.) (2004), [*Global Chicago*](https://archive.org/details/globalchicago00char), Urbana: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02941-0. [OCLC 54400307](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54400307)
- Montejano, David (ed.) (1999), [*Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century*](https://archive.org/details/chicanopoliticss0000unse_y4a4), Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-75215-6. [OCLC 38879251](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38879251)
- Norcliffe, Glen (2001), *The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900*, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-4398-4. [OCLC 46625313](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46625313)
- Pogorzelski, Daniel & Maloof, John (2008), [*Portage Park*](https://books.google.com/books?id=4p2aYsItpT8C&pg=PP1), Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7385-5229-3, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113333/https://books.google.com/books?id=4p2aYsItpT8C&pg=PP1) July 9, 2023 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved November 9, 2020
- Schneirov, Richard (1998), *Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97*, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-06676-6. [OCLC 37246254](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37246254)

## Further reading

- Cronon, William (1992 [1991]), [*Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393308730), New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-30873-1. [OCLC 26609682](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26609682)
- Granacki, Victoria (2004), *Chicago's Polish Downtown*, Arcadia Pub, ISBN 978-0-7385-3286-8. LCCN 2004103888
- Jirasek, Rita Arias & Tortolero, Carlos (2001), *Mexican Chicago*, Arcadia Pub, ISBN 978-0-7385-0756-9. LCCN 2001088175
- Miller, Donald L. (1996), [*City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America*](https://archive.org/details/cityofcentury00dona), New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-80194-9. [OCLC 493430274](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493430274)
- Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009), *Chicago: A Biography*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-64431-8. [OCLC 298670853](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298670853)
- Sampson, Robert J. (2012), *Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-73456-9
- Sawyer, R. Keith (2002), *Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation*, Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub., ISBN 1-56750-677-1. [OCLC 59373382](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59373382)
- "Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop", 2nd ed., Champaign, IL: [Association for Preservation Technology International](/source/Association_for_Preservation_Technology_International), 1997, [OCLC 42362348](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42362348)
- Smith, Carl S. (2006), [*The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City*](https://archive.org/details/planofchicagodan0000smit), Chicago visions + revisions, Chicago: [University of Chicago Press](/source/University_of_Chicago_Press), ISBN 0-226-76471-0. [OCLC 261199152](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/261199152)
- Spears, Timothy B. (2005), *Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-76874-0. [OCLC 56086689](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56086689)
- Swanson, Stevenson (1997), [*Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City*](https://archive.org/details/chicagodays150de0000unse), Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation, ISBN 1-890093-03-3. [OCLC 36066057](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36066057)
- Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007), *Polish Chicago: Our History—Our Recipes*, G. Bradley Pub, Inc., ISBN 978-0-9774512-2-7

## External links

- [*Encyclopedia of Chicago* (2004)](http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/700005.html?entryA), comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present
- [Official website](http://www.cityofchicago.org/) ([Website archives](https://web.archive.org/*/http://ci.chi.il.us) at the Wayback Machine)
- [Choose Chicago](https://web.archive.org/web/20060610131550/http://choosechicago.com/)—Official tourism website
- [Chicago History](https://earlychicago.com/chron/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220609094509/https://earlychicago.com/chron/) June 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- [Maps of Chicago from the American Geographical Society Library](http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=Illinois&CISOFIELD1=statep&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=chicago+%28ill%29+--+maps&CISOFIELD2=subjec&CISOROOT=/agdm&t=s)
- [Chicago – LocalWiki](https://localwiki.org/chicago//) Local Chicago Wiki
- Vol. 6. pp. 118–125.
- Vol. 30.

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.