# Chartres

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For other uses, see [Chartres (disambiguation)](/source/Chartres_(disambiguation)).

**Chartres** (ʃaʁtʁ) is the [prefecture](/source/Prefectures_in_France) of the [Eure-et-Loir](/source/Eure-et-Loir) [department](/source/Departments_of_France) in the [Centre-Val de Loire](/source/Centre-Val_de_Loire) [region](/source/Regions_of_France) in France. It is located about 90 km (56 mi)[3] southwest of [Paris](/source/Paris). At the 2019 census, there were 170,763 inhabitants in the [metropolitan area](/source/Functional_area_(France)) of Chartres (as defined by the [INSEE](/source/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques)),[2] 38,534 of whom lived in the city ([commune](/source/Communes_of_France)) of Chartres proper.[4]

Chartres is famous worldwide for the [Chartres Cathedral](/source/Chartres_Cathedral). Mostly constructed between 1193 and 1250, this [Gothic](/source/Gothic_architecture) cathedral is in an exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows are intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century.[5] Part of the old town, including most of the library associated with the [School of Chartres](/source/School_of_Chartres), was destroyed by [Allied](/source/Allies_of_World_War_II) bombs in 1944.

## History

Chartres was one of the principal towns in [Gaul](/source/Gaul) of the [Carnutes](/source/Carnutes), a [Celtic](/source/Celts) tribe. In the [Gallo-Roman](/source/Gallo-Roman) period, it was called *Autricum*, name derived from the river *Autura* (Eure), and afterwards *civitas Carnutum*, "city of the Carnutes", from which Chartres got its name. The city was raided and burned down by the [Norsemen](/source/Vikings) in 858, and once again besieged, this time unsuccessfully, by them in 911.[6]

During the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), it was the most important town of the [Beauce](/source/Beauce,_France). It gave its name to a county which was held by the counts of [Blois](/source/County_of_Blois), and the counts of [Champagne](/source/County_of_Champagne), and afterwards by the [House of Châtillon](/source/House_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon), a member of which sold it to the [Crown](/source/Kingdom_of_France) in 1286.[6]

In 1417, during the [Hundred Years' War](/source/Hundred_Years'_War), Chartres fell into the hands of the English, from whom it was recovered in 1432. In 1528, it was raised to the rank of a duchy by [Francis I](/source/Francis_I_of_France).[6]

In 1568, during the second [war of Religion](/source/French_Wars_of_Religion), Chartres was unsuccessfully [besieged](/source/Siege_of_Chartres_(1568)) by the [Huguenot](/source/Huguenot) leader, the [Prince of Condé](/source/Louis,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1530%E2%80%931569)). It was finally taken by the royal troops of [Henry IV](/source/Henry_IV_of_France) on 19 April 1591. On Sunday, 27 February 1594, the cathedral of Chartres was the site of the coronation of Henry IV after he converted to the Catholic faith, the only king of France whose [coronation](/source/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch) ceremony was not performed in [Reims](/source/Reims).

In 1674, [Louis XIV](/source/Louis_XIV) raised Chartres from a duchy to a [duchy peerage](/source/Peerage_of_France) in favour of his nephew, Duke [Philippe II](/source/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orleans) of [Orléans](/source/Duchy_of_Orl%C3%A9ans). The title of [Duke of Chartres](/source/Duchy_of_Chartres) was hereditary in the [House of Orléans](/source/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans), and given to the eldest son of the Duke of Orléans.

During the 1870–1871 [Franco-Prussian War](/source/Franco-Prussian_War), Chartres was seized by the Germans on 2 October 1870, and continued during the rest of the war to be an important centre of operations.[6]

During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), the city suffered heavy damage by bombing and during the battle of Chartres in August 1944, but its [cathedral](/source/Chartres_Cathedral) was spared by an American Army officer who challenged the order to destroy it.[7] On 16 August 1944, Colonel [Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr.](/source/Welborn_Griffith) questioned the necessity of destroying the cathedral and volunteered to go behind enemy lines to find out whether the Germans were using it as an observation post. With his driver, Griffith proceeded to the cathedral and, after searching it all the way up its [bell tower](/source/Bell_tower), confirmed to headquarters that it was empty of Germans. The order to destroy the cathedral was withdrawn.

Colonel Griffith was killed in action later on that day in the town of [Lèves](/source/L%C3%A8ves), 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) north of Chartres.[7][8] For his heroic action both at Chartres and Lèves, Colonel Griffith posthumously received several decorations awarded by the president of the United States and the U.S. military, and also from the French government.[9]

Following deep reconnaissance missions in the region by the [3rd Cavalry Group](/source/3d_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)) and units of the [1139 Engineer Combat Group](/source/Combat_engineer), and after heavy fighting in and around the city, Chartres was liberated, on 18 August 1944, by the U.S. [5th Infantry](/source/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)) and [7th Armored](/source/7th_Armored_Division_(United_States)) [Divisions](/source/Division_(military)) belonging to the [XX Corps](/source/XX_Corps_(United_States)) of the U.S. [Third Army](/source/United_States_Army_Central) commanded by Lieutenant General [George S. Patton, Jr.](/source/George_S._Patton,_Jr.)[10]

## Demographics

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1793 15,000 — 1800 13,794 −8.0% 1806 13,809 +0.1% 1821 13,714 −0.7% 1831 14,439 +5.3% 1836 14,750 +2.2% 1841 16,383 +11.1% 1846 17,353 +5.9% 1851 18,234 +5.1% 1856 18,925 +3.8% 1861 19,531 +3.2% 1866 19,442 −0.5% 1872 19,580 +0.7% 1876 20,468 +4.5% 1881 21,080 +3.0% 1886 21,903 +3.9% 1891 23,108 +5.5% 1896 23,182 +0.3% 1901 23,431 +1.1% 1906 23,219 −0.9% 1911 24,103 +3.8% 1921 23,349 −3.1% 1926 24,630 +5.5% 1931 25,357 +3.0% 1936 27,077 +6.8% 1946 26,422 −2.4% 1954 28,750 +8.8% 1962 31,495 +9.5% 1968 34,469 +9.4% 1975 38,928 +12.9% 1982 37,119 −4.6% 1990 39,595 +6.7% 1999 40,361 +1.9% 2007 39,767 −1.5% 2012 38,889 −2.2% 2017 38,578 −0.8% 2023 38,324 −0.7%

EHESS[11] and INSEE (1968–2023)[12]

## Geography

Chartres is built on a hill on the left bank of the river [Eure](/source/Eure_(river)). Its renowned medieval [Chartres Cathedral](/source/Chartres_Cathedral) is at the top of the hill, and its two spires are visible from miles away across the flat surrounding lands. To the southeast stretches the fertile plain of [Beauce](/source/Beauce,_France), the "granary of France", in which Chartres is the commercial centre.[6]

## Main sights

### Cathedrals and churches

Chartres is best known for its cathedral, the [*Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres*](/source/Chartres_Cathedral), which is considered one of the finest and best preserved [Gothic cathedrals](/source/Gothic_architecture) in France and in Europe. Its historical and cultural importance has been recognized by its inclusion on the [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) list of [World Heritage Sites](/source/World_Heritage_Site).

It was built on the site of the former Chartres cathedral of [Romanesque architecture](/source/Romanesque_architecture), which was destroyed by fire in 1194 (that former cathedral had been built on the ruins of an ancient Celtic temple, later replaced by a Roman temple). Begun in 1205, the construction of *Notre-Dame de Chartres* was completed 66 years later.

The [stained glass](/source/Stained_glass) windows of the cathedral were financed by [guilds](/source/Guilds) of merchants and craftsmen, and by wealthy noblemen, whose names appear at the bottom.

It is not known how the famous and unique blue, *bleu de Chartres*, of the glass was created, and it has been impossible to replicate it. The French author [Michel Pastoureau](/source/Michel_Pastoureau) says that it could also be called *bleu de Saint-Denis*.[13]

The *Église Saint-Pierre de Chartres* was the church of the [Benedictine](/source/Benedictine) *[Abbaye Saint-Père-en-Vallée](/source/Saint-P%C3%A8re-en-Vall%C3%A9e)*, founded in the 7th century by queen [Balthild](/source/Balthild). At time of its construction, the abbey was outside the walls of the city. It contains fine stained glass and, formerly, twelve representations of the apostles in enamel, created about 1547 by [Léonard Limosin](/source/L%C3%A9onard_Limousin),[6] which now can be seen in the fine arts museum.

Other noteworthy churches of Chartres are *Saint-Aignan* (13th, 16th and 17th centuries), and *Saint-Martin-au-Val* (12th century), inside the Saint-Brice hospital.[6]

### Museums

- *Musée des Beaux-Arts*, Fine arts museum, housed in the former episcopal palace adjacent to the cathedral.
- *Le Centre international du vitrail*, a workshop-museum and cultural center devoted to [stained glass](/source/Stained_glass) art, located 50 metres (160 feet) from the cathedral.
- *Conservatoire du machinisme et des pratiques agricoles*, an agricultural museum.
- *Musée le grenier de l'histoire*, history museum specializing in [military uniforms](/source/Military_uniform) and [accoutrements](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accoutrement), in [Lèves](/source/L%C3%A8ves), a suburb of Chartres.
- *Muséum des sciences naturelles et de la préhistoire*, [Natural science](/source/Natural_science) and Prehistory Museum (closed since 2015).

### Other sights

The river Eure, which at this point divides into three branches, is crossed by several bridges, some of them ancient, and is fringed in places by remains of the old fortifications, of which the *Porte Guillaume* (14th century), a gateway flanked by towers, was the most complete specimen, until destroyed by the retreating [German army](/source/Wehrmacht) in the night of 15 to 16 August 1944. The steep, narrow streets of the old town contrast with the wide, shady boulevards which encircle it and separate it from the suburbs. The "parc André-Gagnon" or "Clos St. Jean", a pleasant park, lies to the north-west, and squares and open spaces are numerous.[6]

Part of the *[Hôtel de Ville](/source/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Chartres)* (City Hall) is a building dating from the 17th century, called *Hôtel Montescot*.[14] The *Maison Canoniale* dating back to the 13th century, and several medieval and Renaissance houses, are of interest.[6]

There is a statue of [General Marceau](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau-Desgraviers) (1769–1796), a native of Chartres and a general during the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution).

The *[Maison Picassiette](/source/Maison_Picassiette)*, a house decorated inside and out with mosaics of shards of broken china and pottery, was built by Raymond Isidore.

## Economy

Chartres is one of the most important [market towns](/source/Market_town) in the region of [Beauce](/source/Beauce,_France) (known as "the granary of France").

Historically, [game pies](/source/Game_pie) and other delicacies of Chartres were well known, and the industries also included flour-milling, brewing, distilling, iron-founding, leather manufacture, perfumes, dyeing, stained glass, billiard requisites and hosiery.[6]

Since 1976 the fashion and perfumes company [Puig](/source/Puig_(company)) has had a production plant in this commune.[15]

### Transport

The [Gare de Chartres](/source/Gare_de_Chartres) railway station offers frequent services to Paris, and a few daily connections to [Le Mans](/source/Le_Mans), [Nogent-le-Rotrou](/source/Nogent-le-Rotrou) and [Courtalain](/source/Courtalain). The [A11](/source/A11_autoroute) motorway connects Chartres with Paris and Le Mans.

## Sport

Chartres is home to two semi-professional association football clubs; [FC Chartres](/source/FC_Chartres), who play in the French sixth division, and [HB Chartres](/source/HB_Chartres), who play in the seventh tier.

Chartres has a table tennis club which is playing in the Pro A (French First division) and in the [European Champions League](/source/European_Champions_League_(table_tennis)). The club won the [ETTU Cup](/source/ETTU_Cup) on the season 2010 – 2011 and it finished at the second position in the French First division.

Chartres has the second most important [squash](/source/Squash_(sport)) club in France.

There is also a [handball](/source/Team_handball) club and it is playing in the French second division, [C' Chartres Métropole Handball](/source/C'_Chartres_M%C3%A9tropole_Handball).

In November 2012, Chartres organized the [European Short Course Swimming Championships](/source/European_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships).

## Diocese

Main article: [Diocese of Chartres](/source/Diocese_of_Chartres)

The town is the seat of a [diocese](/source/Diocese) (bishopric), a prefecture, and a *[cour d'assises](/source/Cour_d'assises)*. It has a *Tribunal de grande instance*, a *Tribunal d'instance*, a [Chamber of commerce](/source/Chamber_of_commerce) and a branch of the *[Banque de France](/source/Banque_de_France)*.

Public and religious schooling from kindergarten through high school and vocational schools is given in mixed (boys and girls) establishments. The two main high schools are the *Lycée Jehan de Beauce* and the *Lycée Marceau*, named after two important personages of the history of Chartres: [Jehan de Beauce](/source/Jehan_de_Beauce) was a 16th-century architect who rebuilt the northern steeple of the cathedral after it had been destroyed by lightning in July 1506, and [Marceau](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau-Desgraviers), a native of city, who was a general during the French Revolution of 1789.

### Pilgrimages

Chartres has been a site of Catholic pilgrimages since the Middle Ages. The poet [Charles Péguy](/source/Charles_P%C3%A9guy) (1873–1914) revived the pilgrimage route between Paris and Chartres before [World War I](/source/World_War_I). After the war, some students carried on the pilgrimage in his memory. Since 1982, the association *[Notre-Dame de Chrétienté](/source/Notre-Dame_de_Chr%C3%A9tient%C3%A9)*,[16] with offices in [Versailles](/source/Versailles,_Yvelines), organizes the annual 100 km (62 mi) pilgrimage on foot from *[Notre-Dame de Paris](/source/Notre-Dame_de_Paris)* to *Notre-Dame de Chartres*. About 15,000 pilgrims, from France and countries outside France, participate every year.

### Bishops

Notable bishops of [Chartres](/source/Bishopric_of_Chartres):

- [Fulbert of Chartres](/source/Fulbert_of_Chartres) (1007–1029)
- [St. Ivo of Chartres](/source/Ivo_of_Chartres) (1090–1115)
- [John of Salisbury](/source/John_of_Salisbury) (1176–1180)
- [Érard de La Marck](/source/%C3%89rard_de_La_Marck) (1472–1538)

## Notable people

Chartres was the birthplace of:

- [Hélène Boucher](/source/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Boucher) (1908–1934), pilot
- [Jacques Pierre Brissot](/source/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot) (1754–1793), a leading member of the [Girondist](/source/Girondist) movement ([French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution))
- [Julien Cétout](/source/Julien_C%C3%A9tout) (born 1987 or 1988), football player
- [Arlette Chabot](/source/Arlette_Chabot) (born 1951), journalist
- [Fulcher of Chartres](/source/Fulcher_of_Chartres) (born around 1059 in or near Chartres), chronicler of the [First Crusade](/source/First_Crusade)
- [Alexis de Castillon](/source/Alexis_de_Castillon) (1838–1873), composer
- [Philippe de Dangeau](/source/Philippe_de_Dangeau) (1638–1720), [officer](/source/Officer_(armed_forces)) and member of the *[Académie française](/source/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise)*
- [Philippe Desportes](/source/Philippe_Desportes) (1546–1606), poet
- [Antoine François Desrues](/source/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Desrues) (1744–1777), [poisoner](/source/Poison)
- [Loïc Duval](/source/Lo%C3%AFc_Duval) (born 1982), racing driver
- [Julien Escudé](/source/Julien_Escud%C3%A9) (born 1979), football player
- [Nicolas Escudé](/source/Nicolas_Escud%C3%A9) (born 1976), tennis player
- [André Félibien](/source/Andr%C3%A9_F%C3%A9libien) (1619–1695), architect and [historiographer](/source/Historiography)
- [Achille Guenée](/source/Achille_Guen%C3%A9e) (1809–1880), lawyer and [entomologist](/source/Entomology)
- [Pierre-Jules Hetzel](/source/Pierre-Jules_Hetzel) (1814–1886), editor and publisher
- [Éric Lada](/source/%C3%89ric_Lada) (born 1965), football player
- [Luc Lamirault](/source/Luc_Lamirault) (born 1962), politician
- [François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau-Desgraviers) (1769–1796), general
- [Pierre Nicole](/source/Pierre_Nicole) (1625–1695), Jansenist theologian
- [Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve](/source/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve) (1756–1794), writer and politician
- [Allison Pineau](/source/Allison_Pineau) (born 1989), handball player
- [André Plassart](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Plassart) (1889–1978), hellenist, epigrapher and archaeologist
- [Philippe Quintais](/source/Philippe_Quintais) (born 1967), [pétanque](/source/P%C3%A9tanque) player
- [Mathurin Régnier](/source/Mathurin_R%C3%A9gnier) (1573–1613), [satirist](/source/Satire)
- [Jacqueline de Romilly](/source/Jacqueline_de_Romilly) (1913–2010), [philologist](/source/Philology), [classical scholar](/source/Classical_scholar) and fiction writer
- [Benjamin Nivet](/source/Benjamin_Nivet) (born 1977), football player
- [Wandrille Lefèvre](/source/Wandrille_Lef%C3%A8vre) (born 1989), Canadian football player
- [Audrey Marnay](/source/Audrey_Marnay) (born 1980), actress and model

## International relations

See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in France](/source/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France)

Chartres is [twinned](/source/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities) with:[17]

- [Ravenna](/source/Ravenna), Italy *(since 1957)*
- [Speyer](/source/Speyer), Germany *(since 1959)*
- [Chichester](/source/Chichester), United Kingdom *(since 1959)*
- [Bethlehem](/source/Bethlehem), Palestine *(since 1995)*
- [Évora](/source/%C3%89vora), Portugal *(since 2003)*
- [León](/source/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain), Spain *(since 2009)*
- [Sakurai](/source/Sakurai,_Nara), Japan *(since 1989)*
- [Cusco](/source/Cusco), Peru

## See also

- [Chartres Cathedral](/source/Chartres_Cathedral)
- [Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department](/source/Communes_of_the_Eure-et-Loir_department)
- [Chartres - Champhol Aerodrome](/source/Chartres_-_Champhol_Aerodrome)

## Notes

1. ["Répertoire national des élus: les maires"](https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503) (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.

1. INSEE. ["Statistiques locales - France par aire d'attraction des villes - Population municipale 2019"](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=59804,6241439,192553,116445&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2019&selcodgeo=065&t=A01&view=map13). Retrieved 2022-06-05.

1. Google maps gives 91 km town hall to town hall; it is less city limit to city limit and less far again as the crow flies.

1. INSEE. ["Historique des populations communales - Recensements de la population 1876-2019"](https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339) (in French). Retrieved 2022-06-05.

1. ["Chartres, the Gothic Cathedral near Paris"](https://www.parisdigest.com/france/chartres.htm). Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.

1. Chisholm 1911.

1. MilitaryTimes.com. ["MilitaryTimes Hall of Valor"](https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/6100). *Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr*. Military Times, a Gannett Company. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120118233837/http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=6100) 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Note: The Distinguished Service Cross was awarded posthumously for saving the cathedral.

1. Jay Nordlinger (2011). ["A Colonel at Chartres"](http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/266849/colonel-chartres-jay-nordlinger). *The Corner*. NationalReview.com. Retrieved 11 May 2011.

1. On 21 October 1944, for his heroic action, Colonel Welborn B. Griffith, Jr. was posthumously awarded the [Distinguished Service Cross](/source/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)):[|title=Militarytimes Hall of Valor: Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr.](https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/6100) He was also awarded the [Silver Star](/source/Silver_Star), the [Purple Heart](/source/Purple_Heart), the [Legion of Merit](/source/Legion_of_Merit), the French [Croix de Guerre](/source/Croix_de_Guerre), and the [Légion d'Honneur](/source/L%C3%A9gion_d'Honneur): Eugene G. Schulz, *The Ghost in General Patton's Third Army*, USA, 2012. ISBN 978-1477141441

1. Winieska, Françoise, *August 1944, The Liberation of Rambouillet, France*, SHARY, 1999, pp. 19–23, ISBN 2-9514047-0-0

1. [Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023](https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-28085#tableau-POPREF_G1), INSEE

1. Pastoureau, Michel, *Bleu: histoire d'une couleur*, Seuil, Paris, 2000. ISBN 978-2757840016

1. ["To be multinational in Spain costs a lot, because the domestic market is too small"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140116194414/http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/2005/03/15/pagina-43/34731561/pdf.html?search=Chartres%20puig). La Vanguardia. Archived from [the original](http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/2005/03/15/pagina-43/34731561/pdf.html?search=Chartres%20puig) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2012.

1. [Association Notre-Dame de Chrétienté](http://www.nd-chretiente.com)

1. ["Association des Amis des Jumelages de Chartres"](http://www.jumelages-chartres.fr/) (in French). *jumelages-chartres.fr*. Chartres. Retrieved 20 November 2019.

## References

- [Chartres and the Chartres Cathedral – Visitor Guide](http://goeurope.about.com/od/chartresfrance/a/chartres.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110111151233/http://goeurope.about.com/od/chartresfrance/a/chartres.htm) 11 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- [La Maison Picassiette in Chartres](http://www.thejoyofshards.co.uk/picassiette/index.shtml)

## External links

- [Tourist office website](https://web.archive.org/web/20200514223747/https://www.chartres-tourisme.com/)
- [City council website](http://www.ville-chartres.fr/) (in French)
- [Chartres' archeology service website (in French)](http://archeologie.chartres.fr/)
- [Website about archaeological excavations](https://web.archive.org/web/20061005142906/http://www.chartres-coeur-de-ville.com/) (in French)
- [Photo of the abbey church of St.Pierre](http://www.wannabi.com/chartres12.jpg)
- [Music recorded in Chartres Cathedral in the resonant space of the labyrinth](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191336/http://www.oriole-artists.com/store/process.php?pname=ShowAlbumDetailsProcess-Start&CategoryID=51&AlbumID=113)
- [Chartres World Heritage Site in panographies](http://www.WHTour.org/81)[dead link] – 360-degree interactive imaging

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