# Changhsingian

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Changhsingian
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Changhsingian.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhsingian
> Source revision: 1322934047
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Ninth and last stage of the Permian

Changhsingian 254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Bellerophon Formation, Dolomites, Italy Chronology −300 — – −295 — – −290 — – −285 — – −280 — – −275 — – −270 — – −265 — – −260 — – −255 — – −250 — Paleozoic Mz C Permian Tr P Cisuralian Guadalup Lopin ET Gzhelian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's Extinction Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2023.[1] Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago Etymology Name formality Formal Name ratified 1981 Alternate spelling(s) Changxingian Usage information Celestial body Earth Regional usage Global (ICS) Time scale(s) used ICS Time Scale Definition Chronological unit Age Stratigraphic unit Stage Time span formality Formal Lower boundary definition FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi Lower boundary GSSP Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064 Lower GSSP ratified 2005[2] Upper boundary definition FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus. Upper boundary GSSP Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058 Upper GSSP ratified 2001[3]

In the [geologic time scale](/source/Geologic_time_scale), the **Changhsingian** or **Changxingian** is the latest [age](/source/Age_(geology)) or uppermost [stage](/source/Stage_(stratigraphy)) of the [Permian](/source/Permian) period and the [Paleozoic](/source/Paleozoic) era as a whole. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the [Lopingian](/source/Lopingian) [Epoch](/source/Epoch_(geology)) or [Series](/source/Series_(stratigraphy)). The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 [Ma](/source/Megaannum) ago. It is preceded by the [Wuchiapingian](/source/Wuchiapingian) age/stage and is followed by the [Induan](/source/Induan) age/stage ([Early Triassic](/source/Early_Triassic) epoch).[4]

The greatest [mass extinction](/source/Mass_extinction) in the [Phanerozoic](/source/Phanerozoic) [eon](/source/Eon_(geology)), the [Permian–Triassic extinction event](/source/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event), occurred around the end of this age.

## Stratigraphic definitions

The Changhsingian is named after [Changxing](/source/Changxing_County) ([Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 长兴; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Chángxīng*; [Wade–Giles](/source/Wade%E2%80%93Giles): *Ch'ang-hsing*) in northern [Zhejiang](/source/Zhejiang), China. The stage was named for the [Changhsing Limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changhsing_Limestone&action=edit&redlink=1).[5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[6][7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[2]

The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the [conodont](/source/Conodont) species *[Clarkina wangi](/source/Clarkina)*. The global reference profile is profile D at [Meishan](/source/Meishan), in the type area in Changxing, just below the Changhsingian [foraminifer](/source/Foraminifer) index fossil *[Palaeofusulina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaeofusulina&action=edit&redlink=1)* and the first appearance of the [ammonoid](/source/Ammonoid) *[Tapashanites](/source/Tapashanites)*.[2] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the [Induan](/source/Induan) Stage and the Triassic [System](/source/System_(stratigraphy))) is at the first appearance of the conodont species *[Hindeodus parvus](/source/Hindeodus)*.[8] In the second part of the 20th century, appearance of the [ammonite](/source/Ammonite) *[Otoceras](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otoceras&action=edit&redlink=1)*, that existed no more than 100,000 years, in the boreal region was considered a marker of the Lower Triassic boundary. However, a more detailed study of Lower Induan biostratigraphy revealed the diachronicity of the appearance of these mollusks in different regions of the Earth.[8]

The Changhsingian contains only one ammonoid [biozone](/source/Biozone): that of the [genus](/source/Genus) *[Iranites](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranites&action=edit&redlink=1)*.

## Changhsingian life

Main page: [Category:Changhsingian life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Changhsingian_life)

The Changhsingian ended with the [Permian–Triassic extinction event](/source/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event), the largest [mass extinction](/source/Mass_extinction) event of the [Phanerozoic](/source/Phanerozoic) [Era](/source/Era_(geology)), when both global biodiversity and [alpha diversity](/source/Alpha_diversity) (community-level diversity) were devastated.[9]

On land, the Changhsingian fauna comprised [gorgonopsid](/source/Gorgonopsid) [synapsids](/source/Synapsids) like *[Inostrancevia](/source/Inostrancevia)*, [anomodont](/source/Anomodont) synapsids like *[Daptocephalus](/source/Daptocephalus)* and *[Dicynodon](/source/Dicynodon)*, and [parareptiles](/source/Parareptiles) like *[Elginia](/source/Elginia)*, [milleretids](/source/Millerettidae) and *[Nanoparia](/source/Nanoparia)*.

Among fishes, the [bobasatraniiforms](/source/Bobasatraniiformes) *[Bobasatrania](/source/Bobasatrania)* and *[Ebenaqua](/source/Ebenaqua)* are known from Changhsingian deposits of Greenland and Australia, respectively. Another deep-bodied fish, *[Sinoplatysomus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinoplatysomus&action=edit&redlink=1)*, is known from [Zhejiang](/source/Zhejiang) province of China, along with the elongate [saurichthyiform](/source/Saurichthyiformes) *[Eosaurichthys](/source/Eosaurichthys)* and the [coelacanths](/source/Coelacanth) *[Changxingia](/source/Changxingia)* and *[Youngichthys](/source/Youngichthys)*. Within the [Eugeneodontida](/source/Eugeneodontida), the [helicoprionids](/source/Helicoprionidae) are represented by the genus *[Sinohelicoprion](/source/Sinohelicoprion)*; as well as some [edestids](/source/Edestidae) such as *[Helicampodus](/source/Helicampodus)*; and other eugeneodontids. Several fish [genera](/source/Genera) were described from Changhsingian deposits of Russia and South Africa.[10] The [Hambast Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hambast_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1) of Iran yielded [chondrichthyan](/source/Chondrichthyan) faunas of [Wuchiapingian](/source/Wuchiapingian) to Changhsingian age.[11]

The [conodont](/source/Conodont) *[Vjalovognathus](/source/Vjalovognathus) carinatus* is known from the [Selong Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selong_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1) of Tibet;[12] more common conodonts include the genera *[Clarkina](/source/Clarkina)* and *[Hindeodus](/source/Hindeodus)*.

Changhsingian aged [beds](/source/Bed_(geology)) of the Tesero Member of the [Werfen Formation](/source/Werfen_Formation) produced fossils of a [crown group](/source/Crown_group) [echinoid](/source/Echinoid), *[Eotiaris](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eotiaris&action=edit&redlink=1) teseroensis* and other [taxa](/source/Taxa).[13]

The *[Paratirolites](/source/Paratirolites)* Limestone near Julfa ([Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan), [Iran](/source/Iran)) contains a diverse pre-extinction [ammonoid](/source/Ammonoid) fauna, including the [genera](/source/Genera) *[Neoaganides](/source/Neoaganides)*, *[Pseudogastrioceras](/source/Pseudogastrioceras)*, *[Dzhulfites](/source/Dzhulfites)*, *Paratirolites*, *[Julfotirolites](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julfotirolites&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Alibashites](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alibashites&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Abichites](/source/Abichites)*, *[Stoyanowites](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoyanowites&action=edit&redlink=1)* and *[Arasella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arasella&action=edit&redlink=1)*[14]

The [*Bellerophon* Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellerophon_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1) in northern Italy documents a pre-extinction [bivalve](/source/Bivalve) community with 26 species adapted to stressful conditions (high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input).[15] The formation is otherwise known for abundant *[Bellerophon](/source/Bellerophon_(genus))* fossils.[16]

Only a few [trilobite](/source/Trilobite) genera are present by the Changhsingian, mostly of the family [Phillipsiidae](/source/Phillipsiidae). One of the last of the Trilobita include the genus *[Kathwaia](/source/Kathwaia)* of [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan) and the [Caucasus](/source/Caucasus). Perhaps the most widespread and diverse genus was *[Pseudophillipsia](/source/Pseudophillipsia)*, members of the subgenus [*Ditomopyge (Carniphillipsia)*](/source/Carniphillipsia) were the other most common group. Few non-phillipsid trilobites remained, such as those of [*Brachymetopus (Acutimetopus)*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachymetopus&action=edit&redlink=1). Other trilobites, of the Phillipsidae, include *[Acropyge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acropyge&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Paraphillipsia](/source/Paraphillipsia)*, and *[Timorcranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timorcranium&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[17]

In Australia, fossils of one of the last surviving [eurypterids](/source/Eurypterid), *[Woodwardopterus? freemanorum](/source/Woodwardopterus)*, were found.[18]

## Notable formations

- [Ali Bashi Formation](/source/Ali_Bashi_Formation) ([Armenia](/source/Armenia), [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan), [Iran](/source/Iran))

- [*Bellerophon* Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellerophon_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Italy](/source/Italy))

- [Dalong formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalong_formation&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Yangtze](/source/Yangtze), China)

- [Hambast Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hambast_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1) (Iran)

- [Hopeman Sandstone Formation](/source/Hopeman_Sandstone_Formation) ([Scotland](/source/Scotland))

- [Moradi Formation](/source/Moradi_Formation) ([Niger](/source/Niger))

- [Quartermaster Formation](/source/Quartermaster_Formation) ([Texas](/source/Texas), USA)

- [Schuchert Dal Formation](/source/Schuchert_Dal_Formation) ([Greenland](/source/Greenland))

- Tesero Member of the [Werfen Formation](/source/Werfen_Formation) ([Austria](/source/Austria), [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/source/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), Italy)

- Lower part of [Wordie Creek Formation](/source/Wordie_Creek_Formation) (Greenland)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ICS_2023/09_1-0)** ["International Chronostratigraphic Chart"](https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2023-09.pdf) (PDF). *[International Commission on Stratigraphy](/source/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy)*. September 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Jin2006_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Jin2006_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Jin2006_2-2) Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S.; Cao, C. (2006). ["The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013048/http://www.nigpas.ac.cn/permian/manage/document/edit/UploadFile/200737103436835.pdf) (PDF). *Episodes*. **29** (3): 175–182. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003](https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2006%2Fv29i3%2F003). Archived from [the original](http://www.nigpas.ac.cn/permian/manage/document/edit/UploadFile/200737103436835.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-07-07..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). ["The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary"](https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/induan.pdf) (PDF). *Episodes*. **24** (2): 102–114. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004](https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i2%2F004). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210828153134/https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/induan.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). *A Geologic Time Scale 2004*. Cambridge University Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Grabau, A.W. (1923). "Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower". *[Geological Survey of China](/source/Geological_Survey_of_China)*. p. 529.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F. (1970). "Permian ammonite *Cyclolobus* from the Salt Range, West Pakistan". In Kummel, B.; Teichert, G. (eds.). *Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan*. Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication. Vol. 4. pp. 158–176.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F (1973). "Permian stages names". In Logan, A.; Hills, L.V. (eds.). *The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary*. [Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists](/source/Canadian_Society_of_Petroleum_Geologists) Memoir. Vol. 2. pp. 522–548.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kutygin2019_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kutygin2019_8-1) Kutygin R.V., Budnikov I.V., Biakov A.S., Davydov V.I., Kilyasov A.N., Silantiev V.V. (2019). ["First findings of *Otoceras* (Ceratitida) in the Kobyuma zone of the Southern Verkhoyansk region, Northeastern Russia"](https://kpfu.ru/portal/docs/F_194089775/161_4_est_4.pdf) (PDF). *Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki* (in Russian). **161** (4): 550–570. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.26907/2542-064X.2019.4.550-570](https://doi.org/10.26907%2F2542-064X.2019.4.550-570). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230222/https://kpfu.ru/portal/docs/F_194089775/161_4_est_4.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2022.{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction_9-0)** Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). ["Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898). *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. **275** (1636): 759–65. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rspb.2007.1370](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2596898](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596898). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18198148](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198148).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016). ["Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution"](https://hal.science/hal-01253154/file/Romano_et_al_HAL.pdf) (PDF). *Biological Reviews*. **91** (1): 106–147. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/brv.12161](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12161). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25431138](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25431138). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [5332637](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5332637).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Hampe, Oliver; Hairapetian, Vachik; Dorka, Markus; Witzmann, Florian; Akbari, Amir M.; Korn, Dieter (2013). ["A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran)"](https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1357). *Bulletin of Geosciences*. **88** (1): 1–20. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3140/bull.geosci.1357](https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1357). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1214-1119](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1214-1119).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Lina Wang; Paul B. Wignall; Yadong Sun; Chunbo Yan; Zaitian Zhang; Xulong Lai (2017). ["New Permian-Triassic conodont data from Selong (Tibet) and the youngest occurrence of *Vjalovognathus*"](https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/116518/1/Wang%20Lina%20et%20al.%2C%202017.JAES.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Asian Earth Sciences*. **146**: 152–167. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017JAESc.146..152W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAESc.146..152W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.05.014](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2017.05.014).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Posenato, Renato; Bottjer, David J.; Petsios, Elizabeth (2019). ["Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6718154). *PeerJ*. **7** e7361. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7717/peerj.7361](https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.7361). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6718154](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6718154). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31531267](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31531267).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Korn, Dieter; Ghaderi, Abbas; Leda, Lucyna; Schobben, Martin; Ashouri, Ali Reza (2015). "The ammonoids from the Late Permian *Paratirolites* Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran)". *Journal of Systematic Palaeontology*. **14** (10): 841–890. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2015.1119211). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [130932875](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130932875).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Prinoth, Herwig; Posenato, Renato (2023). ["Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1486). *Papers in Palaeontology*. **9** (2) e1486. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2023PPal....9E1486P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PPal....9E1486P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/spp2.1486](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1486). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11392/2508931](https://hdl.handle.net/11392%2F2508931).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Stache, G. (1877). ["Beiträge zur Fauna der Bellerphonkalke Südtirols 1, Cephalopoden und Gastropoden"](https://opac.geologie.ac.at/wwwopacx/wwwopac.ashx?command=getcontent&server=images&value=JB0273_271_A.pdf) (PDF). *Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt* (in German). **27** (3). Wien: 272–318.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Mychko, Eduard V. (2025-05-24). ["Lopingian (Late Permian) trilobites from the North Caucasus, Russia, with an overview of their distribution worldwide"](https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2025/5533-latest-trilobites). *Palaeontologia Electronica*. **28** (2): 1–51. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.26879/1399](https://doi.org/10.26879%2F1399). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1094-8074](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8074).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Poschmann, Markus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022-10-03). ["The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033). *Historical Biology*. **34** (10): 2020–2030. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022HBio...34.2020P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022HBio...34.2020P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2021.1998033). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0891-2963](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963).

## External links

- [GeoWhen Database - Changhsingian](https://web.archive.org/web/20100822060939/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Changhsingian.html)

- [Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart](http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/Upper_Paleozoic_Sept08.pdf) at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS

v t e Permian Period Cisuralian Guadalupian Lopingian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian

v t e Geological history of Earth Cenozoic Era (present–66.0 Ma) Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma) Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma) Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma) Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) Mesozoic Era (66.0–252 Ma) Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma) Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma) Jurassic (145–201 Ma) Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma) Triassic (201–252 Ma) Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma) Paleozoic Era (252–539 Ma) Permian (252–299 Ma) Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) Carboniferous (299–359 Ma) Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma) Devonian (359–419 Ma) Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma) Silurian (419–444 Ma) Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma) Ordovician (444–485 Ma) Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma) Cambrian (485–539 Ma) Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) Proterozoic Eon (539 Ma–2.5 Ga) Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga) Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga) Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga) Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga) Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga) Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga) Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga) Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga) Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga) ka = kiloannum (thousand years ago); Ma = megaannum (million years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billion years ago). See also: Geologic time scale • Geology portal • World portal

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Changhsingian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhsingian) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhsingian?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.