# Chamic languages
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{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{about|the Aceh-Chamic language family|the group of Cham dialects|Cham language}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Chamic
| altname = Aceh–Chamic
| region = [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) ([Aceh](/source/Aceh)), [Cambodia](/source/Cambodia), [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam), [Thailand](/source/Thailand), [China](/source/China) ([Hainan](/source/Hainan) Island), various countries with recent immigrants
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [Malayo-Polynesian](/source/Malayo-Polynesian_languages)
| fam3 = disputed:
[Malayo-Sumbawan](/source/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages) or [Greater North Borneo](/source/Greater_North_Borneo_languages)
| fam4 = Malayo-Chamic
| protoname = Proto-Chamic
| child1 = [Acehnese](/source/Acehnese_language)
| child2 = Coastal Chamic
| child3 = Highlands Chamic
| iso2 = cmc
| iso5 = cmc
| glotto = cham1327
| glottoname = Aceh–Chamic
| glotto2 = cham1330
| glottoname2 = Chamic
| map = Chamic languages.svg
| map2 = Chamic language.jpg
| mapcaption2 = Varieties of the Chamic languages
| mapcaption = The languages in Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, and the northern tip of Sumatra are Chamic languages (purple).
}}
The '''Chamic languages''', also known as '''Aceh–Chamic''' and '''Acehnese–Chamic''', are a group of ten languages spoken in [Aceh](/source/Aceh) ([Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia)) and in parts of [Cambodia](/source/Cambodia), [Thailand](/source/Thailand), [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam) and [Hainan](/source/Hainan), [China](/source/China). The Chamic languages are a subgroup of [Malayo-Polynesian languages](/source/Malayo-Polynesian_languages) in the [Austronesian family](/source/Austronesian_languages). The ancestor of this subfamily, proto-Chamic, is associated with the [Sa Huỳnh culture](/source/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture), its speakers arriving in what is now [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam) from [Formosa](/source/Formosa).{{sfn|Thurgood|1999}}
The most widely spoken Chamic languages are [Acehnese](/source/Acehnese_language) with 3.5 million speakers, [Cham](/source/Cham_language) with about 280,000, and [Jarai](/source/Jarai_language) with about 230,000, in both [Cambodia](/source/Cambodia) and Vietnam. [Tsat](/source/Tsat_language) is the most northern and least spoken, with only 3000 speakers by the [Utsuls](/source/Utsuls) in Hainan.
==History==
Cham has the oldest literary history of any Austronesian language. The [Dong Yen Chau inscription](/source/Dong_Yen_Chau_inscription), written in [Old Cham](/source/Old_Cham), dates from the late 4th century AD.
Extensive borrowing resulting from long-term contact has caused Chamic and the [Bahnaric languages](/source/Bahnaric_languages), a branch of the [Austroasiatic family](/source/Austroasiatic_languages), to have many vocabulary items in common.{{sfn|Thurgood|1999}}{{sfn|Sidwell|2009}}
==Classification==
[Graham Thurgood](/source/Graham_Thurgood) gives the following classification for the Chamic languages.{{sfn|Thurgood|1999|p=36}} Individual languages are marked by ''italics''.
thumb|Speakers of Acehnese.
thumb|Coastal Chamic language
thumb|Highland Chamic language
{{tree list}}
* '''Chamic'''
** ''[Acehnese](/source/Acehnese_language)''
** Coastal Chamic
*** ''[Haroi](/source/Haroi_language)'' ({{langx|vi|H'roi}})
*** [Cham](/source/Cham_language) ({{langx|vi|Chăm}})
**** ''Western Cham''
**** ''Eastern Cham (Panduranga Cham)''
** Highlands Chamic
*** Rade–Jarai
**** ''[Bih](/source/Bih_language)''{{efn|According to [Glottolog 5.1](/source/Glottolog) (2024) it is classified as a separate language. But its classification is still doubtful, some linguists consider it as a Rade dialect.}}
**** ''[Rade](/source/Rade_language)'' ({{langx|vi|Ê-đê}})
**** ''[Jarai](/source/Jarai_language)'' ({{langx|vi|Gia Rai}})
*** Chru–Northern
**** ''[Chru](/source/Chru_language)'' ({{langx|vi|Chu Ru}})
**** Northern Cham
***** [Roglai](/source/Roglai_language) ({{langx|vi|Ra Glai}})
****** ''Northern Roglai''
****** ''Southern Roglai''
***** ''[Tsat](/source/Tsat_language)''
{{tree list/end}}
The Proto-Chamic numerals from 7 to 9 are shared with those of the [Malayic languages](/source/Malayic_languages), providing partial evidence for a Malayo-Chamic subgrouping.{{sfn|Thurgood|1999|p=37}}
[Roger Blench](/source/Roger_Blench)[{{cite web |last=Blench |first=Roger |year=2009 |url=http://icaal.org/abstract/blench-are.html |title=Are There Four Additional Unrecognised Branches of Austroasiatic?}}] also proposes that there may have been at least one other [Austroasiatic](/source/Austroasiatic_languages) branch in coastal Vietnam that is now extinct, based on various Austroasiatic loanwords in modern-day Chamic languages that cannot be clearly traced to existing Austroasiatic branches.[{{Cite journal |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2006 |title=Dating the Separation of Acehnese and Chamic By Etymological Analysis of the Aceh-Chamic Lexicon |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf |journal=[Mon-Khmer Studies](/source/Mon-Khmer_Studies) |language=en |volume=36 |pages=187–206 |doi=10.15144/MKSJ-36.187 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108030716/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2006dating.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-11-08}}]
==Reconstruction==
{{Infobox proto-language
| name = Proto-Chamic
| familycolor = Austronesian
| ancestor = [Proto-Austronesian](/source/Proto-Austronesian)
| ancestor2 = [Proto-Malayo-Polynesian](/source/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian)
| target = Chamic languages
}}
The Proto-Chamic reconstructed below is from [Graham Thurgood](/source/Graham_Thurgood)'s 1999 publication ''From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects''.{{sfn|Thurgood|1999}}
===Consonants===
The following table of Proto-Chamic presyllabic consonants are from Thurgood.{{sfn|Thurgood|1999|p=68}} There are a total of 13–14 presyllabic consonants depending on whether or not *{{IPA|ɲ}} is counted. Non-presyllabic consonants include *ʔ, *ɓ, *ɗ, *ŋ, *y, *w. Aspirated consonants are also reconstructable for Proto-Chamic.
{|class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Proto-Chamic Presyllabic Consonants'''{{sfn|Thurgood|1999}}
|-
!colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2 | [Plosive](/source/Plosive_consonant)
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | Voiceless
|align="center"|{{IPA|p}}
|align="center"|{{IPA|t}}
|align="center"|{{IPA|c}}
|align="center"|{{IPA|k}}
|
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiced
|align="center"|{{IPA|b}}
|align="center"|{{IPA|d}}
|align="center"|{{IPA|ɟ}}
|align="center"|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [Nasal](/source/Nasal_stop)
|align="center"|{{IPA|m}}
|align="center"|
|align="center"|{{IPA|ɲ}}[Reflexes of {{IPA|ɲ}} are rare in modern Chamic languages.]
|align="center"|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [Lateral](/source/Lateral_consonant)
|
|align="center"|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [Tap](/source/Flap_consonant) or [trill](/source/Trill_consonant)
|
|align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [Fricative](/source/Fricative_consonant)
|
|align="center"|{{IPA|s}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA|h}}
|}
The following consonant clusters are reconstructed for Proto-Chamic:{{sfn|Thurgood|1999|p=93}} *pl-, *bl-, *kl-, *gl-, *pr-, *tr-, *kr-, *br-, *dr-. Initial ''*n'' did not exist, it was replaced by ''*l'' instead (''*nanaq'' → ''*lanah'' "pus").{{sfn|Thurgood|1999|p=69}}
===Vowels===
There are four vowels (*-a, *-i, *-u, and *-e, or alternatively *-ə) and three [diphthong](/source/diphthong)s (*-ay, *-uy, *-aw).{{sfn|Thurgood|1999}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" width="30%"
|+caption | '''Proto-Chamic Vowels'''
! colspan="2" | Height
! colspan="2" | [Front](/source/Front_vowel)
! colspan="2" | [Central](/source/Central_vowel)
! colspan="2" | [Back](/source/Back_vowel)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" |'''[Close](/source/Close_vowel)'''
| colspan="2" |'''i''' {{IPA|/i/}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |'''u''' {{IPA|/u/}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" |'''[Mid](/source/Mid_vowel)'''
| colspan="2" |'''e''' {{IPA|/e/}}
| colspan="2" |(['''ə''' {{IPA|/ə/}}])
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" |'''[Open](/source/Open_vowel)'''
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |'''a''' {{IPA|/a/}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
===Morphology===
Reconstructed Proto-Chamic morphological components are:{{sfn|Thurgood|1999}}
* *tə-: the "inadvertent" prefix
* *mə-: common verb prefix
* *pə-: causative prefix
* *bɛʔ-: negative imperative prefix (borrowed from Austroasiatic languages)
* *-əm-: nominalizing infix
* *-ən-: instrumental infix (borrowed from Austroasiatic languages)
===Pronouns===
Proto-Chamic has the following personal pronouns:{{sfn|Thurgood|1999|pp=247–248}}
'''Singular'''
* {{Lang|mis|*kəu}} – 'I' (familiar)
* {{Lang|mis|*hulun}} – 'I' (polite); 'slave'
* {{Lang|mis|*dahlaʔ}} – 'I' (polite)
* {{Lang|mis|*hã}} – 'you; thou'
* {{Lang|mis|*ñu}} – 'he, she; they'
'''Plural'''
* {{Lang|mis|*kaməi}} – 'we' (exclusive)
* {{Lang|mis|*ta}} – 'we' (inclusive)
* {{Lang|mis|*drəi}} – 'we' (inclusive); reflexive
* {{Lang|mis|*gəp}} – other; group (borrowed from Austroasiatic languages)
===Proto-Chamic and Chamic lexical correspondences===
Proto-Chamic, Mainland Chamic, Acehnese and Malay comparative table:
{| class="wikitable" line-height:1.25em;"
!Gloss
|-
|'''one'''
|{{Lang|mis|*sa}}
|{{IPA|/sa ha/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/tha/|lang=cjm}}
|{{IPA|/sa/}}
|{{IPA|/s̻̪a/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|sa}}
|{{Lang|ms|satu}}
|-
|'''seven'''
|{{Lang|mis|*tujuh}}
|{{IPA|/taçuh/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/taçŭh/|lang=cjm}}
|{{IPA|/tijuh/}}
|{{IPA|/t̠uɟoh/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|tujôh}}
|{{Lang|ms|tujuh}}
|-
|'''fire'''
|{{Lang|mis|*ʔapuy}}
|{{IPA|/pui/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/apuy/|lang=cjm}}
|{{IPA|/apui/}}
|{{IPA|/apui̯/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|apui}}
|{{Lang|ms|api}}
|-
|'''sky'''
|{{Lang|mis|*laŋit}}
|{{IPA|/laŋiʔ/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/laŋiʔ/|lang=cjm}} {{Transliteration|cjm|Lingik}}
|{{IPA|/laŋĩːʔ/}}
|{{IPA|/laŋɛt̠/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|langèt}}
|{{Lang|ms|langit}}
|-
|'''rice (husked)'''
|{{Lang|mis|*braːs}}
|{{IPA|/prah/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/prah-l/|lang=cjm}}
|{{IPA|/bra/}}
|{{IPA|/brɯə̯h/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|breueh}}
|{{Lang|ms|beras}}
|-
|'''iron'''
|''{{Lang|mis|*bisεy}}''
|{{IPA|/pasay/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/pithăy/|lang=cjm}}
|{{IPA|/pisǝy/}}
|{{IPA|/bɯs̻̪ɔə̯/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|beusoe}}
|{{Lang|ms|besi}}
|-
|'''sugarcane'''
|{{Lang|mis|*tabɔw-v}}
|{{IPA|/tapau/|lang=cja}}
|{{IPA|/tapăw/|lang=cjm}}
|{{IPA|/tubəu/}}
|{{IPA|/t̠ɯbɛə̯/|lang=ace}} {{Transliteration|ace|teubèe}}
|{{Lang|ms|tebu}}
|-
|-
|-
|}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |url=https://www.academia.edu/1540105 |title=Classifying the Austroasiatic Languages: History and State of the Art |publisher=LINCOM Europa |year=2009 |language=en |access-date=2017-11-02 |archive-date=2019-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324073527/https://www.academia.edu/1540105/Classifying_the_Austroasiatic_languages_history_and_state_of_the_art |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |date=1999 |title=From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords |series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/512808378/From-Ancient-Cham-to-Modern-Dialects|pages=i, iii–vii, ix–xiii, xv–xvii, 1–259, 261–275, 277–397, 399–407 |jstor=20006770 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=0824821319 |language=en}}
{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Chamic Languages}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Chamic languages
Category:Malayo-Chamic languages
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Chamic languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamic_languages) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamic_languages?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.