# Celtic onomastics > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Celtic_onomastics > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Celtic_onomastics.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_onomastics > Source revision: 1340845829 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Study of Celtic proper names This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Celtic onomastics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (November 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) [Onomastics](/source/Onomastics) is an important source of information on the early [Celts](/source/Celts), as [Greco-Roman historiography](/source/Greco-Roman_historiography) recorded Celtic names before substantial written information becomes available in any Celtic language. Like [Germanic names](/source/Germanic_name), early Celtic names are often [dithematic](/source/Dithematic). ## Suffixes - suffix *-rix* "ruler" - [Ambiorix](/source/Ambiorix) - [Boiorix](/source/Boiorix) - [Cingetorix](/source/Cingetorix_(disambiguation)) - [Dumnorix](/source/Dumnorix) - [Orgetorix](/source/Orgetorix) - [Vercingetorix](/source/Vercingetorix) - suffix *-maris* / *-marus* "great" - [Britomaris](/source/Britomaris) - [Indutiomarus](/source/Indutiomarus) - [Viridomarus](/source/Viridomarus) ## Celtic polytheism Some information on prehistoric [Celtic polytheism](/source/Celtic_polytheism) can be drawn from names in [Irish](/source/Irish_mythology) and [Welsh mythology](/source/Welsh_mythology), which often continue older theonyms: - [Gwenhwyfar](/source/Gwenhwyfar), from **Uindā Seibrā* "White Phantom" - [Brigid](/source/Brigid), from **[Brigantia](/source/Briganti)* "the High one" - [Lugh](/source/Lugh) and [Lleu](/source/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes), cognate with Gaulish [Lugus](/source/Lugus) ## Surnames See also: [Irish name](/source/Irish_name), [Scottish surnames](/source/Scottish_surnames), [Manx surnames](/source/Manx_surnames), [Welsh surnames](/source/Welsh_surnames), and [Cornish surnames](/source/Cornish_surnames) Many surnames of [Gaelic](/source/Goidelic_languages) origin in Ireland and the other [Celtic nations](/source/Celtic_nations) derive from ancestors' names, [nicknames](/source/Nicknames), or descriptive names. In the first group can be placed surnames such as MacMurrough and MacCarthy, derived from [patronymics](/source/Patronymics), or O'Brien and O'Grady, derived from ancestral names. Gaelic surnames derived from nicknames include [Ó Dubhda](/source/Dowd) (from *Aedh ua Dubhda—Aedh*, 'the dark one'), [O'Doherty](/source/O'Doherty) (from *Ó Dochartaigh*, 'destroyer' or 'obtrusive'), Garvery (*garbh*, 'rough' or 'nasty'), Manton (*mantach*, 'toothless'), Bane (*bán*, 'white', as in 'white hair'), Finn (*fionn*, 'fair', as in 'fair hair') and Kennedy (*ceann éidigh*, 'ugly head') Very few Gaelic surnames are derived from placenames or from venerated people or objects. Among those that are included in this small group, several can be shown to be derivations of Gaelic personal names or surnames. One notable exception is Ó Cuilleáin or [O'Collins](/source/O'Collins) (from *cuileann*, '[holly](/source/Holly)') as in the holly tree, considered one of the most sacred objects of pre-Christian Celtic culture. Another is Walsh ([Irish](/source/Irish_language): *Breatnach*), meaning [Welsh](/source/Welsh_people). In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. In Ireland, for example, where *Murphy* is an exceedingly common name, particular Murphy families or extended families are nicknamed, so that [Denis Murphy](/source/Denis_Murphy_(Irish_musician))'s family were called 'The Weavers" and Denis himself was called "Denis 'The Weaver' Murphy". (See also [O'Hay](/source/O'Hay).) For much the same reason, nicknames (e.g. "the *Fada* Burkes", "the long/tall Burkes"), father's names (e.g. "John Morrissey Ned") or mother's maiden name ("Kennedy" becoming "Kennedy-Lydon") can become colloquial or legal surnames. The Irish family of de Courcy descends from [Anglo-Normans](/source/Anglo-Normans) who came to Ireland following the Norman Conquest; the name is of French derivation, and indicates that the family once held a manor of that name in Normandy. The de Courcy family was prominent in County Cork from the earliest days of the Norman occupation and subsequently became prominent in Ireland.[1] In addition to all this, Irish-speaking areas still follow the old tradition of naming themselves after their father, grandfather, great-grandfather and so on. Examples include *Mike Bartly Pat Reilly* ('Mike, son of Bartholomew, son of Pat Reilly'), *Seán Mícheál Seán Óg Pádraic Breathnach* ('John, son of Michael, son of young John, son of Pat Breathnach'), *Tom Paddy-Joe *Seoige** ('Tom, son of Paddy-Joe *Seoige*'), and *Mary Bartly Mike Walsh* ('Mary, daughter of Bartly, son of Mike Walsh'). Sometimes, the female line of the family is used, depending on how well the parent is known in the area the person resides in, e.g. *Paddy Mary John* ("Paddy, son of Mary, daughter of John"). A similar tradition continues even in English-speaking areas, especially in rural districts. ### Surname prefixes - *Bean*: 'wife', pronounced [\[bʲanˠ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish). - *De*: 'of the': a [Norman-French](/source/Norman_language) habitational prefix used by some of the most common Irish surnames among which are *De *Búrca**, *De *Brún**, *De Barra*, *De *Cíosóg**, *Devane* and *de *Faoite**. *De* historically has signaled ownership of lands and was traditionally therefore a mark of prestige. - *Mac* (in English also written *Mc*, *Mc*, *M'*, and *Mic*): for most purposes, taken to mean 'son of', as in *Mac Néill*, 'son of Neil'. However, literally, the 'of' part does not come from the Mac prefix but from the patronymic that follows it; e.g., in the case of *Mac Néill*, *Mac* merely means 'son'; *Néill* (meaning 'of Neil') is the genitive form of *Niall* ('Neil'). In some cases, if the second word (nominal element) begins with a vowel, *Mac* then becomes *Mag*, as in *Mag Eocháin*. - *Mhic*: [\[vʲɪc\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish). Compressed form of *bean mhic* ('wife of the son of') e.g. *Máire Mhic Néill* (*Máire*, the wife of *Mac Néill*). This is the grammatically correct form of the prefix *Mac* always taken by a woman after marriage (e.g. a woman marrying someone of the surname *Mac Néill* would become *Mhic Néill*). *Mhig* (also pronounced [vʲɪc]) is used similarly to *Mag* in some cases (e.g. *Mag Shamhráin* / *Mhig Shamhráin*). - *Maol*: In Pagan times this was expressed as *Mug*, as in the case of [Mug Nuadat](/source/Mug_Nuadat). The literal expression of this is "slave of *Nuada*", i.e. "devotee of *Nuada*". In the [Christian era](/source/Christian_era) the word *Mael* was used in its place for given names such as *Mael Bridget*, *Mael Padraig*, *Mael Lagan*, *Mael Sechlainn*, and *Mael Martain*. In later times, some of these given names evolved into surnames, e.g. *Ó Máel Sechlainn* and *Mac Mael Martain* or *Mael Lagan*, which became after the 15th century the name [Milligan](/source/Milligan_(disambiguation)). - *Fitz*: a Norman-French word derived from the [Latin](/source/Latin) word *filius* ('son'). It was used in patronymics by thousands of men in the early Norman period in Ireland (e.g. *fitz Stephen*, *fitz Richard*, *fitz Robert*, *fitz William*) and only on some occasions did it become used as an actual surname, the most famous example being the *[FitzGerald](/source/FitzGerald)* [Earls of Kildare](/source/Earl_of_Kildare). Yet well into the 17th and 18th century it was used in certain areas dominated by the [Hiberno-Normans](/source/Hiberno-Norman) of Ireland in its original form, as a patronymic. [The Tribes of Galway](/source/The_Tribes_of_Galway) were especially good at conserving this form, with examples such as *John fitz John Bodkin* and *Michael Lynch fitz Arthur*, used even as late as the early 19th century. A number of [illegitimate](/source/Illegitimacy) descendants of the British royal family were given surnames with this element: some of the illegitimate children of [King Charles II](/source/Charles_II_of_England) were named *FitzCharles* or *FitzRoy* ("son of the King"); those of [King James II](/source/James_II_of_England) were named *FitzJames*; those of [Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews](/source/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom) (later King William IV) were named *FitzClarence*. Note that *Fitzpatrick* is not Norman: it is actually a Normanisation of the Gaelic surname *Mac Ghiolla Phádraig*. - *Ó*: In Old Irish as *ua* ('grandson', 'descendant'). E.g., the ancestor of the [O'Brien clan](/source/O'Brien_clan), [Brian Boru](/source/Brian_Boru) (937–1014) was known in his lifetime as *Brian mac Cennéide mac Lorcán* ('Brian, the son of *Cennéide*, the son of *Lorcán*'). Not until the time of his grandsons and great-grandsons was the name *O'Brien* used as a surname, used to denote descent from an illustrious [ancestor](/source/Ancestor). It has for some three hundred years been written as *O'*, but in recent years the apostrophe is often dropped, bringing it into line with early medieval forms. The apostrophe came into existence as an error by the English, when in the process of anglicizing the surnames in Ireland, the accent above the O was mistakenly recognized as an apostrophe; it is sometimes popularly thought to be an abbreviation of *of*. - *Uí*: This is the plural of *Ó* and is used in reference to a kin-group or clan, e.g. *Uí Néill*, in reference to the *O'Neill* clan. It is pronounced [i]. - *[Ní](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/N%C3%AD#Irish)*: This is used for women instead of *Ó* before a surname (e.g. *Máire Ní Bhriain*, "Mary O'Brien"), and comes from a shortened form of *iníon*, the Irish word for a daughter. - *Nic*: This is used for women instead of *Mac*, but only if this is their maiden name, never their married name. Compressed form of *iníon mhic* ('daughter of the son of/Mac...'), e.g. *Máire Nic Charthaigh* ('Mary, daughter of McCarthy'). *Nig* [\[nʲɪc\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish) is used in cases where the surname uses *Mag* e.g. *Nig Shamhráin*. ## See also - [Celtic toponymy](/source/Celtic_toponymy) - [Irish name](/source/Irish_name) - [Place names in Ireland](/source/Place_names_in_Ireland) - [Germanic name](/source/Germanic_name) - [Scottish Gaelic name](/source/Scottish_Gaelic_name) - [Scottish toponymy](/source/Scottish_toponymy) - [Welsh surnames](/source/Welsh_surnames) - [Welsh toponymy](/source/Welsh_toponymy) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [*Families of County Cork, Ireland: Including English, Scots and Anglo-Norman Settlers*, Michael C. O'Laughlin, Irish Roots Cafe, 1999](https://books.google.com/books?id=8b4eREmqNj0C&pg=PA57&dq=%22de+courcy%22+the+origins+of+some+anglo+norman+families&ei=dmD2SOONA5mctAPh2unUAw&sig=ACfU3U0DWYMG685ksZner8yCKIzoYx1WdQ) ## External links - [Ancient Celtic names](http://www.behindthename.com/nmc/cel-anci.php) (behindthename.com) - [Name Constructions in Gaulish](http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/gaulish/) v t e Celts and modern Celts Celtic nations · Celtic studies · Celtic tribes · Celtic languages Peoples Ancient Celtic ethnic groups (names) Aedui Aigosages Allobroges Allotriges Ambarri Anartes Arecomici Armorica Astures Arverni Atuatuci Attacotti Atrebates Aulerci Aulerci Cenomani Cenomani Autrigones Bituriges Bituriges Vivisci Belgae Bellovaci Berones Boii Bohemia Cisalpine Gaul Pannonia Transalpine Gaul Brigantii Britons Caledonians Caleti Cantabri Carni Cantii Carnutes Caristii Carpetani Catubrini Celegeri Cenomani Celtiberians Celtici Cotini Coriosolites Dumnonii Eburones 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religious ecclesiastical Pre-nominal letters Suffix emeritus Post-nominal letters academic orders, decorations, and medals Titles Academic Imperial, royal and noble chivalric courtesy false hereditary subsidiary substantive Military professional Academic educational honorary Corporate Diplomatic Judicial Religious ecclesiastical papal Related traditions Baptism Name day Calendar of saints Related Acronym Anonymity Anthropomorphism personification national Call sign Deadnaming Endonym and exonym Family Galton–Watson process Legal name name change Namesake Naming taboo Nomenclature nomen nescio Misnomer Onomastics -onym Personal identity identifier Proper noun Signature monogram royal cypher khelrtva signum manus tughra Surnames by country --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Celtic onomastics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_onomastics) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_onomastics?action=history)). 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