# Catholic Church in Spain

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Catholic Church in Spain Spanish: Iglesia Católica en España Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See in Seville Type National polity Classification Catholic Orientation Latin Scripture Bible Theology Catholic Polity Episcopal Governance Episcopal Conference of Spain Pope Leo XIV Primate Archbishop of Toledo Francisco Cerro Chaves President of the Episcopal Conference Luis Javier Argüello García Region Spain, Andorra Language Latin, Spanish, Basque, Catalan, Galician Headquarters Calle Añastro, 1. 28033 Madrid Founder Apostles James and Paul Origin 1st century Hispania, Roman Empire Separations Protestantism in Spain Palmarian Catholic Church Members 32,364,000[1] Official website conferenciaepiscopal.es

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The [Toledo Cathedral](/source/Toledo_Cathedral), seat of the [Primates of Spain](/source/Primacy_of_the_Diocese_of_Toledo)

[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela](/source/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela)

The **Spanish Catholic Church**, or **Catholic Church in Spain**, is part of the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) under the spiritual leadership of the [Pope](/source/Pope) in [Rome](/source/Holy_See), and the [Spanish Episcopal Conference](/source/Spanish_Episcopal_Conference).

The [Spanish Constitution of 1978](/source/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978) establishes the non-denominationality of the State, providing that the public authorities take into account the religious beliefs of society, maintaining cooperative relations with the Catholic Church and other confessions. Thus, the relations between the Spanish State and the Holy See are regulated by the 1976 agreement and the three 1979 agreements, which modified and replaced the previous 1953 concordat.[2][3]

## History

Main article: [History of the Catholic Church in Spain](/source/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Spain)

According to [Romans 15:28](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%2015:28), Christianity could have been present in Spain from a very early period. [St. Paul](/source/Paul_the_Apostle) intended to go to [Hispania](/source/Hispania) to preach the gospel there after visiting the Romans along the way. But there is no clear evidence if he ever made it.[4] After 410 AD, Spain was taken over by the [Visigoths](/source/Visigoths) who had been converted to [Arianism](/source/Arianism) around 360. From the 5th to the 7th century, [about thirty synods](/source/Councils_of_Toledo), were held at [Toledo](/source/Toledo%2C_Spain) to regulate and standardise matters of discipline, decreed uniformity of liturgy throughout the kingdom (see the [Unidad católica de España](/source/Unidad_cat%C3%B3lica_de_Espa%C3%B1a)). [Medieval Spain](/source/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages) was the scene of almost constant warfare between Islamic and Christian kingdoms. Islamic and Christian people generally lived in peaceful co-existence under Islamic rule such as in [Al-Andalus](/source/Al-Andalus), as long as the Christians paid the religious taxes and held no weapons in their homes, with many instances of inter-religious marriage, of Muslim men with Christian women focusing on converting masses to Islam through the familiar power of the father-figure back then. However, there was tension from the [Pope](/source/Pope) and the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) to oppose Islamic rule in Spain and to "reclaim" Europe. This was the period of the so-called "[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain](/source/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain)". The [Almohads](/source/Almohads), who had taken control of the [Almoravids](/source/Almoravid_dynasty)' Maghrebi and Andalusian territories by 1147, far surpassed the Almoravids in [Islamic fundamentalism](/source/Islamic_fundamentalism), and they notably treated the non-Islamic *[dhimmis](/source/Dhimmi)* harshly. Faced with the choice of death, conversion, or emigration, many Jews fled to North Africa and Egypt.[5]

The [Reconquista](/source/Reconquista) was the long process by which the Catholics reconquered Spain from Islamic rule by 1492. The [Spanish Inquisition](/source/Spanish_Inquisition) was established in 1478 to complete the religious purification of the Iberian Peninsula. In the centuries that followed, Spain saw itself as the bulwark of Catholicism and doctrinal purity.

Spanish missionaries carried Catholicism to the [Americas](/source/Americas) and the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), establishing various missions in the newly colonized lands. The missions served as a base for both administering colonies as well as spreading Christianity.

According to [Juan Avilés Farré](/source/Juan_Avil%C3%A9s_Farr%C3%A9), Catholicism constituted the "doctrinal basis of the most significant organizations of the anti-democratic and anti-liberal right-wing" in Spain developed in the period going from the demise of right-wing liberal conservatism led by [Cánovas del Castillo](/source/C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo) to the installment of the [Francoist dictatorship](/source/Francoist_dictatorship), including [maurism](/source/Maurism), [Patriotic Union](/source/Patriotic_Union_(Spain)), the group around [Acción Española](/source/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola) and [Falange Española](/source/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola).[6]

The Catholic Church in Spain supported [Francisco Franco](/source/Francisco_Franco) in the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War) and afterwards established a [close relationship](/source/National_Catholicism) with the Spanish state, with many Catholic priests serving in the government. After the [Second Vatican Council](/source/Second_Vatican_Council), relations between Church and State started to deteriorate, especially during the reign of [Pope Paul VI](/source/Pope_Paul_VI).[7]

## Sites

[Sagrada Família](/source/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia) in Barcelona

See also: [Cathedrals in Spain](/source/Cathedrals_in_Spain)

The Spanish Church oversees one of the greatest repositories of religious architecture (and art) in the world, among them the outstanding [cathedrals](/source/Cathedrals) of [Cordoba](/source/Cathedral%E2%80%93Mosque_of_C%C3%B3rdoba) (originally built as a church and then replaced by a mosque during Moorish rule, to be subsequently reconsecrated as a Church), [Santiago de Compostela](/source/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral), [Burgos](/source/Burgos_Cathedral), [León](/source/Le%C3%B3n_Cathedral), [Seville](/source/Seville_Cathedral), [Toledo](/source/Toledo_Cathedral) and the [Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar](/source/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar) in [Zaragoza](/source/Zaragoza). There are also magnificent monasteries like [San Millán](/source/Monasteries_of_San_Mill%C3%A1n_de_la_Cogolla) and [Silos](/source/Abbey_of_Santo_Domingo_de_Silos) in [La Rioja](/source/La_Rioja_(Spain)), [Monstserrat](/source/Santa_Maria_de_Montserrat_Abbey) and [Poblet](/source/Poblet_Monastery) in [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia), [El Escorial](/source/El_Escorial) and [El Paular](/source/Monastery_of_El_Paular) in [Madrid](/source/Community_of_Madrid), [San Juan de los Reyes](/source/Monastery_of_San_Juan_de_los_Reyes) in [Castile-La Mancha](/source/Castile-La_Mancha), the [Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas](/source/Abbey_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Real_de_Las_Huelgas) in [Castile and Leon](/source/Castile_and_Leon), or churches like [Sagrada Família](/source/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia) in [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona) by [Antoni Gaudí](/source/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD).

## Festivals and pilgrimages

### Holy Week

[Holy Week](/source/Holy_Week) ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Semana Santa*) in Spain attracts thousands of pilgrims and tourists alike. For centuries Holy Week has had a special significance in the church calendar in Spain, where early on Good Friday the darkened streets of dawn become the stage for solemn processions and celebrations that lead up to festivities of Easter Sunday. Fifty-eight processions (according to a 2008 guide) parallel the health and wealth of the city from the 16th and 17th centuries of its golden age to the French Invasion in the 18th century and finally to its rebirth today in the twentieth century. Despite church attendances falling, in common with the rest of Europe, the Easter processions are expanding, as many newly formed brotherhoods have asked for permission from bishops and other authorities to process during Holy Week.[8]

### Way of Saint James

For over a thousand years, Europeans living north of the Alps have made their way to the closest place in Europe "where they could access the spiritual authority of an Apostle: Santiago de Compostela".[9] In 2007, for example, over 100,000 people walked to Santiago de Compostela alone.[10]

## Statistics

There are over 42 million baptized, covering about 92% of the total population. There are 70 [dioceses](/source/Diocese) and [archdioceses](/source/Archdiocese). Some studies indicate that the percentage of the population that identifies as Catholic is closer to 60%.[11]

In spite of strong traditions, most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. A study conducted in October 2006 by the Spanish Centre of [Sociological Research](/source/Sociology_of_religion)[12] shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 54% hardly ever or never go to church (except for wedding and funerals), 15% go to church some times a year, 10% some time per month and 19% every Sunday or multiple times per week. A huge majority of young Spaniards, including those who self-identify as Catholic, ignore the Church's stance on issues such as [pre-marital sex](/source/Pre-marital_sex), [sexual orientation](/source/Sexual_orientation) or [contraception](/source/Contraception).[13][14][15][16][17] 75% of Spanish Catholics support [same-sex marriage](/source/Same-sex_marriage) and 13% oppose it. 91% of Spanish Catholics believe society should accept [gay](/source/Gay) people while 8% believe society should not accept gays.[18]

The total number of parish priests has shrunk from 24,300 in 1975 to 19,307 in 2005. Nuns also dropped 6.9% to 54,160 in the period 2000–2005.[19]

According to the Eurobarometer 69 (2008), another independent source, only 3% of Spaniards consider religion as one of their three most important values, while the European mean is 7%.[20]

In 2026, the Spanish Bishops’ Conference published a doctrinal note about the "observed signs that indicate a rebirth of Christian faith especially among young Spaniards from Gen Z."[21]

## See also

- [Spain portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain)
- [Catholicism portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism)

- [Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic](/source/Catholicism_in_the_Second_Spanish_Republic)

- [Collective Letter of the Spanish Bishops, 1937](/source/Collective_Letter_of_the_Spanish_Bishops%2C_1937)

- [Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War](/source/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War)

- [Religion in Spain](/source/Religion_in_Spain) - [Eastern Orthodoxy in Spain](/source/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Spain) - [Protestantism in Spain](/source/Protestantism_in_Spain) - [Anglicanism in Spain](/source/Anglicanism_in_Spain)

- [Saints of Catalonia](/source/Saints_of_Catalonia)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aleteia_1-0)** ["The top 10 most Catholic countries in the world"](https://aleteia.org/2019/01/18/the-top-10-most-catholic-countries-in-the-world/). *Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture*. January 18, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Rouco Varela, Antonio Mª (1996). [. RELACIONES IGLESIA-ESTADO EN LA ESPAÑA DEL SIGLO XXI.](https://web.archive.org/web/20131212113558/http://dspace.unav.es/dspace/bitstream/10171/17028/1/IC_XXXVI-72_02.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Llamazares Fernández, Dionisio [. Los Acuerdos del Estado español con la Santa Sede.](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083228/http://www.olir.it/areetematiche/103/documents/Llamazares_Fernandez_Acuerdos.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Early Church History [\[1\]](https://earlychurchhistory.org/beliefs-2/st-paul-went-to-spain/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["The Almohads"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090213223723/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm) on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2013-05-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Avilés Farré, Juan](/source/Juan_Avil%C3%A9s_Farr%C3%A9) (2002). ["Catolicismo y derecha autoritaria. Del maurismo a Falange Española"](https://books.openedition.org/cvz/2771?lang=es). In Aubert, Paul (ed.). *Religión y sociedad en España (siglos XIX y XX)*. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez. Madrid: [Casa de Velázquez](/source/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez). pp. 255–263. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788490961124](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788490961124).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Philpott, Daniel (2004). "The Catholic Wave". *Journal of Democracy*. **15** (2): 32–46. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/jod.2004.0034](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2004.0034). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [143415167](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143415167).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Brian Whelan, "Amid the smell of incense came the purple-hooded Nazarenes," *The Tablet*, 22 March 2008, 16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Kevin A. Codd, "El Camino Speaks," *America*, 15 December 2003, 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Howse, Christopher (2008-06-07). ["Blisterless on the road to Santiago"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080614035043/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/07/do0706.xml). The Telegraph. Archived from [the original](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/07/do0706.xml) on 2008-06-14. Retrieved 2008-08-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Barometer for December 2021"](https://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3340_3359/3344/es3344mar.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Centre of Sociological Investigations"](http://mas.lne.es/documentos/archivos/20-11-06-cis.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DAWN_13-0)** Tarvainen, Sinikka (2004-09-26). ["Reforms anger Spanish church"](https://www.dawn.com/news/396831/reforms-anger-spanish-church). Dawn International. Retrieved 2008-03-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WWRN_14-0)** ["Zapatero accused of rejecting religion"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081023070458/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=15453&sec=59&con=53). Worldwide Religious News. 2004-10-15. Archived from [the original](http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=15453&sec=59&con=53) on 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2008-03-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYT_15-0)** Loewenberg, Samuel (2005-06-26). ["As Spaniards Lose Their Religion, Church Leaders Struggle to Hold On"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/weekinreview/26loew.html?_r=1&oref=slogin). *New York Times*. Retrieved 2008-10-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CSMONITOR_16-0)** Pingree, Geoff (2004-10-01). ["Secular drive challenges Spain's Catholic identity"](https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1001/p07s02-woeu.htm). *Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved 2008-10-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Samuel Lowenberg, "Church Leaders Struggle to Hold On," *The New York Times* 26 June 2005, 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [How Catholics around the world see same-sex marriage, homosexuality](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/02/how-catholics-around-the-world-see-same-sex-marriage-homosexuality/) *[Pew Research Center](/source/Pew_Research_Center)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ESTADISTICA2005_19-0)** ["Estadísticas de la Iglesia en España, 2005"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091220210049/http://www.csviator.es/revista/424/ESTADISTICA-IGLESIA-ESPA%C3%91A.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.csviator.es/revista/424/ESTADISTICA-IGLESIA-ESPA%C3%91A.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2007-05-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER69_20-0)** ["Eurobarometer 69 - Values of Europeans - page 16"](http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb69/eb69_values_en.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2009-03-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Faith cannot be 'reduced to emotions', Spanish bishops warn Gen Z converts"](https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/faith-cannot-be-reduced-to-emotions-spanish-bishops-warn-gen-z-converts/). *The Tablet*. 13 March 2026. Retrieved 23 March 2026.

- ["Survey"](https://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Marginales/2600_2619/2610/Cru261000EDAD.html) (in Spanish). Sociological Research Center - [Madrid](/source/Madrid), Spain. Retrieved 2008-08-07.

## Further reading

- Callahan, William J. *The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875–1998* (1998; reprint 2012)

- Jedin, Hubert, and John Dolan, eds. *History of the Church, Volume X: The Church in the Modern Age* (1989)

- Lannon, Frances. *Privilege, Persecution, and Prophecy. The Catholic Church in Spain 1875–1975.* (Oxford UP, 1987)

- Payne, Stanley G. *Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview* (1984)

- Relaño Pastor, Eugenia. "Spanish Catholic Church in Franco Regime: A Marriage of Convenience," *Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte: Internationale Zeitschrift für Theologie und Geschichtswissenschaft* (2007) 20#2 pp 275–287.

- Vincent, Mary. "Spain", in Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway, eds., *Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965* (Oxford 1996)

v t e Catholic dioceses in Spain and Andorra Province of Barcelona Archdiocese of Barcelona Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat Diocese of Terrassa Province of Burgos Archdiocese of Burgos Diocese of Bilbao Diocese of Osma-Soria Diocese of Palencia Diocese of Vitoria Province of Granada Archdiocese of Granada Diocese of Almería Diocese of Cartagena Diocese of Guadix Diocese of Jaén Diocese of Málaga Province of Madrid Archdiocese of Madrid Diocese of Alcalá de Henares Diocese of Getafe Province of Mérida-Badajoz Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz Diocese of Coria-Cáceres Diocese of Plasencia Province of Oviedo Archdiocese of Oviedo Diocese of Astorga Diocese of León Diocese of Santander Province of Pamplona Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño Diocese of Jaca Diocese of San Sebastián Province of Santiago de Compostela Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela Diocese of Lugo Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol Diocese of Ourense Diocese of Tui-Vigo Province of Seville Archdiocese of Seville Diocese of Jerez de la Frontera Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta Diocese of Canarias Diocese of Córdoba Diocese of Huelva Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna Province of Tarragona Archdiocese of Tarragona Diocese of Girona Diocese of Lleida Diocese of Solsona Diocese of Tortosa Diocese of Urgell Diocese of Vic Province of Toledo Archdiocese of Toledo Diocese of Albacete Diocese of Ciudad Real Diocese of Cuenca Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara Province of Valencia Archdiocese of Valencia Diocese of Ibiza Diocese of Mallorca Diocese of Menorca Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón Province of Valladolid Archdiocese of Valladolid Diocese of Ávila Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo Diocese of Salamanca Diocese of Segovia Diocese of Zamora Province of Zaragoza Archdiocese of Zaragoza Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón Diocese of Huesca Diocese of Tarazona Diocese of Teruel and Albarracín Military Ordinariate Military Archbishopric of Spain Eastern Rite Ordinariate Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rite in Spain Catholicism portal

v t e Catholic Church in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Catholicism portal Europe portal

v t e Christianity in Spain Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Main article) Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Western and Central Europe Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Spain and Portugal (Constantinople) Romanian Orthodox Diocese of Spain and Portugal Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe (ROCOR) Russian Orthodox Diocese of Spain and Portugal (Moscow) Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe Western Christianity Catholic Palmarian Catholic Church[a] Roman Catholic Church Protestant (Main article) United Spanish Evangelical Church Lutheran Spanish Evangelical Lutheran Church Calvinist Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Spain Reformed Churches in Spain Anglican (Main article) Anglican Archdeaconry of Gibraltar[b] Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church[b] Baptist Baptist Evangelical Union of Spain Methodist Church of the Nazarene in Spain Free Methodist Church in Spain Pentecostal Assemblies of God of Spain & Canary Islands (FADE) Church of God Restorationist The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Spain Interdenominational organisations Spanish Committee of Cooperation between the Churches Spanish Evangelical Alliance ^ Claims to be the Catholic Church, does not recognise Vatican's Church. ^ a b Part of the Porvoo Communion

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Catholic Church in Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.