# Castulo

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{{Short description|Ancient town & Roman Catholic titular see in Spain}}
{{For |the moth genus |Castulo (moth){{!}}''Castulo'' (moth)}}
'''Castulo''' ([Latin](/source/Latin): ''Castulo''; [Iberian](/source/Iberian_language): ''Kastilo'') was an [Iberian](/source/Iberian_Peninsula) town and bishopric (now Latin [titular see](/source/titular_see) located in the [Andalusia](/source/Andalusia)n [province of Jaén](/source/Ja%C3%A9n_(Spanish_province)), in south-central [Spain](/source/Spain),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/265855 |title=Places: 265855 (Castulo) |last1=Spann|first1=P.|last2=DARMC|first3=R. |last3=Talbert|first4=S. |last4=Gillies|first5=J. |last5=Åhlfeldt|first6=R. |last6=Warner|first7=J. |last7=Becker|first8=T. |last8=Elliott |accessdate=13 December 2014|publisher=Pleiades}}</ref> near modern [Linares](/source/Linares%2C_Ja%C3%A9n).  
thumb|Roman bowl from Castulo, dating to the first century AD.

== History ==
{{Coin image box 1 double
| header =
| image =Image:AE_semis_struck_before_214_-_212_BC_in_Castulo.jpg
| caption_left = '''[O:](/source/Obverse_and_reverse)''' [diadem](/source/diadem)ed head
| caption_right = '''[R:](/source/Obverse_and_reverse)''' [bull](/source/bull), [crescent](/source/crescent) above, [KAŚTILO](/source/Southeastern_Iberian_script) retrograde below
| width = 300
| footer = [bronze](/source/bronze) [semis](/source/semis) struck before 214 - 212 BC in Castulo
ref.: CNH p. 331, 2-3; SNG BM Spain 1223-6 [http://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=144299]
| position = right| margin = 4
}}
Evidence of human presence since the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) period has been found there. It was the seat of the [Oretani](/source/Oretani), an [Iberian](/source/Iberians) tribe which settled in the vicinity in the north of the [Guadalquivir River](/source/Guadalquivir_River) beginning in the sixth century BC. According to tradition, a local princess named [Himilce](/source/Himilce) married [Hannibal](/source/Hannibal), gained the alliance of the city with the [Carthaginian Empire](/source/Carthaginian_Empire).

It probably is the place of the ancient Castax ({{langx|grc|Κάσταξ}}).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Dcastax-geo Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Castax]</ref>

In 211 BC, Castulo was the site of [Hasdrubal Barca](/source/Hasdrubal_Barca)'s crushing [victory](/source/Battle_of_the_Upper_Baetis) over the Roman army with a force of roughly 40,000 Carthaginian troops plus local Iberian mercenaries.<ref>Rome and Carthage</ref> Thereafter [the Romans](/source/Roman_Republic) made a pact with the residents of city — who then betrayed the Carthaginians — and they became [foederati](/source/foederati) (allied people) of Rome. According to [Livy](/source/Livy), the inhabitants of Castulo were intimidated by [Scipio Africanus](/source/Scipio_Africanus) ordering the wholesale massacre of the inhabitants of the neighboring [Illiturgis](/source/Illiturgis)<ref name="D.S.Levene">{{cite book|title=Livy on the Hannibalic War|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|year = 2010|isbn=9780198152958|author=D.S.Levene}}</ref>

Its medieval name was '''Cazlona'''. It lost importance even more when [Andalusia](/source/Andalusia) fell under Islamic rule in the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), and at the same time the nearby village of [Linares](/source/Linares%2C_Ja%C3%A9n) grew because of its strong castle —first built as an Arab fortress, then rebuilt by the [Christians](/source/Christians) after the [Reconquista](/source/Reconquista)— overlooking the city. In 1227 the walls of Castulo were destroyed, and the town was depopulated shortly afterwards.

== Ecclesiastical history ==

A '''Bishopric of Castulo''' was established around 350 AD on territory split from the Andalusian [diocese of Tucci](/source/diocese_of_Tucci) (now also a titular see). 
Information about Christian bishops of Castulo appears in the first half of the fourth century AD through participation by its bishops in the [Council of Elvira](/source/Council_of_Elvira) and [that of Sardica](/source/Council_of_Sardica). It may have been reabsorbed by Tucci.
 
The diocese reappears two centuries later, when in 589 a bishop of Castulo, which by then was under [Visigoth](/source/Visigothic_Kingdom) rule and a [suffragan](/source/suffragan) of the Metropolitan of [Toledo](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo), took part in the [third Council of Toledo](/source/third_Council_of_Toledo). Other bishops of Castulo were at later Visigoth councils down to the [tenth Council of Toledo](/source/tenth_Council_of_Toledo) in 656. Thereafter, Castulo is replaced as bishopric by the [Diocese of Baeza](/source/Diocese_of_Baeza),<ref>[http://sirio.ua.es/libros/BFilosofia/espana_sagrada_07/ima0162.htm ''España Sagrada''], volume VII, Madrid 1751, pages&nbsp;134–160</ref><ref>A. Lambert, lemma ''Beacia'', in [http://booksnow.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/4/dictionnairedhis07bauduoft/dictionnairedhis07bauduoft.pdf ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. VII, 1934, coll. 79-80</ref>

=== Titular see ===
No longer a residential bishopric, Castulo is listed by the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) as a Latin [titular see](/source/titular_see).<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), page 863</ref>

It was nominally restored in 1969 and since has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank ''with an archiepiscopal exception'':
*Titular Archbishop Angel Maria Ocampo Berrio, [Jesuits](/source/Jesuits) (S.J.) (1970.02.20 – resigned 1973.03.10) as emeritate, died 1991; previously Titular Bishop of [Cynopolis in Arcadia](/source/Cynopolis_in_Arcadia) (1942.06.23 – 1947.07.19) as [Coadjutor Bishop](/source/Coadjutor_Bishop) of [Socorro y San Gil](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Socorro_y_San_Gil) ([Colombia](/source/Colombia)) (1942.06.23 – 1947.07.19), succeeding as Bishop of Socorro y San Gil (1947.07.19 – 1950.12.06), then last Suffragan Bishop of [Tunja](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tunja) (Colombia) (1950.12.06 – 1964.06.20), promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Tunja (1964.06.20 – retired 1970.02.20)
* Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni, [Comboni Missionaries](/source/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus) (M.C.C.J.) (1973.06.14 – death 1995.02.10) as [Apostolic Vicar](/source/Apostolic_Vicar) of [Esmeraldas](/source/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Esmeraldas) ([Ecuador](/source/Ecuador)) (1973.06.14 – 1995.02.10)
* Riccardo Ruotolo (1995.12.06 – death 2012.08.01) as [Auxiliary Bishop](/source/Auxiliary_Bishop) of [Manfredonia–Vieste–San Giovanni Rotondo](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Manfredonia%E2%80%93Vieste%E2%80%93San_Giovanni_Rotondo) (Italy) (1995.12.06 – retired 2004.02.28) and on emeritate
* Adelio Dell’Oro (2012.12.07 – 2015.01.31) as last [Apostolic Administrator](/source/Apostolic_Administrator) of [Apostolic Administration of Atyrau](/source/Apostolic_Administration_of_Atyrau) ([Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan)) (2012.12.07 – 2015.05.16), next promoted first Bishop of [Karaganda](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Karaganda) (Kazakhstan) (2015.01.31 – ...)
* Víctor Alejandro Aguilar Ledesma (2015.12.01 – ...), Auxiliary Bishop of [Morelia](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Morelia) ([Mexico](/source/Mexico)).

== See also ==
* [List of Catholic dioceses in Spain, Andorra, Ceuta and Gibraltar](/source/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Spain%2C_Andorra%2C_Ceuta_and_Gibraltar)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* [http://www.practicalspain.com/roman-spain.htm A Brief History of Spain - Carthage and Rome, on PracticalSpain.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512194706/http://www.practicalspain.com/roman-spain.htm |date=2008-05-12 }}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=castulo "CÁSTULO (Cazlona) Jaén, Spain." In ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'' edited by R. Stillwell ''et al''. 1976.]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0442.htm GCatholic, with titular incumbent biography links]

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Category:Archaeological sites in Andalusia
Category:Catholic titular sees in Europe
Category:Roman towns and cities in Spain
Category:Buildings and structures in the Province of Jaén (Spain)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Castulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castulo) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castulo?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.