# Carla Green
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{{short description|American neurobiologist and chronobiologist}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Carla Green
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|05|14}}
| birth_place = Cheyenne, Wyoming
| alma_mater = Southwest Missouri State University
| employer = University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| organization =
| known_for = Work on circadian rhythms in both Xenopus and mammals.
| awards =
| honours =
}}
'''Carla Beth Green''' (born 1962) is an American [neurobiologist](/source/neuroscientist) and [chronobiologist](/source/chronobiologist). She is a professor in the Department of [Neuroscience](/source/Neuroscience) and a Distinguished Scholar in Neuroscience at the [University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center](/source/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center).[{{Cite web|url=https://profiles.utsouthwestern.edu/profile/111376/carla-green.html|title=Carla Green, Ph.D. - Faculty Profile - UT Southwestern|website=profiles.utsouthwestern.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}] She is the former president of the [Society for Research on Biological Rhythms](/source/Society_for_Research_on_Biological_Rhythms) (SRBR),[{{Cite web|url=https://srbr.org/about-us/board-of-directors/|title=Board of Directors {{!}} SRBR: Society for Research on Biological Rhythms|access-date=2019-04-11}}] as well as a satellite member of the International Institute for Integrative [Sleep Medicine](/source/Sleep_medicine) at the [University of Tsukuba](/source/University_of_Tsukuba) in [Japan](/source/Japan).[{{Cite web|url=https://wpi-iiis.tsukuba.ac.jp/research/member/detail/carla-green/|title=Carla Green {{!}} Member|website=International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba|access-date=2019-04-11}}]
Her [research](/source/research) involves the [circadian clock](/source/circadian_clock) and how it controls [rhythmic](/source/Circadian_rhythm) processes within the [cell](/source/Cell_(biology)) using [molecular mechanisms](/source/Molecular_biology). The general focus of the Green Lab is to understand the molecular mechanism of the [mammal](/source/mammal)ian circadian clock and how it mediates rhythmicity within the [physiology](/source/physiology), [biochemistry](/source/biochemistry), and [behavior](/source/behavior) of an [organism](/source/organism). Her lab currently has three main projects: identifying targets and mechanisms of [expression](/source/Gene_expression) [regulation](/source/Regulation_of_gene_expression) of the [Nocturnin](/source/Nocturnin) [gene](/source/gene); identifying the mechanism of [metabolic](/source/Metabolism) control of Nocturnin [knockout lean mice](/source/Knockout_mouse); and defining structural components of the [repressor](/source/repressor) protein [Cryptochrome](/source/Cryptochrome) and how regulation of the [nuclear](/source/Cell_nucleus) entry of the [protein](/source/protein) contributes to circadian [period length](/source/Periodic_function).
Green has formal training in [cell biology](/source/cell_biology), biochemistry, and molecular biology, which has given her a broad skill set to further expand her areas of study such as [genomics](/source/genomics), [proteomics](/source/proteomics), [structural biology](/source/structural_biology), and metabolic studies over the course of her career.
Aside from her scientific focuses, she also contributes to the greater [science community](/source/Scientific_community). At the June 23–28, 2019 [Gordon Research Conference](/source/Gordon_Research_Conferences), “Clocks in Model Organisms: Circadian Networks, Physiology and Health,” she is organizing the “GRC Power Hour,” a panel designed to promote [diversity and inclusion](/source/Diversity_(politics)) for women and [minorities](/source/minorities) in the [STEM](/source/Science%2C_technology%2C_engineering%2C_and_mathematics) field as well as encourage the professional growth of all members from all communities by providing a space for discussion and mentorship.[{{Cite web|url=https://www.grc.org/chronobiology-conference/2019/|title=2019 Chronobiology Conference GRC|website=www.grc.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}]
== Background ==
Green was born in [Cheyenne, Wyoming](/source/Cheyenne%2C_Wyoming) on May 14, 1962. After spending some time in [Wyoming](/source/Wyoming) with her mother during her early years, Green's family moved frequently—first to [Denver](/source/Denver), Colorado; then to [Saint Paul, Minnesota](/source/Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota); and finally to [Springfield, Missouri](/source/Springfield%2C_Missouri) when she was in [first grade](/source/first_grade). She remained in Springfield throughout her [adolescence](/source/adolescence) before attending [Southwest Missouri State University](/source/Southwest_Missouri_State_University), where she graduated in 1984 with a [bachelor's degree](/source/bachelor's_degree) in [biology](/source/biology). Remaining at Southwest Missouri State, she also received her [master's degree](/source/master's_degree) in biology in 1986. After receiving her master's, Green left Springfield to attend the [University of Kansas Medical Center](/source/University_of_Kansas_Medical_Center) in [Kansas City](/source/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area), where she received her [Ph.D.](/source/Doctor_of_Philosophy) in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology working with Simon Kwok. From 1991-1996, she was a [Postdoctoral Fellow](/source/Postdoctoral_researcher) with Joseph Besharse in the Department of [Anatomy](/source/Anatomy) and Cell Biology at the University of Kansas Medical Center, where she worked on the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythmicity in the [retinal photoreceptors](/source/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells) of ''[Xenopus laevis](/source/African_clawed_frog)''. In 1997 she joined the [faculty](/source/Faculty_(division)) in the Department of Biology at the [University of Virginia](/source/University_of_Virginia), continuing her work on circadian rhythms in both ''Xenopus'' and mammals. More specifically, she studied the molecular and cellular mechanisms that comprise and regulate the [circadian oscillator](/source/Circadian_Oscillator) in [vertebrate](/source/vertebrate)s.
Green was first exposed to [chronobiology](/source/chronobiology) when she was a [graduate student](/source/Postgraduate_education) at the University of Kansas Medical Center. At the time, she had not been working on the subject, but heard a [seminar](/source/seminar) by Joseph Besharse, who had just been recruited to the University as the new Chair of Cell Biology in 1989. She had been finishing up her Ph.D. degree and was looking for postdoctoral positions in Kansas City. When Green heard about the novel field of circadian clocks, this intrigued her. Besharse had been speaking about his work on the [endogenous](/source/Endogeny_(biology)) clock in the [retina](/source/retina)s of ''Xenopus''. In those days, nothing was known about the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks in any system. She had been trained as a [biochemist](/source/biochemist) and molecular biologist, and thought that this field would be a perfect place to use her skills to work on such a fascinating biological anomaly. Besharse hired her as a postdoctoral student in his lab and she has been studying circadian clocks ever since.
Green is married to [Joseph Takahashi](/source/Joseph_Takahashi), who is the current chair of the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
== Career ==
=== Positions held ===
* 1995-1997 Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center
* 1997-2003 [Assistant Professor](/source/Assistant_professor), Department of Biology, [University of Virginia](/source/University_of_Virginia)[{{Cite web|url=http://www.virginia.edu/vpr/morphogenesis/mrmiweb/people/Green_C.htm|title=UVA • MRMI - Green, Carla|website=www.virginia.edu|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2019-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425171352/http://www.virginia.edu/vpr/morphogenesis/mrmiweb/people/Green_C.htm|url-status=dead}}]
In 1996, Green discovered ''nocturnin'' (''Noc)'' in the retinal [photoreceptors](/source/Photoreceptor_cell) of ''[Xenopus laevis](/source/African_clawed_frog),'' where ''Noc'' mRNA displayed rhythmic expression in an isolated ''Xenopus'' eye in light/dark and constant conditions. They isolated this gene by using a [high stringency differential display screen](/source/Differential_display) for rhythmic genes in the ''Xenopus'' retina. In 2001, Green found ''Noc'' [homologues](/source/Homology_(biology)) in other species such as mice with a high degree [coding sequence](/source/Coding_region) similarity. Since expanding these studies into mice, they have shown that mouse ''Nocturnin'' mRNA is also rhythmic and expressed in many circadian clock-containing [tissues](/source/Tissue_(biology)). Interestingly, Green's group has shown that though ''Noc'' is not directly involved in regulating the master clock gene expression, it is required for oscillator output functions thereby contributing to circadian physiology.[{{cite journal |last1=Hardeland |first1=Rüdiger |title=Melatonin, Noncoding RNAs, Messenger RNA Stability and Epigenetics—Evidence, Hints, Gaps and Perspectives |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=10 October 2014 |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=18221–18252 |doi=10.3390/ijms151018221 |pmc=4227213 |pmid=25310649 |doi-access=free }}]
The rhythmic expression of ''nocturnin'' (''Noc'') is seen throughout the body, notably in tissues crucial for metabolism like the [liver](/source/liver) and [intestine](/source/Gastrointestinal_tract). In 2011, Green, Douris, and others were able to show differing ''Noc'' [phenotype](/source/phenotype)s have emerged implicating involvement of this gene in [osteogenesis](/source/osteogenesis), [lipogenesis](/source/lipogenesis), and [adipogenesis](/source/adipogenesis).[{{cite journal |last1=Udoh |first1=Uduak |last2=Valcin |first2=Jennifer |last3=Gamble |first3=Karen |last4=Bailey |first4=Shannon |title=The Molecular Circadian Clock and Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury |journal=Biomolecules |date=14 October 2015 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=2504–2537 |doi=10.3390/biom5042504 |pmc=4693245 |pmid=26473939 |doi-access=free }}]
Her lab's current research focuses on identifying Nocturnin's circadian-relevant mRNA targets and understanding how it goes about regulating their expression.[{{Cite web|url=https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/labs/green-carla/|title=Carla Green Lab - UT Southwestern|website=www.utsouthwestern.edu|access-date=2019-04-25}}]
==== Post-transcriptional control of circadian rhythms ====
In 2011, Green's lab concluded that transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes are necessary to generate robust [circadian rhythm](/source/circadian_rhythm)s of mRNA expression, but understandings of circadian post-transcriptional mechanisms lag far behind understandings of clock regulation at the transcriptional level. This was found to be due to the lack of well-developed methodologies to find post-transcriptionally regulated genes on a large scale. The authors believe that development of such methods is likely to lead to the discovery of many more genes and mechanisms that are under post-transcriptional control.[{{cite journal |last1=Kojima |first1=S. |last2=Shingle |first2=D. L. |last3=Green |first3=C. B. |title=Post-transcriptional control of circadian rhythms |journal=Journal of Cell Science |date=17 January 2011 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=311–320 |doi=10.1242/jcs.065771 |pmid=21242310 |pmc=3021995 }}]
Green's findings are cited in more recent developments on post-transcriptional control of the mammalian circadian clock. Recent findings in 2016 inspired by Green's research contribute to post-transcriptional control of human circadian systems in relation to chronomedicine and [sleep disorder](/source/sleep_disorder)s.[{{cite journal |last1=Preußner |first1=Marco |last2=Heyd |first2=Florian |title=Post-transcriptional control of the mammalian circadian clock: implications for health and disease |journal=Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology |date=23 April 2016 |volume=468 |issue=6 |pages=983–991 |doi=10.1007/s00424-016-1820-y |pmc=4893061 |pmid=27108448 }}]
==== Cryptochrome ====
Green's lab has focused heavily on a class of proteins known as cryptochromes, which are [blue light receptor](/source/Light) proteins found in both plants and animals. Cryptochrome proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the circadian clock in insects and mammals, and for proper [development in plants](/source/Plant_development).[{{cite journal |last1=Brautigam |first1=C. A. |last2=Smith |first2=B. S. |last3=Ma |first3=Z. |last4=Palnitkar |first4=M. |last5=Tomchick |first5=D. R. |last6=Machius |first6=M. |last7=Deisenhofer |first7=J. |title=Structure of the photolyase-like domain of cryptochrome 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=6 August 2004 |volume=101 |issue=33 |pages=12142–12147 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404851101 |pmc=514401 |pmid=15299148 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10112142B |doi-access=free }}] Cryptoproteins regulate the circadian clocks of plants, insects, and mammals in different ways. Green has worked extensively with an [amphibian](/source/amphibian), the African clawed frog (or ''Xenopus laevis''), as well as mammalian [CRY1](/source/CRY1) and [CRY2](/source/CRY2), to try and uncover the mysteries of these essential transcriptional repressors.[{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=E. V. |last2=Baggs |first2=J. E. |last3=Geskes |first3=J. M. |last4=Hogenesch |first4=J. B. |last5=Green |first5=C. B. |title=Generation of a Novel Allelic Series of Cryptochrome Mutants via Mutagenesis Reveals Residues Involved in Protein-Protein Interaction and CRY2-Specific Repression |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology |date=17 August 2009 |volume=29 |issue=20 |pages=5465–5476 |doi=10.1128/MCB.00641-09 |pmc=2756885 |pmid=19687303 }}]
Green's research on cryptochromes began in 2003, when she and colleagues investigated the role of cryptochrome in suppressing the [activation](/source/Gene_activation) of other circadian clock genes such as [CLOCK](/source/CLOCK) and [BMAL1](/source/ARNTL). They revealed that the deletion of Cryptochrome's [C-terminal domain](/source/C-terminus) resulted in proteins unable to suppress activation of these genes. This result indicates that the C-terminal is not the domain of suppression of CLOCK/BMAL1, but is essential only for [nuclear localization](/source/Nuclear_localization_sequence).[{{cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Haisun |last2=Conte |first2=Francesca |last3=Green |first3=Carla B. |title=Nuclear Localization and Transcriptional Repression Are Confined to Separable Domains in the Circadian Protein CRYPTOCHROME |journal=Current Biology |date=September 2003 |volume=13 |issue=18 |pages=1653–1658 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2003.08.033 |pmid=13678599 |doi-access=free }}][{{cite journal |last1=Chaves |first1=Inês |last2=Pokorny |first2=Richard |last3=Byrdin |first3=Martin |last4=Hoang |first4=Nathalie |last5=Ritz |first5=Thorsten |last6=Brettel |first6=Klaus |last7=Essen |first7=Lars-Oliver |last8=van der Horst |first8=Gijsbertus T. J. |last9=Batschauer |first9=Alfred |last10=Ahmad |first10=Margaret |title=The Cryptochromes: Blue Light Photoreceptors in Plants and Animals |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |date=2 June 2011 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=335–364 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103759 |pmid=21526969 }}]
Green has also studied the relationship between the [suprachiasmatic nucleus](/source/suprachiasmatic_nucleus) and peripheral circadian oscillators, in which cryptochrome plays a key role. The regulatory region of ''Cry1'', for instance, contains a response region for the [Glucocorticoid hormone](/source/Glucocorticoid), such that input of this [hormone](/source/hormone) can activate transcription of ''Cry1.'' In ''Cry1/Cry2'' [null mice](/source/Knockout_mouse), regular feeding at 24 hour intervals can induce circadian expression of many transcripts, especially those related to metabolism. This shows how peripheral oscillators can bypass the usual circadian [feedback loops](/source/Feedback) of the central oscillator.[{{cite journal |last1=Mohawk |first1=Jennifer A. |last2=Green |first2=Carla B. |last3=Takahashi |first3=Joseph S. |title=Central and Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Mammals |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |date=21 July 2012 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153128 |pmc=3710582 |pmid=22483041 }}]
More recently, in 2018, Green contributed to the discovery of a new [co-factor](/source/Cofactor_(biochemistry)) which mediates regulation through direct interaction with CLOCK and BMAL1. This study provides a model for the [evolution](/source/evolution)ary mechanism by which the structure of cryptochromes, and thus clock regulatory mechanisms, varies.[{{cite journal |last1=Rosensweig |first1=Clark |last2=Reynolds |first2=Kimberly A. |last3=Gao |first3=Peng |last4=Laothamatas |first4=Isara |last5=Shan |first5=Yongli |last6=Ranganathan |first6=Rama |last7=Takahashi |first7=Joseph S. |last8=Green |first8=Carla B. |title=An evolutionary hotspot defines functional differences between CRYPTOCHROMES |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 March 2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1138 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03503-6 |pmid=29556064 |pmc=5859286 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1138R }}]
== Awards and honors ==
* 1990 Joe R. Kimmel Research Award for Outstanding Research, University of Kansas Medical Center[{{Cite web|url=http://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology/news-and-seminars/awards.html|title=Awards, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center|website=www.kumc.edu|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2019-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425171344/http://www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology/news-and-seminars/awards.html|url-status=dead}}]
** This award is given to students for outstanding research in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
* 1997 C.J. Herrick Award for Outstanding Young Investigator in Comparative Neurobiology[{{Cite web|url=https://www.anatomy.org/past-and-current-award-winners.html|title=Past and Current Award Winners|website=American Association of Anatomists {{!}} Rockville, MD|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-date=2018-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714230312/http://www.anatomy.org/past-and-current-award-winners.html|url-status=dead}}]
** This award recognizes young researchers who have made significant contributions to the field of comparative [neuroanatomy](/source/neuroanatomy) and display promise for future success in the field.
* 2005 [American Association for the Advancement of Science](/source/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science) (AAAS) Fellow[{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic|title=Historic Fellows|website=American Association for the Advancement of Science|access-date=2019-04-25}}]
** Fellows are elected in recognition of their achievements across scientific disciplines and their dedication and commitment to the advancement of science.
* 2009 Distinguished Scholar in Neuroscience, UT Southwestern