# Carl Hart

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**Carl L. Hart** (born October 30, 1966) is an American [psychologist](/source/Psychologist) and [neuroscientist](/source/Neuroscientist) who is the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) at [Columbia University](/source/Columbia_University).[1] Hart is known for his research on [drug abuse](/source/Drug_abuse) and [drug addiction](/source/Drug_addiction), his advocacy for the legalization of [recreational drugs](/source/Recreational_drug_use), and his recreational drug use.[2] Hart became the second [tenured](/source/Tenured) African-American professor of sciences at Columbia University.[2][3] He is the author of two books for the general public, *[High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery that Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society](/source/High_Price_(book))* (2013) and *[Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear](/source/Drug_Use_for_Grown-Ups:_Chasing_Liberty_in_the_Land_of_Fear)* (2021)*.*

## Early life and education

Hart grew up in the [Carol City](/source/Carol_City,_Florida) neighborhood of [Miami Gardens](/source/Miami_Gardens,_Florida), a suburb of Miami considered one of the most dangerous in the U.S.[2][4] As a youth, he engaged in petty crime and the use and sale of drugs, and at times carried a gun. He was also a proficient athlete involved in high school sports.[2][5][6] He was raised by a single mother, who separated from an abusive father when Hart was six.[7][8] After high school, he served in the [United States Air Force](/source/United_States_Air_Force) from 1984 to 1988, which became his path to higher education.[9][10]

Hart earned a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the [University of Maryland](/source/University_of_Maryland) and a Master of Science (1994) and PhD (1996), both in psychology/[neuroscience](/source/Neuroscience), from the [University of Wyoming](/source/University_of_Wyoming).[11] When he received his doctorate, he was the only black PhD in neuroscience in the U.S.[12] Hart attended [University of North Carolina Wilmington](/source/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Wilmington), where he worked with his undergraduate neuroscience professor, Robert Hakan, before attending the University of Wyoming. He pursued [postdoctoral research](/source/Postdoctoral_researcher) at the [University of California, San Francisco](/source/University_of_California,_San_Francisco) and [Yale University](/source/Yale_University),[5][7] and completed an Intramural Training Award fellowship at the [National Institutes of Health](/source/National_Institutes_of_Health).[13]

## Career and research

Hart is the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) and former [chair](/source/Chairperson) of the psychology department at Columbia University.[14] He arrived at Columbia in 1998; in 2009, he became the university's first [tenured](/source/Tenured) African-American professor of sciences.[2][3] His area of expertise is [neuropsychopharmacology](/source/Neuropsychopharmacology),[15] with a research focus on the behavioral and neuropharmacological effects of [psychoactive drugs](/source/Psychoactive_drug) in humans.[1][15] He has a particular interest in the social and psychological factors that influence self-administration of drugs.[10] He is the Principal Investigator at Columbia University's Neuropsychopharmacology Lab.[16]

In 1999, Hart began investigating the effects of [crack cocaine](/source/Crack_cocaine) on behavior.[2] Through 2009, he received research grants totaling over $6 million from the [National Institute on Drug Abuse](/source/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse).[5]

Hart's research centers on human subject experiments conducted in his research lab at the [New York State Psychiatric Institute](/source/New_York_State_Psychiatric_Institute) (a hospital in the [Columbia University Irving Medical Center](/source/Columbia_University_Irving_Medical_Center)). The facility, informally called the ResLab (residential laboratory), accommodates subjects for extended periods; a typical experiment runs for two weeks. The subjects, habitual drug users, are given precisely metered doses of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, and methamphetamine, while being continuously monitored and tested.[13]

Hart opposes the brain-disease model of addiction dominant in the field, which holds that addiction is a brain disorder. National Institute on Drug Abuse director [Nora Volkow](/source/Nora_Volkow) has said that visible differences in addicts' brains help explain the nature of compulsive drug usage. According to Hart, most studies show that drug users' cognitive abilities and functions are within the normal range. Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic head [Anna Lembke](/source/Anna_Lembke) has said, "intelligent, informed people can disagree on the disease model of addiction", and that there is evidence that long-term drug use can alter the brain in a different way than learning a new language or a musical instrument.[17] Hart has said that an absence of other outlets and activities is one reason people use drugs. He argues that drug laws intended to make society safer should be based on [empirical evidence](/source/Empirical_evidence).[18][19]

Hart is also a Research Fellow and former co-director at Columbia's Institute for Research in African-American Studies.[20]

## Books

Hart has written two books for the general public, *High Price* and *Drug Use for Grown-Ups*. He and Charles Ksir co-authored recent editions of the introductory textbook *Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior*.[21]

### *High Price*

Main article: [High Price (book)](/source/High_Price_(book))

In 2013, Hart published *High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society*, described as "combining memoir, popular science, and public policy."[22] In it, he discusses misconceptions about illegal drugs, speaking from the combined perspectives of growing up in a poor, crime-ridden African-American neighborhood and his career as a research neuroscientist.[7][23] He describes his upbringing, time in the military, years in college and grad school, and journey to a PhD and tenured professorship at Columbia. He discusses the challenge of learning white cultural norms and language as an aspect of succeeding in academia, and then returning to his family and feeling alienated and unable to connect. Using drug crime statistics and details from his lab research, he argues that drugs are a symptom, not a cause, of crime and poverty, and that they mask issues of lack of education, racism, unemployment, and despair.[7][23] He ends the book with an argument for decriminalizing drugs, saying that his research has shown that the dangers associated with drugs are largely misunderstood, and that a decrease in stigma and increase in conversation would likely decrease drug-related deaths. He advocates drug policies based on [scientific evidence](/source/Scientific_evidence) and human rights, not irrational fear and sensationalism.[23][24]

### *Drug Use for Grown-Ups*

Main article: [Drug Use for Grown-Ups](/source/Drug_Use_for_Grown-Ups)

In 2021, Hart published *Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear*.[25] In it, he writes that, in his over 25-year research career, he has found that "most drug-use scenarios cause little or no harm and that some responsible drug-use scenarios are actually beneficial for human health and functioning."[26] In the book and in interviews about it, Hart revealed that he is a recreational user of [heroin](/source/Heroin) and other drugs. He says he is not an addict, but uses drugs responsibly in "pursuit of happiness".[14][27] Hart argues that recreational drug use is beneficial for most people, and that journalists and researchers overstate its harms.[27][15]

## Public debate

Hart argues that drug policy in the U.S. and most of the rest of the world "is based on assumption and anecdote, but rarely on scientific evidence".[5] He once advocated decriminalizing drug use through policies that are scientifically based rather than heavily influenced by social determinants such as race and class.[23][28] Now he recommends legalizing drugs.[29] He discusses the criminalization of [crack cocaine](/source/Crack_cocaine) (typically associated with poor communities) and lack of similar criminalization of powder [cocaine](/source/Cocaine) (traditionally associated with wealthier communities) as an example of how drug criminalization has been based on social problems rather than scientific fact, since both contain the same [active chemical](/source/Active_ingredient).[18][30]

Hart has said that the poor, crime-ridden environment he grew up in influenced his world view, and that he once believed drugs caused poverty and crime in most neighborhoods.[2] Later, through his research, he came to believe that "crime and poverty were mostly independent of drug use".[15][18]

Hart has lectured and testified around the world as an expert on [psychoactive drugs](/source/Psychoactive_drug).[31] He testified before the United States Congress Committee On Oversight and Government Reform.[32] He has testified, on the stand and in written submissions, in [family courts](/source/Family_court) in New York City, advocating for children to stay with parents who have tested positive for cannabis, arguing that there is no scientific evidence that cannabis use has a detrimental effect on parenting. In one case, a mother had tested positive while giving birth at a city hospital and been charged with negligence (the case was later dropped).[12]

In a 2013 *New York Times* editorial, Hart commented on the [toxicology](/source/Toxicology) report in the case of [Trayvon Martin](/source/Trayvon_Martin), where the indication of cannabis in Martin's blood was used as evidence that he might have been paranoid the night of his fatal shooting, causing him to attack his shooter.[33] Hart said this argument relied on outdated notions of cannabis use, such as those in *[Reefer Madness](/source/Reefer_Madness)*, and failed to recognize the seven decades of research on cannabis that show the levels in Martin's blood were insufficient to cause paranoia, which is extremely uncommon in cannabis users.[34]

At a 2017 [drug policy](/source/Drug_policy) conference at the [University of the Philippines Diliman](/source/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman), Hart addressed misconceptions about [methamphetamine](/source/Methamphetamine) in the [Philippines](/source/Philippines) during President [Rodrigo Duterte](/source/Rodrigo_Duterte)'s [war on drugs](/source/Philippine_drug_war). Citing lab tests on animals, Hart refuted Duterte's claim that methamphetamine shrinks people's brains and makes them violent. After his speech, Hart began to receive online death threats that forced him to quickly leave the Philippines.[35][36][37] Duterte said of Hart's claims, "That's all bullshit to me" and called Hart a "son of a bitch who has gone crazy".[38] In an interview with [Public Radio International](/source/Public_Radio_International), Hart called Duterte "a president making such ignorant comments about drugs like he's a [pharmacologist](/source/Pharmacology)" and added that Duterte was "out of his league when he talks about drugs".[36][37]

### Media appearances

Hart has been a speaker at [Talks at Google](/source/Talks_at_Google),[39] [The Reason Foundation](/source/Reason_Foundation),[40] and [The Nobel Conference](/source/Nobel_Conference).[41] He has been interviewed or otherwise featured on [CNN](/source/CNN), *[Stossel](/source/Stossel_(TV_series))*,[42] "The Independents" on [Fox Business](/source/Fox_Business_Network), "[All In with Chris Hayes](/source/All_In_with_Chris_Hayes)" on [MSNBC](/source/MSNBC), [Reason TV](/source/Reason_(magazine)#Reason_TV),[43] "[The O'Reilly Factor](/source/The_O'Reilly_Factor)" on [Fox News](/source/Fox_News_Channel), "[Democracy Now!](/source/Democracy_Now!)", and *[The Joe Rogan Experience](/source/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience)*.[44] He spoke at [TEDMED 2014](/source/TED_(conference)#TEDMED), discussing his evidence-based view of drug addiction and how it should influence public policy.[18] Hart appears in the 2012 documentary *[The House I Live In](/source/The_House_I_Live_In_(2012_film))* and in the 2021 [Netflix](/source/Netflix) documentary *Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy*, in which he discusses what was missing from the sensationalized portrayal of crack in the 1980s.[45]

## Personal life

Hart is married to Robin Hart and has three children.[10] He lives in New York City.[46]

## Awards and honors

- Columbia University: Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching (2008)[47]
- Mothers Against Teen Violence: Humanitarian Award (2014)[48][49]
- [PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award](/source/PEN/E._O._Wilson_Literary_Science_Writing_Award) for *High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society* (2014)[50][51]
- City of Miami: Dr. Carl Hart Day (Feb 1, 2016)[52]

## Bibliography

Selected articles, essays and research papers:

- Hart, C.; Van Gorp, W.; Haney, M.; Foltin, R. W.; Fischman, M. W. (2001). "Effects of Acute Smoked Marijuana on Complex Cognitive Performance". *[Neuropsychopharmacology](/source/Neuropsychopharmacology_(journal))*. **25** (5): 757–765. [doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00273-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00273-1). [PMID 11682259](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11682259). [S2CID 817333](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:817333)
- Haney, Margaret; Hart, Carl L.; Vosburg, Suzanne K.; Nasser, Jennifer; Bennett, Andrew; Zubaran, Carlos; Foltin, Richard W. (2004). "Marijuana Withdrawal in Humans: Effects of Oral THC or Divalproex". *[Neuropsychopharmacology](/source/Neuropsychopharmacology_(journal))*. **29** (1): 158–170. [doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300310](https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300310). [PMID 14560320](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14560320). [S2CID 17918963](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17918963)
- Hart, Carl & Lynch, Wendy (2005). "Developing Pharmacotherapies for Cannabis and Cocaine Use Disorders". *Current Neuropharmacology*. **3** (2): 95–114. [doi:10.2174/1570159053586726](https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159053586726)
- Haney, Margaret; Hart, Carl L.; Vosburg, Suzanne K.; Comer, Sandra D.; Reed, Stephanie Collins; Foltin, Richard W. (2008). "Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse". *[Psychopharmacology](/source/Psychopharmacology_(journal))*. **197** (1): 157–168. [doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8). [PMC 3372576](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372576). [PMID 18161012](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161012)
- Hart, Carl L.; Marvin, Caroline B.; Silver, Rae; Smith, Edward E. (2012). "Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users? A Critical Review". *Neuropsychopharmacology*. **37** (3): 586–608. [doi:10.1038/npp.2011.276](https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.276). [PMC 3260986](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260986). [PMID 22089317](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089317)
- Rowell, Tawandra L.; Wu, Elwin; Hart, Carl L.; Haile, Rahwa; El-Bassel, Nabila (2012). "Predictors of Drug Use in Prison among Incarcerated Black Men". *[American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse](/source/American_Journal_of_Drug_and_Alcohol_Abuse)*. **38** (6): 593–597. [doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.694536](https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2012.694536). [PMC 3582218](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582218). [PMID 22746253](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22746253)
- Ksir, Charles & Hart, Carl L. (2016). "Cannabis and Psychosis: A Critical Overview of the Relationship". *[Current Psychiatry Reports](/source/Current_Psychiatry_Reports)*. **18** (2): 12. [doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y). [PMID 26781550](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781550). [S2CID 36538598](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36538598)
- Frazer, Kirsten M.; Manly, Jennifer J.; Downey, Geraldine; Hart, Carl L. (2018). "Assessing cognitive functioning in individuals with cocaine use disorder". *[Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology](/source/Journal_of_Clinical_and_Experimental_Neuropsychology)*. **40** (6): 619–632. [doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1403569](https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2017.1403569). [PMID 29226762](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29226762). [S2CID 45203356](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45203356)
- Hart, Carl & Grifell, Marc (2018). "Is Drug Addiction a Brain Disease?". *[American Scientist](/source/American_Scientist)*. **106** (3): 160. [doi:10.1511/2018.106.3.160](https://doi.org/10.1511/2018.106.3.160)
- Hart, Carl L. & Hart, Malakai Z. (2019). "Opioid crisis: Another mechanism used to perpetuate American racism". *[Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology](/source/Cultural_Diversity_and_Ethnic_Minority_Psychology)*. **25** (1): 6–11. [doi:10.1037/cdp0000260](https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000260). [PMID 30714762](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30714762). [S2CID 73431609](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73431609)
- Hart, Carl L. (2020). "Exaggerating Harmful Drug Effects on the Brain is Killing Black People". *[Neuron](/source/Neuron_(journal))*. **107** (2): 215–218. [doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.019](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.019). [PMC 7328574](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7328574). [PMID 32615067](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32615067)

## References

1. ["Carl Hart"](https://psychology.columbia.edu/content/carl-hart). *Columbia University Department of Psychology*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094029/https://psychology.columbia.edu/content/carl-hart) November 24, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 10, 2021.

1. Leland, John (April 10, 2021). ["This Heroin-Using Professor Wants to Change How We Think About Drugs"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/10/nyregion/Carl-Hart-drugs.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210410091008/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/10/nyregion/Carl-Hart-drugs.html) April 10, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 10, 2021.

1. ["Swm016: A Free-wheeling Discussion of Race-related Topics, with Carl Hart And Courtney Cogburn"](https://socialwork.columbia.edu/news/swm016-a-free-wheeling-discussion-of-race-related-topics-with-carl-hart-and-courtney-cogburn/). *Columbia School of Social Work (Columbia University)*. June 26, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160621011202/http://socialwork.columbia.edu/news/swm016-a-free-wheeling-discussion-of-race-related-topics-with-carl-hart-and-courtney-cogburn/) June 21, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 10, 2021.

1. Miami Staff (April 15, 2014). ["Miami Beach, Miami Gardens among nation's most dangerous suburbs"](https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article225733065.html). *Miami Herald*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411200415/https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article225733065.html) April 11, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. Shetty, Priya (May 10, 2014). ["Carl Hart: advocate for rational drug policy"](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60778-9/fulltext). *Lancet*. **383** (9929): 1627. [doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60778-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60778-9). [PMID 24814448](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814448). [S2CID 205972993](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205972993). Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. Satel, Sally (September 30, 2013). ["The Science of Choice in Addiction"](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/09/the-science-of-choice-in-addiction/280080/). *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130930145233/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/09/the-science-of-choice-in-addiction/280080/) September 30, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 14, 2021.

1. Hart, Carl (2013). *High Price*. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0062015884.

1. Winerman, Lea (March 2014). ["Paying a high price for the war on drugs"](https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/03/war-drugs). *Monitor on Psychology*. **45** (3): 32.

1. ["Carl Hart: Drugs don't turn people into criminals"](http://www.salon.com/2013/06/17/carl_hart_drugs_dont_turn_people_into_criminals_partner/). *[Salon](/source/Salon_(website))*. June 17, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.

1. Tonti, Alexis (Winter 2012–13). ["The Truth Teller"](https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/winter12/features6). *Columbia College Today*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161223172900/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/winter12/features6) December 23, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 10, 2021.

1. ["Carl L. Hart"](http://www.uwyo.edu/as/outstanding-awardees/2015/hart-carl-l..html). *[University of Wyoming](/source/University_of_Wyoming)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170617033942/http://www.uwyo.edu/as/outstanding-awardees/2015/hart-carl-l..html) June 17, 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Harris, Mary (June 11, 2013). ["One Neuroscientist Rethinks Addiction"](https://www.wnyc.org/story/298365-drugs-neuroscience-and-current-drug-policy-according-dr-carl-hart/). [WNYC](/source/WNYC). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130917042617/http://www.wnyc.org/story/298365-drugs-neuroscience-and-current-drug-policy-according-dr-carl-hart/) September 17, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 19, 2021.

1. Juskalian, Russ (February 2010). ["Carl Hart: The drug data pusher"](https://www.wired.co.uk/article/carl-hart-the-drug-data-pusher). *[Wired](/source/Wired_(magazine))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161212112622/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/carl-hart-the-drug-data-pusher) December 12, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 16, 2021.

1. Bartlett, Tom (February 26, 2021). ["Why a Columbia Neuroscientist Acknowledged Using Heroin"](https://www.chronicle.com/article/why-a-columbia-neuroscientist-acknowledged-using-heroin). *[Chronicle of Higher Education](/source/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210226224737/https://www.chronicle.com/article/why-a-columbia-neuroscientist-acknowledged-using-heroin) February 26, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. Anthony, Andrew (February 6, 2021). ["Meet Carl Hart: parent, Columbia professor – and heroin user"](https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/feb/06/meet-carl-hart-parent-columbia-professor-and-heroin-user). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved February 7, 2021.

1. ["Neuropsychopharmacology Lab: People"](https://neuropsychopharmacologylab.psychology.columbia.edu/people). *[Columbia University](/source/Columbia_University)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190621190019/https://neuropsychopharmacologylab.psychology.columbia.edu/people) June 21, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 13, 2021.

1. Brueck, Hilary (February 19, 2021). ["A Columbia professor who uses heroin says the drug helps him maintain a work-life balance and should be legal for everyone"](https://www.insider.com/columbia-professor-carl-hart-legalize-drugs-heroin-for-grown-ups-2021-2). *[Insider](/source/Insider_Inc.)*. Retrieved April 20, 2021.

1. ["Let's quit abusing drug users"](https://www.tedmed.com/talks/show?id=309156). *[TEDMED](/source/TEDMED)*. 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150521235216/http://tedmed.com/talks/show?id=309156) May 21, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 16, 2016.

1. Donaldson, Jesse (6 May 2019). ["Carl Hart's Radically Different Approach to Drug Policy"](https://thetyee.ca/Presents/2019/05/06/Carl-Hart-Drug-Policy-Approach-Wall-Exchange/). *[The Tyee](/source/The_Tyee)*. Retrieved April 3, 2023.

1. ["The Institute for Research in African American Studies: About"](https://afamstudies.columbia.edu/iraas). *Institute for Research in African American Studies (Columbia University)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200621203530/https://afamstudies.columbia.edu/iraas) June 21, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 15, 2021.

1. Hart, Carl & Ksir, Charles (2021). *Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior*. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1260711059.

1. ["High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery that Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society"](https://www.publishersweekly.com//https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-201588-4). *[Publishers Weekly](/source/Publishers_Weekly)*. April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.

1. Seiffert, Rachel (August 5, 2013). ["High Price: Drugs, Neuroscience, and Discovering Myself by Carl Hart – review"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/aug/05/high-price-carl-hart-review). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130805121920/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/aug/05/high-price-carl-hart-review) August 5, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 14, 2021.

1. OPaungsawad, Gamjad & Hart, Carl (October 1, 2016). "Bangkok 2016: From overly punitive to deeply humane drug policies". *Drug and Alcohol Dependence*. **167**: 223–234. [doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.004)

1. Sally Satel (January 13, 2021). ["'Drug Use for Grown-Ups' Review: A Dose of Dissent"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/drug-use-for-grown-ups-review-a-dose-of-dissent-11610579392) (book review). *The Wall Street Journal*

1. Skipper, Clay (February 16, 2021). ["What If Drugs Aren't as Bad as We've Been Told?"](https://www.gq.com/story/imagining-a-world-where-all-drugs-are-legal-carl-hart). *[GQ](/source/GQ)*. Retrieved Apr 13, 2023.

1. Casey Schwartz (January 12, 2021). ["When Getting High Is a Hobby, Not a Habit"](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/books/review/drug-use-for-grown-ups-carl-l-hart.html) (book review). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*

1. ["Race and the Drug War"](http://www.drugpolicy.org/race-and-drug-war). *We are the Drug Policy Alliance: Issues*. [Drug Policy Alliance](/source/Drug_Policy_Alliance). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121016220653/http://www.drugpolicy.org/race-and-drug-war) October 16, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 8, 2016.

1. Cannariato, Nicholas (2021-01-15). ["'Drug Use For Grown-Ups' Serves As An Argument For Personal Choice"](https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/955631394/drug-use-for-grown-ups-serves-as-an-argument-for-personal-choice). *NPR*. Retrieved 2026-01-18.

1. Hesson, Ted (June 4, 2013). ["4 Ways You've Been Totally Misinformed About Drugs"](https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/drug-researcher-carl-hart-undoes-drugs/story?id=19321376). *[ABC News](/source/ABC_News_(United_States))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130613123832/http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/drug-researcher-carl-hart-undoes-drugs/story?id=19321376) June 13, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 16, 2021.

1. ["Carl L. Hart, PhD"](https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/carl-hart). *American Psychological Association*. January 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210212031013/https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/carl-hart) February 12, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. ["Mixed Signals: the Administration's Policy on Marijuana, Part Four – the Health Effects and Science"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022224/http://oversight.house.gov/hearing/mixed-signals-administrations-policy-marijuana-part-four-health-effects-science/). Archived from [the original](http://oversight.house.gov/hearing/mixed-signals-administrations-policy-marijuana-part-four-health-effects-science/) on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.

1. Sloane, Amanda & Winch, Graham (July 9, 2013). ["Judge allow evidence of Trayvon Martin's marijuana use"](http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/08/justice/zimmerman-trial/). CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2016.

1. Hart, Carl L. (July 11, 2013). ["Reefer Madness, an Unfortunate Redux"](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/12/opinion/reefer-madness-an-unfortunate-redux.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved December 8, 2016.

1. Cupin, Bea (May 6, 2017). ["Shabu shrinks brains? Drug abuse expert debunks 'myth'"](https://www.rappler.com/philippines/169046-carl-hart-myth-shabu-shrinks-brains/). *[Rappler](/source/Rappler)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181212023622/https://www.rappler.com/nation/169046-carl-hart-myth-shabu-shrinks-brains) December 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

1. Winn, Patrick (June 6, 2017). ["Neuroscientist Carl Hart says 'infant thinking' drives Philippines meth war"](https://theworld.org/stories/2017/06/06/neuroscientist-carl-hart-says-infant-thinking-drives-philippines-meth-war). GlobalPost. [Public Radio International](/source/Public_Radio_International). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191230224211/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-06-06/neuroscientist-carl-hart-says-infant-thinking-drives-philippines-meth-war) December 30, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

1. Dimacali, TJ (June 8, 2017). ["Duterte 'ignorant' about drugs, says neuroscientist"](http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/613745/duterte-ignorant-about-drugs-says-neuroscientist/story/). [GMA News](/source/GMA_Network). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170611074423/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/613745/duterte-ignorant-about-drugs-says-neuroscientist/story/) June 11, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

1. Romero, Alexis (May 10, 2017). ["Duterte defends claim shabu shrinks brains with tirade"](http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/10/1698819/duterte-defends-claim-shabu-shrinks-brains-tirade). *[The Philippine Star](/source/The_Philippine_Star)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170515213835/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/10/1698819/duterte-defends-claim-shabu-shrinks-brains-tirade) May 15, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

1. [Carl Hart, "High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That ..." | Talks at Google](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdsN_vYZ3w8) Google, July 22, 2013

1. ["ReasonNYC – Carl Hart, author of High Price"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150201141543/http://reason.org/events/show/54.html). Archived from [the original](http://reason.org/events/show/54.html) on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.

1. ["Carl Hart, PhD – Nobel Conference 51 | Nobel Conference"](https://gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/2015/hart.php). *gustavus.edu*

1. ["War on...(Airs Sunday at 10PM ET on FNC)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150628003607/http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/stossel/blog/2013/06/06/war-onairs-sunday-10pm-et-fnc). *[Fox Business](/source/Fox_Business)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/stossel/blog/2013/06/06/war-onairs-sunday-10pm-et-fnc) on June 28, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.

1. [Neuroscientist Carl Hart: Science Says We Should Decriminalize Drugs](http://reason.com/reasontv/2013/07/15/neuroscientist-carl-hart-says-we-should) Reason TV, July 15, 2013

1. ["#1593 – Dr. Carl Hart"](https://www.jrepodcast.com/episode/joe-rogan-experience-1593-dr-carl-hart/). *JREPodcast.com*. Retrieved April 15, 2012.

1. Gleiberman, Owen (January 8, 2021). ["'Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy' Review: An Eye-Opening Look at the Crack Epidemic, a Tragedy That Was Hyped and Exploited"](https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/crack-cocaine-corruption-conspiracy-review-stanley-nelson-1234881879/). *[Variety](/source/Variety_(magazine))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210109073825/https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/crack-cocaine-corruption-conspiracy-review-stanley-nelson-1234881879/) January 9, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. *High Price by Dr. Carl Hart*: [Author.](http://www.highpricethebook.com/author.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130706082204/http://www.highpricethebook.com/author.html) July 6, 2013 at the Wayback Machine

1. ["Faculty Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching Winners, 1996–2020"](https://provost.columbia.edu/content/faculty-presidential-award-outstanding-teaching-winners-1996-2020). *Columbia University*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210307001545/https://provost.columbia.edu/content/faculty-presidential-award-outstanding-teaching-winners-1996-2020) March 7, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. Martin, Annie (July 3, 2020). ["Professor uninvited to UCF in 2017 after comments about police brutality, former students say"](https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/education/os-ne-ucf-negy-complaints-20200703-odc7262konapfpxkcnpp7eszya-story.html). *Orlando Sentinel*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200703154537/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/education/os-ne-ucf-negy-complaints-20200703-odc7262konapfpxkcnpp7eszya-story.html) July 3, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. Strickland, Joy (January 23, 2014). ["President Obama Affirms MATV's Message"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/matvs-message_b_4654175). *HuffPost*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210411190950/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/matvs-message_b_4654175) April 11, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

1. Ron Charles (July 30, 2014). ["Winners of the 2014 PEN Literary Awards"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/07/30/winners-of-the-2014-pen-literary-awards/). *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)*. Retrieved August 1, 2014.

1. ["2014 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award"](http://www.pen.org/literature/2014-pene-o-wilson-literary-science-writing-award). *pen.org*. April 16, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.

1. ["City of Miami"](https://psychology.columbia.edu/news/city-miami). *[Columbia University](/source/Columbia_University)*. 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180011/https://psychology.columbia.edu/news/city-miami) December 20, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

## External links

- [Official website](https://drcarlhart.com/)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Carl Hart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hart) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hart?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.