# Caribbean

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Islands and coastal region surrounded by the Caribbean Sea

This article is about the group of islands. For the body of water surrounding them, see [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea). For the Indigenous inhabitants of the Caribbean or people of Caribbean descent, see [Caribbean people](/source/Caribbean_people). For other uses, see [Caribbean (disambiguation)](/source/Caribbean_(disambiguation)).

Caribbean Map of the Caribbean region of the Americas Area 239,681 km2 (92,541 sq mi) Population 44,182,048[1][2] Population density 151.5/km2 (392/sq mi) Ethnic groups Afro-Caribbean Indo-Caribbean White-Caribbean Mixed-Caribbean Asian-Caribbean Indigenous Caribbean Religions 73.5% Christianity 52.3% Catholicism 20.2% Protestantism 1.0% other Christian 20.6% no religion 2.5% folk religions 2.1% Hinduism 1.3% others[3] Demonym Caribbean, West Indian Countries 13 Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Time zones UTC−05:00 to UTC−04:00 Internet TLD Multiple Calling code Multiple Largest cities Largest Cities Santo Domingo Port-au-Prince Port of Spain San Juan Havana Kingston Santiago de los Caballeros Santiago de Cuba Willemstad Oranjestad Punta Cana Cap-Haïtien Nassau Paramaribo Chetumal Spanish Town Porlamar Cayenne Georgetown Bridgetown San Fernando Belize City UN M49 code 029 – Caribbean 419 003 – North America Latin America and the Caribbean 019 – Americas 001 – World

The **Caribbean**[a] is a region in the middle of the [Americas](/source/Americas) centered around the [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea) in the [North Atlantic Ocean](/source/Atlantic_Ocean), mostly overlapping with the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies). Bordered by [North America](/source/North_America) to the north and also the west through [Central America](/source/Central_America), and [South America](/source/South_America) to the south, it comprises numerous [islands](/source/List_of_Caribbean_islands), cays, islets, reefs, and banks.

It includes the [Lucayan Archipelago](/source/Lucayan_Archipelago), [Greater Antilles](/source/Greater_Antilles), and [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles) of the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies); the [Quintana Roo](/source/Quintana_Roo) [islands](/source/Municipalities_of_Quintana_Roo#Municipalities) and [Belizean](/source/Districts_of_Belize#List) [islands](/source/List_of_islands_of_Belize) of the [Yucatán Peninsula](/source/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula); and the [Bay Islands](/source/Bay_Islands_Department#Islands), [Miskito Cays](/source/Miskito_Cays), [Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina](/source/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina), [Corn Islands](/source/Corn_Islands), and [San Blas Islands](/source/San_Blas_Islands) of Central America. It also includes the coastal areas on the [continental mainland](/source/Mainland) of the Americas bordering the region from the Yucatán Peninsula in North America through Central America to the [Guianas](/source/The_Guianas) in South America.[5][6]

Caribbean as seen from [space](/source/Outer_space) at night, 2012

## Overview

Island groups comprising the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies) in the Caribbean

Situated largely on the [Caribbean plate](/source/Caribbean_plate), the region has thousands of islands, [islets](/source/Islet), [reefs](/source/Reef), and [cays](/source/Cay).[7] [Island arcs](/source/Island_arc) delineate the northern and eastern edges of the [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea):[7] the [Greater Antilles](/source/Greater_Antilles) in the north and the [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles), which includes the [Leeward Islands](/source/Leeward_Islands), [Windward Islands](/source/Windward_Islands), and the [Leeward Antilles](/source/Leeward_Antilles), to the east and south. The nearby northwestern [Lucayan Archipelago](/source/Lucayan_Archipelago), comprising [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas) and the [Turks and Caicos Islands](/source/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands), and the island of [Barbados](/source/Barbados) in the Lesser Antilles, are considered to be a part of the Caribbean despite not bordering the Caribbean Sea. All the islands in the [Antilles](/source/Antilles), including the Lucayan Archipelago, form the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies), a term often interchangeable with the *Caribbean*. The [archipelago of Bermuda](/source/Bermuda) is not part of the Caribbean, as it lies in the [Sargasso Sea](/source/Sargasso_Sea) to the north, but it is an associate member of the [Caribbean Community](/source/Caribbean_Community).[8][9]

[Exclusive economic zones](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone) (EEZ) in the Caribbean, with [American](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone#United_States) zones in blue, [British](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone#United_Kingdom) in pink, [French](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone#France) in purple, [Dutch](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands) in orange, and [Ecuadorian](/source/Exclusive_economic_zone#Ecuador) in green

On the continental [mainland](/source/Mainland) of the [Americas](/source/Americas), the Caribbean coasts of [Mexico](/source/Mexico), Central America, and South America, including the [Yucatán Peninsula](/source/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula) of Mexico, [Bay Islands Department](/source/Bay_Islands_Department) of [Honduras](/source/Honduras), the [Mosquitia](/source/Mosquito_Coast) region, [Cartagena](/source/Cartagena%2C_Colombia) and [Barranquilla](/source/Barranquilla) in [Colombia](/source/Colombia), [Maracaibo](/source/Maracaibo) and [Cumaná](/source/Cuman%C3%A1) in [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela), are considered part of the Caribbean.[10] As with the coastal areas of the mainland, [Guyana](/source/Guyana), [Suriname](/source/Suriname), and [French Guiana](/source/French_Guiana), even if they do not border the Caribbean Sea, are often completely included within the Caribbean due to their strong [political](/source/Political_geography) and [cultural](/source/Cultural_geography) ties with the region.

Geopolitically, the [islands of the Caribbean](/source/List_of_Caribbean_islands) are often regarded as a subregion of [North America](/source/North_America), though sometimes they are included in [Middle America](/source/Middle_America_(Americas)), or regarded as its own subregion as the *Caribbean*.[11][12] The Caribbean is sometimes considered alongside Central America as a region.[13]

Political map of Caribbean

Generally, the Caribbean region is organized into 33 [political entities](/source/Polity), including 13 [sovereign states](/source/Sovereign_state), 12 [dependencies](/source/Dependent_territory), 7 [overseas territories](/source/Territory#Overseas_territory), and various [disputed territories](/source/Territorial_dispute). From 15 December 1954 to 10 October 2010, there was a territory known as the [Netherlands Antilles](/source/Netherlands_Antilles) composed of five islands, all of which were [Dutch](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands) dependencies.[14] From 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962, there was also a short-lived political union called the British [West Indies Federation](/source/West_Indies_Federation) composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then British dependencies.

The modern Caribbean is one of the most ethnically diverse regions on the planet, as a result of [European colonization](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas) by the [Spanish](/source/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas), [English](/source/British_colonization_of_the_Americas), [Dutch](/source/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas), and [French](/source/French_colonization_of_the_Americas); the [Atlantic slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade) from [Africa](/source/Africa); [indentured servitude](/source/Indentured_servitude) from the [Indian subcontinent](/source/Indian_subcontinent) and East Asia; as well as modern immigration from around the world.

## Etymology and pronunciation

The region takes its name from the [Caribs](/source/Kalinago), an Amerindian ethnic group historically present in the [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles) and parts of adjacent South America that the [Spanish colonists](/source/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas) named the region after at the time of the [European conquest of the Americas](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas).[15][16]

The two most prevalent pronunciations of "Caribbean" outside the Caribbean are [/ˌkærɪˈbiːən/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ([*KARR-ə-BEE-ən*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)), with the primary [stress](/source/Stress_(linguistics)) on the third [syllable](/source/Syllable), and [/kəˈrɪbiən/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ([*kə-RIB-ee-ən*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)), with the stress on the second. Most authorities of the last century preferred the stress on the third syllable.[17] This is the older of the two pronunciations, but the stressed-second-syllable variant has been established for over 75 years.[18][*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] It has been suggested that speakers of [British English](/source/British_English) prefer [/ˌkærɪˈbiːən/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ([*KARR-ə-BEE-ən*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)) while [North American speakers](/source/North_American_English) more typically use [/kəˈrɪbiən/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ([*kə-RIB-ee-ən*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)),[19] but major American dictionaries and other sources list the stress on the third syllable as more common in [American English](/source/American_English) too.[20][21][22][23] According to the American version of Oxford Online Dictionaries, the stress on the second syllable is becoming more common in UK English and is increasingly considered "by some" to be more up to date and more "correct".[24]

The Oxford Online Dictionaries claim the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation in the Caribbean itself, but according to the *[Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage](/source/Dictionary_of_Caribbean_English_Usage)*, the most common pronunciation in [Caribbean English](/source/Caribbean_English) stresses the first syllable instead, [/ˈkærɪbiæn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ([*KARR-ih-bee-an*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)).[4][24]

## Definition

Map of the Caribbean

The word *Caribbean* has multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can [also be expanded](/source/Greater_Caribbean) to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to Africa, [slavery](/source/Slavery), [European colonisation](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas) and the [plantation system](/source/Plantation_system).

- The [United Nations geoscheme for the Americas](/source/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas) presents the Caribbean as a distinct region within the [Americas](/source/Americas).

- Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea. To the north, the region is bordered by the [Gulf of Mexico](/source/Gulf_of_Mexico), the [Straits of Florida](/source/Straits_of_Florida) and the Northern [Atlantic Ocean](/source/Atlantic_Ocean), which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the [continent](/source/Continent) of [South America](/source/South_America).

## History

Main article: [History of the Caribbean](/source/History_of_the_Caribbean)

Pre-Columbian languages of the West Indies. [Ciboney Taíno](/source/Ciboney_Ta%C3%ADno), [Classic Taíno](/source/Classic_Ta%C3%ADno), and [Iñeri](/source/I%C3%B1eri_language) were Arawakan, [Karina](/source/Karina_language) and [Yao](/source/Yao_language_(Trinidad)) were Cariban. [Macorix](/source/Macorix_language), [Ciguayo](/source/Ciguayo_language) and [Guanahatabey](/source/Guanahatabey_language) are unclassified.

The oldest evidence of humans in the Caribbean is in southern [Trinidad](/source/Trinidad) at [Banwari Trace](/source/Banwari_Trace), where remains have been found from 7,000 years ago. These pre-ceramic sites, which belong to the Archaic (pre-ceramic) age, have been termed [Ortoiroid](/source/Ortoiroid). The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement in [Hispaniola](/source/Hispaniola) dates to about 3600 BC, but the reliability of these finds is questioned. Consistent dates of 3100 BC appear in [Cuba](/source/Cuba). The earliest dates in the [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles) are from 2000 BC in [Antigua](/source/Antigua). A lack of pre-ceramic sites in the [Windward Islands](/source/Windward_Islands) and differences in technology suggest that these Archaic settlers may have Central American origins. Whether an Ortoiroid colonization of the islands took place is uncertain, but there is little evidence of one.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[DNA](/source/DNA) studies changed some of the traditional beliefs about pre-Columbian indigenous history. According to *[National Geographic](/source/National_Geographic)*, "studies confirm that a wave of pottery-making farmers—known as Ceramic Age people—set out in canoes from the northeastern coast of South America starting some 2,500 years ago and island-hopped across the Caribbean. They were not, however, the first colonizers. On many islands they encountered a foraging people who arrived some 6,000 or 7,000 years ago ... The ceramicists, who are related to today's [Arawak](/source/Arawak_language)-speaking peoples, supplanted the earlier foraging inhabitants—presumably through disease or violence—as they settled new islands."[25]

Between 400 BC and 200 BC, the first ceramic-using agriculturalists, the [Saladoid culture](/source/Saladoid_culture), entered Trinidad from South America. They expanded up the Orinoco River to Trinidad, and then spread rapidly up the islands of the Caribbean. Some time after 250 AD another group, the Barancoid, entered Trinidad. The Barancoid society collapsed along the Orinoco around 650 AD and another group, the Arauquinoid, expanded into these areas and up the Caribbean chain. Around 1300 AD a new group, the Mayoid, entered Trinidad and remained the dominant culture until Spanish settlement.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean, three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands: the [Taíno](/source/Ta%C3%ADno) in the [Greater Antilles](/source/Greater_Antilles), [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas) and the [Leeward Islands](/source/Leeward_Islands); the [Island Caribs](/source/Kalinago) and [Galibi](/source/Galibi) in the Windward Islands; and the [Ciboney](/source/Ciboney) in western Cuba. The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos, who occupied [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico) and part of Hispaniola; Western Taínos, who occupied the Bahamian archipelago, Cuba, [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica), and part of Hispaniola; and the Eastern Taínos, who occupied the northern [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles). The southern Lesser Antilles, including [Martinique](/source/Martinique) and [Trinidad](/source/Trinidad), were inhabited by both [Carib-speaking](/source/Kalinago_language) and Arawak-speaking groups.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### European contact

See also: [Slavery in the British and French Caribbean](/source/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean) and [Encomienda § Deaths, disease, and accusations of ethnocide or genocide](/source/Encomienda#Deaths,_disease,_and_accusations_of_ethnocide_or_genocide)

[Christopher Columbus](/source/Christopher_Columbus) arrived in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in 1492. Soon afterward, both Portuguese and Spanish explorers began claiming territories in Central and South America. These early colonies brought gold to Europe; most specifically England, the Netherlands, and France. These nations hoped to establish profitable colonies in the Caribbean. Colonial rivalries made the Caribbean a battleground for European wars for centuries.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 1512, after pressure from Dominican friars, the [Laws of Burgos](/source/Laws_of_Burgos) were introduced by the Spanish Crown to better protect the rights of the New World natives. The Spanish used a form of slavery called the *[Encomienda](/source/Encomienda)*, where slaves would be awarded to the conquistadors, who were charged with protecting and converting their slaves. This had a devastating impact on the population,[26] so starting in 1503, slaves from Africa were imported to the colony. [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica) was ceded to [England](/source/England) by [Spain](/source/Spain) while both [Martinique](/source/Martinique) and the western third of [Hispaniola](/source/Hispaniola) were ceded to [France](/source/France).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

While early slave traders were Portuguese and Spanish, known as the First Atlantic System, by the 17th century the trade became dominated by British, French, and Dutch merchants. This was known as the Second Atlantic System. 5 million African slaves would be taken to the Caribbean, and around half would be traded to the British Caribbean islands. Slavery was abolished first in the Dutch Empire in 1814. Spain abolished slavery in its empire in 1811, with the exceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo. Slavery was not abolished in Cuba until 1886.[27] Britain [abolished the slave trade in 1807](/source/Slave_Trade_Act_1807), and [slavery proper in 1833](/source/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833).[28] France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1848.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The [Battle of the Saintes](/source/Battle_of_the_Saintes) between British and French fleets in 1782, by [Nicholas Pocock](/source/Nicholas_Pocock)

The Caribbean was known for [pirates](/source/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean), especially between 1640 and 1680. The term "[buccaneer](/source/Buccaneer)" is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region. The Caribbean region was war-torn throughout much of its colonial history, but the wars were often based in Europe, with only minor battles fought in the Caribbean. Some wars, however, were born of political turmoil in the Caribbean itself.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Decolonisation and modern period

In 1791, [a slave rebellion](/source/Haitian_Revolution) in the French colony of Saint-Domingue led to the establishment in 1804 of [Haiti](/source/Haiti), the first republic in the Caribbean.[29] Neighboring Santo Domingo (now [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic)) would attain its independence on three separate occasions in 1821, 1844 and 1865.[30] Cuba became independent in 1898 following American intervention in the [War of Independence](/source/Cuban_War_of_Independence) during the [Spanish-American war](/source/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War). Following the war, Spain's last colony in the Americas, [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), became an unincorporated territory of the United States. The U.S also took control of [Cuba](/source/Cuba). The U.S., since the [Monroe Doctrine](/source/Monroe_Doctrine) in the 19th century, has excerted a major influence over the Caribbean. The so called [Banana Wars](/source/Banana_Wars) in the early 20th century saw the temporary U.S. occupations of [Haiti](/source/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti) and the [Dominican Republic](/source/Military_Government_of_Santo_Domingo).[31]

Between the 1960s and '80s, most of the British holdings in the Caribbean achieved political independence, starting with [Jamaica in 1962](/source/Jamaica_Independence_Act_1962), then [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962) (1962), [Guyana](/source/Guyana) (1966), [Barbados](/source/Barbados_Independence_Act_1966) (1966), [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas) (1973), [Grenada](/source/Grenada) (1974), [Dominica](/source/Dominica) (1978), [St. Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia) (1979), [St. Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) (1979), [Belize](/source/Belize) (1981) [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda) (1981), and [St. Kitts and Nevis](/source/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) (1983). In case of the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles received autonomy status within the Kingdom in 1954, with Aruba receiving its own in 1986 and Curaçao and St. Maarten in 2010. Presently, the United States, Britain, France and the Netherlands still have some [Caribbean possessions](/source/History_of_the_Caribbean#Islands_currently_under_colonial_administration).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] During the [Cold War](/source/Cold_War), the U.S. would again intervene militarily into Caribbean countries including [Cuba](/source/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion), the [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Civil_War) and [Grenada](/source/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada).[31]

Counter-attack by [Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces](/source/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces) supported by [T-34](/source/T-34) tanks near Playa Giron during the [Bay of Pigs Invasion](/source/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion), 19 April 1961.

The decline of the export industries meant a need to diversify the economies of the Caribbean territories. [The tourism industry](/source/Tourism_in_the_Caribbean) started developing in the early 20th century, rapidly developing in the 1960s when regular international flights made vacations affordable and is now a $50 billion industry. Another industry that developed in the early 20th century was [offshore banking and financial services](/source/Offshore_bank), particularly in The Bahamas and the [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands), as the proximity of the Caribbean islands to North America made them an attractive location for branches of foreign banks seeking to avail themselves of less complicated regulations and lower tax rates.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Geography

  The [Caribbean plate](/source/Caribbean_plate) is the reason islands exist here. On the north, [obduction](/source/Obduction) has scraped rocks onto the [North American plate](/source/North_American_plate) (such as [in western Cuba](/source/Geology_of_Cuba)). On the east, the [Lesser Antilles subduction zone](/source/Lesser_Antilles_subduction_zone) produces [volcanism](/source/Volcanism) and an [island arc](/source/Island_arc). Complex interactions with the [South American plate](/source/South_American_plate) has created islands along the southern boundary. [Coral islands](/source/Coral_island) are found in [insular Colombia](/source/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina) near the east coast of Central America.

The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include [Aruba](/source/Aruba) (which has minor volcanic features), [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao), [Barbados](/source/Barbados), [Bonaire](/source/Bonaire), the [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands), [Saint Croix](/source/Saint_Croix), [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas), and [Antigua](/source/Antigua). Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of [Saint Martin](/source/Saint_Martin_(island)), [Cuba](/source/Cuba), [Hispaniola](/source/Hispaniola), [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica), [Dominica](/source/Dominica), [Montserrat](/source/Montserrat), [Saba](/source/Saba_(island)), [Sint Eustatius](/source/Sint_Eustatius), [Saint Kitts](/source/Saint_Kitts), [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia), [Saint Thomas](/source/Saint_Thomas%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands), [Saint John](/source/Saint_John%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands), [Tortola](/source/Tortola), [Grenada](/source/Grenada), [Saint Vincent](/source/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)), [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe), [Martinique](/source/Martinique) and [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago).

Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. As part of the [Puerto Rico Bank](/source/Puerto_Rico_Bank) and the [Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands microplate](/source/Puerto_Rico-Virgin_Islands_microplate), the Virgin Islands are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad and Tobago and the Leeward Antilles.

[Topography](/source/Topography) and [bathymetry](/source/Bathymetry) in the Caribbean with a 100 [m](/source/Metre) (328 ft) depth contour, delimiting [shallow](/source/Continental_shelf) [underwater landforms](/source/Seabed#Topography), including the [Bahamas](/source/Bahama_Banks), [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico_Bank), and [Rosalind](/source/Rosalind_Bank) [banks](/source/Ocean_bank)[32][33]

The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, and [coral reef](/source/Coral_reef) formations. The [Puerto Rico Trench](/source/Puerto_Rico_Trench), located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean.[34]

The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the [Panama Canal](/source/Panama_Canal) connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.

### Climate

Tropical monsoon climate in [San Andrés island](/source/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)), Caribbean, [Colombia](/source/Colombia).

[Köppen climate](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) map of the islands of the Caribbean.

The climate of the area is [tropical](/source/Tropical), varying from [tropical rainforest](/source/Tropical_rainforest_climate) in some areas to [tropical monsoon](/source/Tropical_monsoon_climate) and [tropical savanna](/source/Tropical_savanna_climate) in others. There are also some locations that are [arid](/source/Arid) climates with considerable drought in some years, and the peaks of mountains tend to have cooler [temperate climates](/source/Temperate_climate).

Rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents, such as the cool upwellings that keep the [ABC islands](/source/ABC_islands_(Lesser_Antilles)) arid. Warm, moist [trade winds](/source/Trade_winds) blow consistently from the east, creating both rain forest and semi arid climates across the region. The tropical rainforest climates include lowland areas near the Caribbean Sea from [Costa Rica](/source/Costa_Rica) north to [Belize](/source/Belize), as well as the [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic) and [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), while the more seasonal dry tropical savanna climates are found in [Cuba](/source/Cuba), northern [Colombia](/source/Colombia) and [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela), and southern [Yucatán, Mexico](/source/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula). Arid climates are found along the extreme northern coast of Venezuela out to the islands including [Aruba](/source/Aruba) and [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao), as well as the northwestern tip of Yucatán.

While the region generally is sunny much of the year, the wet season from May through November sees more frequent cloud cover (both broken and overcast), while the dry season from December through April is more often clear to mostly sunny. Seasonal rainfall is divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the latter six months of the year being wetter than the first half. The air temperature is hot much of the year, varying from 25 to 33 C (77 F to 90 F) between the wet and dry seasons. Seasonally, monthly mean temperatures vary from about 5 C (7 F) in the northern most regions, to less than 3 C in the southernmost areas of the Caribbean.

Hurricane season is from June to November, but they occur more frequently in August and September and more common in the northern islands of the Caribbean. [Hurricanes](/source/Hurricanes) that sometimes batter the region usually strike northward of [Grenada](/source/Grenada) and to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean. A great example being recent events of [Hurricane Irma](/source/Hurricane_Irma) devastating the island of Saint Martin during the 2017 hurricane season.

Sea surface temperatures change little annually, normally running from 30 °C (87 °F) in the warmest months to 26 °C (76 °F) in the coolest months. The air temperature is warm year round, in the 70s, 80s and 90s, and varies from winter to summer about 2–5 degrees on the southern islands and about a 10–20 degrees difference on the northern islands of the Caribbean. The northern islands, like The Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, may be influenced by continental masses during winter months, such as cold fronts.

**Aruba: Latitude 12°N**

Climate data for Oranjestad, Aruba (1981–2010, extremes 1951–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 32.5 (90.5) 33.0 (91.4) 33.9 (93.0) 34.4 (93.9) 34.9 (94.8) 35.2 (95.4) 35.3 (95.5) 36.1 (97.0) 36.5 (97.7) 35.4 (95.7) 35.0 (95.0) 34.8 (94.6) 36.5 (97.7) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.0 (86.0) 30.4 (86.7) 30.9 (87.6) 31.5 (88.7) 32.0 (89.6) 32.2 (90.0) 32.0 (89.6) 32.6 (90.7) 32.7 (90.9) 32.1 (89.8) 31.3 (88.3) 30.4 (86.7) 31.5 (88.7) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.7 (80.1) 26.8 (80.2) 27.2 (81.0) 27.9 (82.2) 28.5 (83.3) 28.7 (83.7) 28.6 (83.5) 29.1 (84.4) 29.2 (84.6) 28.7 (83.7) 28.1 (82.6) 27.2 (81.0) 28.1 (82.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.5 (76.1) 24.7 (76.5) 25.0 (77.0) 25.8 (78.4) 26.5 (79.7) 26.7 (80.1) 26.4 (79.5) 26.8 (80.2) 26.9 (80.4) 26.4 (79.5) 25.8 (78.4) 25.0 (77.0) 25.9 (78.6) Record low °C (°F) 21.3 (70.3) 20.6 (69.1) 21.4 (70.5) 21.5 (70.7) 21.8 (71.2) 22.7 (72.9) 21.2 (70.2) 21.3 (70.3) 22.1 (71.8) 21.9 (71.4) 22.0 (71.6) 20.5 (68.9) 20.5 (68.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 39.3 (1.55) 20.6 (0.81) 8.7 (0.34) 11.6 (0.46) 16.3 (0.64) 18.7 (0.74) 31.7 (1.25) 25.8 (1.02) 45.5 (1.79) 77.8 (3.06) 94.0 (3.70) 81.8 (3.22) 471.8 (18.58) Source: DEPARTAMENTO METEOROLOGICO ARUBA,[35] (extremes)[36]

**Puerto Rico: Latitude 18°N**

Climate data for San Juan, Puerto Rico Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 33 (92) 36 (96) 36 (96) 36 (97) 36 (96) 36 (97) 35 (95) 35 (95) 36 (97) 36 (97) 37 (98) 36 (96) 34 (94) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28 (83) 29 (84) 29 (85) 30 (86) 31 (87) 32 (89) 31 (88) 31 (88) 32 (89) 31 (88) 30 (86) 29 (84) 30 (86) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22 (72) 22 (72) 23 (73) 23 (74) 24 (76) 26 (78) 26 (78) 26 (78) 26 (78) 25 (77) 24 (75) 23 (73) 24 (75) Record low °C (°F) 16 (61) 17 (62) 16 (60) 18 (64) 18 (64) 19 (66) 21 (69) 20 (68) 21 (69) 19 (67) 18 (65) 17 (62) 16 (61) Average precipitation mm (inches) 95 (3.7) 60 (2.4) 49 (1.9) 118 (4.6) 150 (5.9) 112 (4.4) 128 (5.0) 138 (5.4) 146 (5.7) 142 (5.6) 161 (6.3) 126 (5.0) 1,431 (56.3) Source: The National Weather Service[37]

**Cuba: at Latitude 22°N**

Climate data for Havana Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 32.5 (90.5) 33.0 (91.4) 35.9 (96.6) 36.4 (97.5) 36.9 (98.4) 37.2 (99.0) 38.0 (100.4) 36.1 (97.0) 37.5 (99.5) 35.4 (95.7) 35.0 (95.0) 34.8 (94.6) 38.0 (100.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.8 (78.4) 26.1 (79.0) 27.6 (81.7) 28.6 (83.5) 29.8 (85.6) 30.5 (86.9) 31.3 (88.3) 31.6 (88.9) 31.0 (87.8) 29.2 (84.6) 27.7 (81.9) 26.5 (79.7) 28.8 (83.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 22.2 (72.0) 22.4 (72.3) 23.7 (74.7) 24.8 (76.6) 26.1 (79.0) 27.0 (80.6) 27.6 (81.7) 27.9 (82.2) 27.4 (81.3) 26.1 (79.0) 24.5 (76.1) 23.0 (73.4) 25.2 (77.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.6 (65.5) 18.6 (65.5) 19.7 (67.5) 20.9 (69.6) 22.4 (72.3) 23.4 (74.1) 23.8 (74.8) 24.1 (75.4) 23.8 (74.8) 23.0 (73.4) 21.3 (70.3) 19.5 (67.1) 21.6 (70.9) Record low °C (°F) 5.1 (41.2) 5.6 (42.1) 5.4 (41.7) 11.5 (52.7) 16.8 (62.2) 19.7 (67.5) 18.2 (64.8) 19.3 (66.7) 19.1 (66.4) 11.9 (53.4) 10.0 (50.0) 7.5 (45.5) 5.1 (41.2) Average rainfall mm (inches) 64.4 (2.54) 68.6 (2.70) 46.2 (1.82) 53.7 (2.11) 98.0 (3.86) 182.3 (7.18) 105.6 (4.16) 99.6 (3.92) 144.4 (5.69) 180.5 (7.11) 88.3 (3.48) 57.6 (2.27) 1,189.2 (46.84) Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN),[38] Climate-Charts.com[39]

A field in [Pinar del Rio](/source/Pinar_del_Rio) planted with [Cuban](/source/Cuba) tobacco

[Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico)'s south shore, from the [Cordillera Central](/source/Cordillera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)) in [Jayuya](/source/Jayuya%2C_Puerto_Rico)

Grand Anse beach, St. George's, [Grenada](/source/Grenada)

A church cemetery perched in the mountains of [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe)

A view of [Nevis](/source/Nevis) island from the southeastern peninsula of [Saint Kitts](/source/Saint_Kitts)

### Island groups

**[Lucayan Archipelago](/source/Lucayan_Archipelago)**[b]

- [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas)

- [Turks and Caicos Islands](/source/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands) (United Kingdom)

**[Greater Antilles](/source/Greater_Antilles)**

- [Cuba](/source/Cuba)

- [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands) (United Kingdom)

- [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica)

- [Hispaniola](/source/Hispaniola) - [Haiti](/source/Haiti) - [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic)

- [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico) ([U.S. Commonwealth](/source/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area))) - [Spanish Virgin Islands](/source/Spanish_Virgin_Islands)

- [Navassa Island](/source/Navassa_Island)

**[Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles)**

- **[Leeward Islands](/source/Leeward_Islands)** - [United States Virgin Islands](/source/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (U.S.) - [Saint Croix](/source/Saint_Croix) - [Saint Thomas](/source/Saint_Thomas%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands) - [Saint John](/source/Saint_John%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands) - [Water Island](/source/Water_Island%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands) - [British Virgin Islands](/source/British_Virgin_Islands) (United Kingdom) - [Tortola](/source/Tortola) - [Virgin Gorda](/source/Virgin_Gorda) - [Anegada](/source/Anegada) - [Jost Van Dyke](/source/Jost_Van_Dyke) - [Anguilla](/source/Anguilla) (United Kingdom) - [Saint Martin](/source/Saint_Martin_(island)), politically divided between - [Saint Martin](/source/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin) (France) - [Sint Maarten](/source/Sint_Maarten) ([Kingdom of the Netherlands](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)) - [Saint Barthélemy](/source/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy) ([French Antilles](/source/French_Antilles), France) - [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda) - [Antigua](/source/Antigua) - [Barbuda](/source/Barbuda) - [Redonda](/source/Redonda) - [Saba](/source/Saba_(island)) ([Caribbean Netherlands](/source/Caribbean_Netherlands), Netherlands) - [Sint Eustatius](/source/Sint_Eustatius) ([Caribbean Netherlands](/source/Caribbean_Netherlands), Netherlands) - [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/source/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) - [Saint Kitts](/source/Saint_Kitts) - [Nevis](/source/Nevis) - [Montserrat](/source/Montserrat) (United Kingdom) - [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe) ([French Antilles](/source/French_Antilles), France) including - [Les Saintes](/source/Les_Saintes) - [Marie-Galante](/source/Marie-Galante) - [La Désirade](/source/La_D%C3%A9sirade)

- **[Windward Islands](/source/Windward_Islands)** - [Dominica](/source/Dominica) - [Martinique](/source/Martinique) ([French Antilles](/source/French_Antilles), France) - [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia) - [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) - [Saint Vincent](/source/Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)) - [The Grenadines](/source/The_Grenadines) - [Barbados](/source/Barbados) - [Grenada](/source/Grenada) - [Grenada](/source/Grenada) - [Carriacou and Petite Martinique](/source/Carriacou_and_Petite_Martinique) - [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago) - [Tobago](/source/Tobago) - [Trinidad](/source/Trinidad)

- **[Leeward Antilles](/source/Leeward_Antilles)** - [Aruba](/source/Aruba) ([Kingdom of the Netherlands](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)) - [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao) ([Kingdom of the Netherlands](/source/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)) - [Bonaire](/source/Bonaire) ([Caribbean Netherlands](/source/Caribbean_Netherlands), Netherlands)

### Historical groupings

Main article: [History of the Caribbean](/source/History_of_the_Caribbean)

Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600

Political evolution of Central America and the Caribbean from 1700 to present

The mostly Spanish-controlled Caribbean in the 18th century

The mostly Spanish-controlled Caribbean in the 16th century

All islands at some point were, and a few still are, [colonies](/source/Colony) of European nations; a few are [overseas or dependent territories](/source/Dependent_territory):

- **[British West Indies](/source/British_West_Indies)/[Anglophone Caribbean](/source/Anglophone_Caribbean)** – [Anguilla](/source/Anguilla), [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda), [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas), [Barbados](/source/Barbados), [Bay Islands](/source/Bay_Islands_Department), [Guyana](/source/Guyana), [Belize](/source/Belize), [British Virgin Islands](/source/British_Virgin_Islands), [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands), [Dominica](/source/Dominica), [Grenada](/source/Grenada), [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica), [Montserrat](/source/Montserrat), [Saint Croix](/source/Saint_Croix) (briefly), [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/source/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis), [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia), [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines), [Suriname](/source/Surinam_(English_colony)) (until 1667), [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago) (from 1797) and the [Turks and Caicos Islands](/source/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)

- **[Danish West Indies](/source/Danish_West_Indies)** – Possession of [Denmark-Norway](/source/Denmark-Norway) before [1814](/source/Norwegian_Constitution), then [Denmark](/source/Denmark), present-day [United States Virgin Islands](/source/United_States_Virgin_Islands)

- **[Dutch West Indies](/source/Dutch_West_Indies)** – [Aruba](/source/Aruba), [Bonaire](/source/Bonaire), [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao), [Saba](/source/Saba_(island)), [Sint Eustatius](/source/Sint_Eustatius), [Sint Maarten](/source/Sint_Maarten), [Suriname](/source/Suriname), [Bay Islands](/source/Bay_Islands_Department) (briefly), [Saint Croix](/source/Saint_Croix) (briefly), [Tobago](/source/Tobago), and [Virgin Islands](/source/Virgin_Islands)

- **[French West Indies](/source/French_West_Indies)** – [Anguilla](/source/Anguilla) (briefly), [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda) (briefly), [Dominica](/source/Dominica), [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic) (briefly), [Grenada](/source/Grenada), [Haiti](/source/Haiti) (formerly [Saint-Domingue](/source/Saint-Domingue)), [Montserrat](/source/Montserrat) (briefly), [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia), [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines), [Sint Eustatius](/source/Sint_Eustatius) (briefly), [Sint Maarten](/source/Sint_Maarten), [St. Kitts](/source/St._Kitts) (briefly), [Tobago](/source/Tobago) (briefly), [Saint Croix](/source/Saint_Croix), the current French [overseas *départements*](/source/D%C3%A9partement_d'outre-mer) of [French Guiana](/source/French_Guiana), [Martinique](/source/Martinique) and [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe) (including [Marie-Galante](/source/Marie-Galante), [La Désirade](/source/La_D%C3%A9sirade) and [Les Saintes](/source/Les_Saintes)), the current French [overseas collectivities](/source/Collectivit%C3%A9_d'outre-mer) of [Saint Barthélemy](/source/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy) and [Saint Martin](/source/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin)

- **[Portuguese West Indies](/source/Portugal)** – present-day [Barbados](/source/Barbados), known as **Os Barbados** in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil. The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned years before the British arrived.

- **[Spanish West Indies](/source/Spanish_West_Indies)** – [Cuba](/source/Cuba), [Hispaniola](/source/Hispaniola) (present-day [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic)), [Martinica](/source/Martinique) (until 1635 to France), [Haiti](/source/Haiti) (until 1659, lost to France), [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica) (until 1655, lost to Great Britain), the [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands) (until 1670 to Great Britain) [Trinidad](/source/Trinidad) (until 1797, lost to Great Britain) and [Bay Islands](/source/Bay_Islands_Department) (until 1643, lost to Great Britain), coastal islands of [Central America](/source/Central_America) (except Belize), and some Caribbean coastal islands of [Panama](/source/Panama), [Colombia](/source/Colombia), [Mexico](/source/Mexico), and [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela).

- **[Swedish West Indies](/source/Swedish_West_Indies)** – present-day French [Saint-Barthélemy](/source/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy), [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe) (briefly) and [Tobago](/source/Tobago) (briefly).

- **[Courlander West Indies](/source/Courland_colonization_of_the_Americas)** – [Tobago](/source/Tobago) (until 1691)

The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a [West Indies Federation](/source/West_Indies_Federation) between 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint [cricket](/source/Cricket) team that competes in [Test matches](/source/Test_cricket), [One Day Internationals](/source/One_Day_International) and [Twenty20 Internationals](/source/Twenty20_International). The [West Indian cricket team](/source/West_Indian_cricket_team) includes the South American nation of [Guyana](/source/Guyana), the only former British colony on the mainland of that continent.

In addition, these countries share the [University of the West Indies](/source/University_of_the_West_Indies) as a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in The Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.

### Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands

- **[Belize](/source/Belize)** - [Ambergris Caye](/source/Ambergris_Caye) - [Caye Caulker](/source/Caye_Caulker) - [Glover's Reef](/source/Glover's_Reef) - [Hick's Cayes](/source/Hick's_Cayes) - [Lighthouse Reef](/source/Lighthouse_Reef) - [St. George's Caye](/source/St._George's_Caye) - [Tobacco Caye](/source/Tobacco_Caye) - [Turneffe Atoll](/source/Turneffe_Atoll)

- **[Colombia](/source/Colombia)** - [Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina](/source/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina) - [Bajo Nuevo Bank](/source/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank) - [Crab Cay](/source/Crab_Cay) - [Quita Sueño Bank](/source/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank) - [Roncador Bank](/source/Roncador_Bank) - [Roncador Cay](/source/Roncador_Cay) - [San Andrés (island)](/source/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)) - [Santa Catalina Island (Colombia)](/source/Santa_Catalina_Island_(Colombia)) - [Serrana Bank](/source/Serrana_Bank) - [Serranilla Bank](/source/Serranilla_Bank) - [Rosario Islands](/source/Rosario_Islands)

- **[Costa Rica](/source/Costa_Rica)** - [Brava Island, Costa Rica](/source/Brava%2C_Costa_Rica) - [Isla Calero](/source/Isla_Calero) - [Uvita Island](/source/Uvita_Island)

- **[Guatemala](/source/Guatemala)** - [Izabal](/source/Izabal_Department) - [Livingston](/source/Livingston%2C_Guatemala) - [Puerto Barrios](/source/Puerto_Barrios)

- **[Honduras](/source/Honduras)** - [Islas de la Bahía](/source/Islas_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa) - [Cayos Cochinos](/source/Cayos_Cochinos) - [Guanaja](/source/Guanaja) - [Roatán](/source/Roat%C3%A1n) - [Swan Islands](/source/Swan_Islands%2C_Honduras) - [Útila](/source/%C3%9Atila) - [Cayos Cochinos](/source/Cayos_Cochinos) - [Cayo Gorda](/source/Cayo_Gorda) - [Bobel Cay](/source/Bobel_Cay)

- **[Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua)** - [Corn Islands](/source/Corn_Islands) - [Miskito Cays](/source/Miskito_Cays) - [Pearl Cays](/source/Pearl_Cays) - [Calala Island](/source/Calala_Island) - [Rama Cay](/source/Rama_Cay)

- **[Panama](/source/Panama)** - Archipelago off [Guna Yala](/source/Guna_Yala) coast (including the [San Blas Islands](/source/San_Blas_Islands)) - [Bocas del Toro Archipelago](/source/Bocas_del_Toro_Archipelago) (approximately 300 islands) - [Galeta Island (Panama)](/source/Galeta_Island_(Panama)) - [Isla Grande](/source/Isla_Grande) - [Soledad Miria](/source/Soledad_Miria) - [Cayos Limones](/source/Cayos_Limones)

- **[Mexico](/source/Mexico)** - [Quintana Roo](/source/Quintana_Roo) - [Banco Chinchorro](/source/Banco_Chinchorro) - [Cozumel](/source/Cozumel) - [Isla Blanca](/source/Isla_Mujeres_Municipality) - [Isla Contoy](/source/Isla_Contoy) - [Isla Holbox](/source/Isla_Holbox) - [Isla Mujeres](/source/Isla_Mujeres)

- **[Venezuela](/source/Venezuela)** - [Blanquilla Island](/source/Blanquilla_Island) - [Coche Island](/source/Coche_Island) - [Cubagua Island](/source/Cubagua) - [Isla Aves](/source/Isla_Aves) - [Islas Los Frailes](/source/Islas_Los_Frailes) - [Isla Margarita](/source/Isla_Margarita) - [La Orchila](/source/La_Orchila) - [La Sola Island](/source/La_Sola_Island) - [La Tortuga Island](/source/La_Tortuga_Island) - [Las Aves archipelago](/source/Las_Aves_archipelago) - [Los Hermanos Archipelago](/source/Los_Hermanos_Archipelago) - [Los Monjes Archipelago](/source/Los_Monjes_Archipelago) - [Los Roques archipelago](/source/Los_Roques_archipelago) - [Los Testigos Islands](/source/Los_Testigos_Islands) - [Patos Island](/source/Patos_Island_(Venezuela))

Cayo de Agua, [Los Roques Archipelago](/source/Los_Roques_Archipelago), Venezuela

Palancar Beach in [Cozumel Island](/source/Cozumel_Island), Mexico

Guanaja Island, Bay Islands, Honduras

### Biodiversity

The Caribbean islands have one of the world's most diverse ecosystems. The animals, fungi, and plants are [Conservation International](/source/Conservation_International) [biodiversity hotspots](/source/Biodiversity_hotspot) because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ranging from montane [cloud forests](/source/Cloud_forests) to [tropical rainforest](/source/Tropical_rainforest) to [cactus](/source/Cactus) [scrublands](/source/Scrubland). In the Caribbean, the area of forest increased by 55,500 hectares per year in 1990–2000, 64,200 ha per year in 2000–2015 and 14,200 ha per year in 2015–2025.[40]

The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefs[41] along with extensive seagrass meadows,[42] often found in the shallow marine waters bordering the region's island and continental coasts.

For the fungi, there is a checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts, and field observations.[43] It includes more than 11,250 species of fungi recorded in the region. The checklist is not exhaustive, and it is likely that the true number of fungal species already known in the Caribbean is higher. The number of fungal species in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have been discovered.[44] Estimates have been made for endemic fungal species on some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2,200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island;[45] for [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), the number is 789;[46] for the [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic), 699;[47] for Trinidad and Tobago, 407.[48]

Many ecosystems in the Caribbean islands have been affected by [deforestation](/source/Deforestation), pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of [giant](/source/Tyto_pollens) [owls](/source/Ornimegalonyx) and [dwarf ground sloths](/source/Megalocnus).[49] The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (birds, mammals, and reptiles), fungi, and plants. The threatened animals include the [Puerto Rican amazon](/source/Puerto_Rican_amazon), two species of [solenodon](/source/Solenodon) (giant shrews) in Cuba and Hispaniola, and the [Cuban crocodile](/source/Cuban_crocodile).

[Saona Island](/source/Saona_Island), Dominican Republic

The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and 500 to 700 species of reef-associated fishes,[50] have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity and are considered vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification.[51] According to a [UNEP](/source/UNEP) report, the Caribbean coral reefs might go extinct in next 20 years due to human population explosion along the coastlines, overfishing, pollution of coastal areas, and global warming.[52]

Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture. [Tobacco](/source/Tobacco) was an important early crop during the colonial era, but was eventually overtaken by [sugarcane](/source/Sugarcane) production as the region's staple crop. Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe. [Cuba](/source/Cuba) and [Barbados](/source/Barbados) were historically the largest producers of [sugar](/source/Sugar). The tropical plantation system came to dominate Caribbean settlement. Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited for agriculture, for example [Dominica](/source/Dominica), which remains heavily forested. The islands in the southern [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles), [Aruba](/source/Aruba), [Bonaire](/source/Bonaire) and [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao), are extremely arid, making them unsuitable for agriculture, but they have salt pans that were exploited by the Dutch. Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds, producing coarse salt when the water evaporated.[53]

The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth in [eco-tourism](/source/Eco-tourism). This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations.[54]

### Plants and animals

See also: [List of invasive marine fish in the Caribbean](/source/List_of_invasive_marine_fish_in_Florida)

		- Epiphytes (bromeliads, climbing palms) in the [rainforest](/source/Rainforest) of [Dominica](/source/Dominica)

		- A green and black poison frog, *[Dendrobates auratus](/source/Dendrobates_auratus)*

		- *[Caesalpinia pulcherrima](/source/Caesalpinia_pulcherrima)*, [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe)

		- *[Costus speciosus](/source/Costus_speciosus)*, a marsh plant, [Guadeloupe](/source/Guadeloupe)

		- An [Atlantic ghost crab](/source/Atlantic_ghost_crab) (*Ocypode quadrata*) in [Martinique](/source/Martinique)

		- *[Crescentia cujete](/source/Crescentia_cujete)*, or calabash fruit, [Martinique](/source/Martinique)

		- *[Thalassoma bifasciatum](/source/Thalassoma_bifasciatum)* (bluehead wrasse fish), over *[Bispira brunnea](/source/Bispira_brunnea)* (social feather duster worms)

		- Two *[Stenopus hispidus](/source/Stenopus_hispidus)* (banded cleaner shrimp) on a *[Xestospongia muta](/source/Xestospongia_muta)* (giant barrel sponge)

		- A pair of *[Cyphoma signatum](/source/Cyphoma_signatum)* (fingerprint cowry), off coastal [Haiti](/source/Haiti)

		- The [Martinique amazon](/source/Martinique_amazon) (*Amazona martinicana*), an extinct species of parrot in the family Psittacidae

		- *[Anastrepha suspensa](/source/Anastrepha_suspensa)*, a Caribbean fruit fly

		- *[Hemidactylus mabouia](/source/Hemidactylus_mabouia)*, a tropical gecko in [Dominica](/source/Dominica)

## Politics

### Regionalism

Flag of the [Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)](/source/Caribbean_Community)

Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens.[55] The current economic and political problems the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political and economic perspective, [regionalism](/source/Regionalism_(international_relations)) serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in the [Caribbean Basin](/source/Caribbean_Basin) was created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community ([CARICOM](/source/CARICOM)),[56] in Guyana.

Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from socialist systems toward more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways".[57] The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.

The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action".[58] These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system.[58]

Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years, the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean."[59] The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper.

Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and [European Union](/source/European_Union)'s allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other. [*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

#### United States–European Union trade dispute

See also: [Lomé Convention](/source/Lom%C3%A9_Convention)

The [Lomé Convention](/source/Lom%C3%A9_Convention), which allowed [banana](/source/Banana) exports from the former colonies of the [Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states](/source/ACP_countries) (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply, came into effect in 1976.[60] In 1999, the United States under President [Bill Clinton](/source/Bill_Clinton) launched a challenge in the [World Trade Organization](/source/World_Trade_Organization) against the European Union over Europe's preferential program, known as The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states have been partially dismantled and replaced by the [Cotonou Agreement](/source/Cotonou_Agreement).[61]

During the US/EU dispute, the United States threatened to impose large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100%) to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement.[62]

Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of falling profits and rising costs as the Lomé Convention weakens.[63] Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn toward the cultivation of illegal drugs, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe.[64][65]

#### African Union relations

Many Caribbean nations have sought to deepen ties with the continent of [Africa](/source/Africa). The African Union-bloc has referred to the Caribbean as the potential "Sixth Region" of the [African Union](/source/African_Union).[66] Some Caribbean states have already moved to join Africa institutions including Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, and The Bahamas, which have all become members of the African Export Import Bank.[67] And the Caribbean Development Bank signing a cooperation strategic partnership agreement with the African Development Bank (AfDB)[68] At present Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, and Suriname are at various stages of establishing direct air flights with Africa to boost person-to-person links and boost trade between both regions.

The first inter-regional Africa-Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Summit took place in September 2021. In August 2023 the African Union's [African Export–Import Bank](/source/African_Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank) officially opened its first Caribbean Community office in Barbados beginning the process of integrating willing Caribbean states as the 6th region of the African Union.[AFREXIMBANK opens Caribbean office in Barbados](https://guardian.ng/business-services/afreximbank-opens-caribbean-office-in-barbados/) [CARICOM Office Of Afreximbank Bank Open For Business In Barbados With US$1.5 Billion Line Of Credit Now Available To CARICOM States.](https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/caricom-office-of-afreximbank-bank-open-for-business-in-barbados-with-us1-5-billion-line-of-credit-now-available-to-caricom-states/)

#### Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and Association of Caribbean States

Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the [Caribbean Financial Action Task Force](/source/Caribbean_Financial_Action_Task_Force) and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry. One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the [Caribbean Basin](/source/Caribbean_Basin) has been the [Association of Caribbean States](/source/Association_of_Caribbean_States) (ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.

#### Bolivarian Alliance

The President of [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela), [Hugo Chavez](/source/Hugo_Chavez) launched an economic group called the [Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas](/source/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas) (ALBA), which several eastern Caribbean islands joined.

## List of countries and territories

Main article: [List of Caribbean islands](/source/List_of_Caribbean_islands)

See also: [Caribbean South America](/source/Caribbean_South_America) and [West Indies](/source/West_Indies)

Flag Country or territory[69][70][71] Sovereignty Status Area (km2)[72] Population (2021 est.)[1][2] Density (people per km2) Capital Anguilla United Kingdom Overseas territory 91 15,753 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda Independent Constitutional monarchy 442 93,219 199.1 St. John's Aruba Kingdom of the Netherlands Constituent kingdom 180 106,537 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas[73] Independent Constitutional monarchy 13,943 407,906 24.5 Nassau Barbados Independent Republic 430 287,025 595.3 Bridgetown Bay Islands Department Honduras Department 229 110,000 480 Coxen Hole Coastal areas of Belize Independent Constitutional monarchy 22,966 400,031 17.79 Belmopan Bermuda[c][8][9] United Kingdom Overseas territory 53.2 63,913[d] 1,338 Hamilton Bonaire Kingdom of the Netherlands Special Municipality 294 20,104[74] 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands United Kingdom Overseas territory 151 31,122 152.3 Road Town Cayman Islands United Kingdom Overseas territory 264 68,136 212.1 George Town Caribbean coastal areas of Colombia Independent Republic 1,141,748 51,516,562 46.15 Bogotá Cuba Independent Republic 109,886 11,256,372 102.0 Havana Curaçao Kingdom of the Netherlands Constituent kingdom 444 190,338 317.1 Willemstad Dominica Independent Republic 751 72,412 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic Independent Republic 48,671 11,117,873 207.3 Santo Domingo Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Venezuela Dependency 342 2,155 6.3 Gran Roque Coastal areas of French Guiana France Overseas department 83,846 297,449 3.6 Cayenne Grenada Independent Constitutional monarchy 344 124,610 302.3 St. George's Guadeloupe France Overseas department 1,628 396,051 246.7 Basse-Terre Coastal areas of Guyana Independent Republic 214,970 804,567 3.502 Georgetown Haiti Independent Republic 27,750 11,447,569 361.5 Port-au-Prince Jamaica Independent Constitutional monarchy 10,991 2,827,695 247.4 Kingston Limón Province Costa Rica Republic 9,176.96 469,797 51.19 Limón Martinique France Overseas department 1,128 368,796 352.6 Fort-de-France Montserrat United Kingdom Overseas territory 102 4,417 58.8 Plymouth (Brades)[75] Navassa Island United States/Haiti Territory (uninhabited) 5 0 0.0 n/a North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region Nicaragua Republic 33,105.98 563,088 17.01 Puerto Cabezas Nueva Esparta Venezuela Dependency 1,151 491,610 427.5 La Asunción Coastal areas of Panama Independent Republic 8,409.3 4,351,267 150 Panama City Puerto Rico United States Commonwealth 9,100 3,256,028 448.9 San Juan Quintana Roo Mexico State 44,705.2 1,857,985 42 Chetumal Saba Netherlands Special municipality 13 1,537[74] 118.2 The Bottom San Andrés and Providencia Colombia Department 52.5 75,167 1,431 San Andrés Saint Barthélemy France Overseas collectivity 21 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis Independent Constitutional monarchy 261 47,606 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia Independent Constitutional monarchy 539 179,651 319.1 Castries Saint Martin France Overseas collectivity 54 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Independent Constitutional monarchy 389 104,332 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius Netherlands Special municipality 21 2,739[74] 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten Kingdom of the Netherlands Constituent kingdom 34 44,042 1,176.7 Philipsburg South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region Nicaragua Republic 27,260.02 434,270 15.93 Bluefields Coastal areas of Suriname Independent Republic 163,821 612,985 3.9 Paramaribo Trinidad and Tobago Independent Republic 5,128 1,525,663 271.2 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands[76] United Kingdom Overseas territory 948 45,114 34.8 Cockburn Town United States Virgin Islands United States Territory 347 100,091 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Coastal areas of Venezuela Independent Republic 916,445 28,199,867 32 Caracas Total 235,897 44,636,789 189.4

## Demographics

### Life expectancy

Main article: [List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy](/source/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_life_expectancy)

[Life expectancy](/source/Life_expectancy) in some countries of the Caribbean in 2023, according to estimation of the [World Bank Group](/source/World_Bank_Group):[77][78][79]

World Bank Group (2023) Countries and territories 2023 Historical data recovery from COVID-19: 2019→2023 All Male Female Sex gap 2014 2014 →2019 2019 2019 →2020 2020 2020 →2021 2021 2021 →2022 2022 2022 →2023 2023 Puerto Rico 81.69 78.03 85.24 7.21 80.04 1.40 81.44 −1.43 80.01 −0.24 79.77 −0.34 79.43 2.26 81.69 0.25 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 80.52 77.30 83.90 6.60 78.87 0.80 79.67 0.15 79.82 0.25 80.07 0.25 80.32 0.20 80.52 0.85 Cayman Islands 80.36 77.98 82.87 4.89 77.86 1.19 79.05 0.18 79.23 0.07 79.30 0.68 79.98 0.37 80.36 1.31 Saint Martin 80.22 76.77 83.84 7.07 79.73 0.35 80.08 0.01 80.08 0.12 80.21 0.03 80.24 −0.01 80.22 0.15 Cuba 78.08 75.67 80.52 4.85 77.83 −0.41 77.41 −0.01 77.41 −4.21 73.20 4.43 77.63 0.46 78.08 0.67 Turks and Caicos Islands 78.01 75.83 80.30 4.47 77.21 0.48 77.69 −0.19 77.50 −0.27 77.23 0.68 77.92 0.09 78.01 0.32 Antigua and Barbuda 77.60 74.55 80.29 5.74 76.91 0.26 77.17 −0.01 77.16 0.04 77.20 0.29 77.48 0.11 77.60 0.43 British Virgin Islands 77.28 74.53 80.05 5.52 76.53 0.32 76.84 0.05 76.89 −1.60 75.30 1.88 77.18 0.10 77.28 0.43 Curaçao 76.80 72.46 80.82 8.37 76.38 0.11 76.49 0.01 76.50 −0.81 75.69 1.04 76.73 0.07 76.80 0.31 Sint Maarten 76.37 73.70 79.53 5.83 75.73 −0.05 75.68 −0.68 75.00 −0.50 74.50 1.68 76.18 0.19 76.37 0.69 Aruba 76.35 73.70 78.78 5.08 75.26 0.76 76.02 −0.61 75.41 −1.75 73.66 2.57 76.23 0.13 76.35 0.33 Barbados 76.18 73.63 78.61 4.98 75.93 0.57 76.50 0.15 76.65 −0.07 76.58 −0.90 75.68 0.50 76.18 −0.32 Grenada 75.20 72.36 78.36 5.99 75.05 −0.07 74.97 0.05 75.02 −0.50 74.52 0.63 75.15 0.05 75.20 0.23 Bahamas 74.55 70.91 78.19 7.28 74.03 −2.62 71.41 1.59 72.99 −2.24 70.75 3.74 74.49 0.06 74.55 3.14 Dominican Republic 73.72 70.53 76.97 6.44 73.14 −0.03 73.11 −0.48 72.64 −0.88 71.76 2.45 74.21 −0.49 73.72 0.61 Trinidad and Tobago 73.49 70.38 76.68 6.31 72.90 −0.06 72.84 −0.19 72.64 −1.53 71.11 2.22 73.33 0.16 73.49 0.65 World 73.33 70.95 75.84 4.89 71.78 1.09 72.87 −0.68 72.18 −0.97 71.22 1.75 72.97 0.36 73.33 0.46 Caribbean small states 73.03 69.82 76.36 6.54 71.26 0.56 71.82 −0.19 71.63 −2.23 69.40 3.21 72.61 0.42 73.03 1.22 St. Lucia 72.70 69.31 76.30 6.99 72.68 −0.43 72.25 0.06 72.31 −3.19 69.12 3.55 72.67 0.03 72.70 0.45 St. Kitts and Nevis 72.14 68.57 76.02 7.45 71.23 0.31 71.54 −0.36 71.18 −1.91 69.27 1.04 70.31 1.83 72.14 0.60 Jamaica 71.48 68.97 73.99 5.02 72.36 −0.83 71.53 −0.08 71.45 −2.37 69.08 2.40 71.48 0.00 71.48 −0.05 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 71.23 68.66 74.31 5.65 70.36 0.64 70.99 −1.39 69.61 −0.47 69.13 2.06 71.19 0.04 71.23 0.24 Dominica 71.13 68.21 74.55 6.33 71.19 0.12 71.31 −0.04 71.27 −1.44 69.83 1.25 71.08 0.05 71.13 −0.17 Haiti 64.94 61.73 68.30 6.57 62.97 1.36 64.33 −0.55 63.77 −1.16 62.61 1.34 63.95 0.99 64.94 0.61

Change in life expectancy in the Caribbean from 2019 to 2021[77]

### Indigenous groups

Main article: [Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean)

- [Arawak peoples](/source/Arawak_peoples) - [Igneri](/source/Igneri) - [Taíno](/source/Ta%C3%ADno_people)

- [Caquetio people](/source/Caquetio_people)

- [Ciboney](/source/Ciboney)

- [Ciguayo](/source/Neo-Ta%C3%ADno_nations#Ciguayo)

- [Garifuna](/source/Garifuna_people)

- [Kalina](/source/Kalina_people)

- [Kalinago](/source/Island_Caribs)

- [Lucayan](/source/Lucayan_people)

- [Macorix](/source/Neo-Ta%C3%ADno_nations#Macorix)

- [Raizal](/source/Raizal)

A linen market in [Dominica](/source/Dominica) in the 1770s

Agostino Brunias. *Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape*, [Brooklyn Museum](/source/Brooklyn_Museum)

[Asian Indians](/source/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian) in the late nineteenth century singing and dancing in [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago)

Street scene, [Matanzas](/source/Matanzas), Cuba

At the time of [European contact](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas), the dominant ethnic groups in the Caribbean included the [Taíno](/source/Ta%C3%ADno) of the [Greater Antilles](/source/Greater_Antilles) and northern [Lesser Antilles](/source/Lesser_Antilles), the [Island Caribs](/source/Island_Caribs) of the southern Lesser Antilles, and smaller distinct groups such as the [Guanajatabey](/source/Guanajatabey) of western Cuba and the [Ciguayo](/source/Ciguayo) of eastern Hispaniola. The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been about 750,000 before European contact. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity)[80] led to a decline in the Amerindian population,[81][82] such as the [Kongo](/source/Kongo_people), [Igbo](/source/Igbo_people), [Akan](/source/Akan_people), [Fon](/source/Fon_people), and [Yoruba](/source/Yoruba_people), as well as military prisoners from [Ireland](/source/Ireland), who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in [England](/source/England).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Immigrants from [Britain](/source/Great_Britain), [Italy](/source/Italy), [France](/source/France), [Spain](/source/Spain), the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands), [Portugal](/source/Portugal), and [Denmark](/source/Denmark) also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.[83]

The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800.[84] Immigrants from [India](/source/India), [China](/source/China), [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), and other countries arrived in the mid-19th century as indentured servants.[85] After the [Atlantic slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade) ended, the population increased naturally.[86] The regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.[87]

In [Haiti](/source/Haiti) and most of the [French](/source/French_Caribbean), [Anglophone](/source/Anglophone_Caribbean) and [Dutch Caribbean](/source/Dutch_West_Indies), the population is predominantly of [African](/source/Afro-Caribbean) origin; on many of the islands/nations there are also significant populations of mixed racial origin (including [Mulatto](/source/Mulatto)-[Creole](/source/Creole_peoples), [Dougla](/source/Dougla), [Mestizo](/source/Mestizo), [Quadroon](/source/Quadroon), [Cholo](/source/Cholo), [Castizo](/source/Castizo), [Criollo](/source/Criollo_people), [Zambo](/source/Zambo), [Pardo](/source/Pardo), [Chindian](/source/Chindian), [Cocoa panyols](/source/Cocoa_panyols), and Eurasian). On the [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands), [Aruba](/source/Aruba) and [Belize](/source/Belize) [mixed-race](/source/Multiracial_people) people form the majority of the population. There are also populations of European ancestry; [English](/source/English_people), [French](/source/French_people), [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), [Italian](/source/Italian_people), [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_people) and [Spanish](/source/Spaniards) ancestry. [Asians](/source/Asians), especially those of [Chinese](/source/Chinese_Caribbean), [Indian](/source/Indo-Caribbean) descent, and [Javanese](/source/Javanese_people) [Indonesians](/source/Indonesian_people), form a significant minority in parts of the region. [Indians](/source/Indo-Caribbean) form a plurality of the population in [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago), [Guyana](/source/Guyana), and [Suriname](/source/Suriname). Most of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers.

The [Spanish-speaking Caribbean](/source/Spanish_Caribbean) populations are primarily of [European](/source/White_Latin_American), African, or racially mixed origins. [Cuba](/source/Cubans) has a European majority, along with a significant population of African ancestry. Puerto Rico has a mixed race majority with a mixture of European-African-Native American (tri-racial), and a large White and West African (black) minority. The Dominican Republic has the largest mixed-race population, primarily descended from Europeans, [West Africans](/source/West_African), and Amerindians.

Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago

The majority of [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica) is of West African origin, in addition to a significant population of mixed racial background and minorities of [Chinese](/source/Chinese_people), Europeans, [Indians](/source/Indian_people), Indigenous, [Jews](/source/Jews), and [Arabs](/source/Arab). This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured laborers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans call themselves either mixed-race or brown. Similar populations can be found in the [Caricom](/source/Caricom) states of [Belize](/source/Belize), [Guyana](/source/Guyana), [Suriname](/source/Suriname) and [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago). [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago) has a multiracial cosmopolitan society due to the arrivals of [Africans](/source/Afro-Trinidadian), [Indians](/source/Indo-Trinidadian), [Chinese](/source/Chinese_Trinidadian), [Arabs](/source/Arabs) and [Europeans](/source/White_Trinidadian) along with the [native indigenous Amerindians](/source/Amerindians) population. This multiracial mix has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities, such as the [Mulatto](/source/Mulatto)-[Creole](/source/Creole_peoples), [Mestizo](/source/Mestizo), [Pardo](/source/Pardo), [Zambo](/source/Zambo), [Dougla](/source/Dougla), [Chindian](/source/Chindian), [Afro-Asians](/source/Afro-Asians), Eurasian, and [Cocoa panyols](/source/Cocoa_panyols).

### Language

Main article: [Languages of the Caribbean](/source/Languages_of_the_Caribbean)

[Spanish](/source/Caribbean_Spanish) (64%), [French](/source/French_language) (25%), [English](/source/Caribbean_English) (14%), [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), [Haitian Creole](/source/Haitian_Creole), and [Papiamento](/source/Papiamento) are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region. Almost every Caribbean country has a distinct [creole language](/source/Creole_language) or dialect that serves as its [vernacular language](/source/Vernacular_language). Most of these do not have official status, with the aforementioned Haitian Creole and Papiamento as notable exceptions. Other languages such as [Caribbean Hindustani](/source/Caribbean_Hindustani), [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language), [Javanese](/source/Javanese_language), [Arabic](/source/Arabic), [Hmong](/source/Hmong_language), [Amerindian languages](/source/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas), other [African languages](/source/African_languages), other [European languages](/source/Languages_of_Europe), and other [Indian languages](/source/Languages_of_India) like [Telugu](/source/Telugu_language) are also spoken.

### Religion

See also: [Religion in the Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Caribbean)

[Havana Cathedral](/source/Havana_Cathedral) (Catholic) in [Cuba](/source/Cuba) completed in 1777

[Holy Trinity Cathedral](/source/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Port_of_Spain), an [Anglican](/source/Anglican) [Christian](/source/Christianity) [cathedral](/source/Cathedral) in [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago)

[Temple in the Sea](/source/Temple_in_the_Sea), a [Hindu](/source/Hindu) [mandir](/source/Mandir) in [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago)

[Muhammad Ali Jinnah](/source/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) Memorial Masjid, a [Muslim](/source/Muslim) [masjid](/source/Mosque) in [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago)

A [Jewish](/source/Jewish) [synagogue](/source/Synagogue) in [Suriname](/source/Suriname)

A [Haitian Vodou](/source/Haitian_Vodou) altar

[Christianity](/source/Christianity) is the predominant religion in the Caribbean (84.7%).[88] Other religions in the region are [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism_in_the_West_Indies), [Islam](/source/Islam), [Judaism](/source/Judaism), [Rastafari](/source/Rastafari), [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism), [Chinese folk religion](/source/Chinese_folk_religion) (incl. [Taoism](/source/Taoism) and [Confucianism](/source/Confucianism)), [Baháʼí](/source/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith), [Jainism](/source/Jainism), [Sikhism](/source/Sikhism), [Kebatinan](/source/Kebatinan), [Traditional African religions](/source/Traditional_African_religions), [Yoruba](/source/Yoruba_religion) (incl. [Trinidad Orisha](/source/Trinidad_Orisha)), [Afro-American religions](/source/Afro-American_religions), (incl. [Santería](/source/Santer%C3%ADa), [Palo](/source/Palo_(religion)), [Umbanda](/source/Umbanda), [Brujería](/source/Brujer%C3%ADa), [Hoodoo](/source/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)), [Candomblé](/source/Candombl%C3%A9), [Quimbanda](/source/Quimbanda), [Orisha](/source/Orisha), Xangô de Recife, Xangô do Nordeste, Comfa, [Espiritismo](/source/Espiritismo), [Santo Daime](/source/Santo_Daime), [Obeah](/source/Obeah), [Abakuá](/source/Abaku%C3%A1), [Kumina](/source/Kumina), [Winti](/source/Winti), Sanse, [Cuban Vodú](/source/Cuban_Vod%C3%BA), [Dominican Vudú](/source/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA), [Louisiana Voodoo](/source/Louisiana_Voodoo), [Haitian Vodou](/source/Haitian_Vodou), and [Vodun](/source/West_African_Vodun)).

## Culture

Main article: [Culture of the Caribbean](/source/Culture_of_the_Caribbean)

### Cuisine

Main article: [Caribbean cuisine](/source/Caribbean_cuisine)

#### Favourite or national dishes

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[Doubles](/source/Doubles_(food)), one of the national dishes of [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago)

[Arroz con gandules](/source/Arroz_con_gandules), one of the national dishes of [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico)

- [Anguilla](/source/Anguilla) – rice, peas and fish

- [Antigua and Barbuda](/source/Antigua_and_Barbuda_cuisine) – [fungee](/source/Fungee) and [pepperpot](/source/Guyana_pepperpot)

- [The Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas) – [Guava duff](/source/Guava_duff), Conch Salad, Peas n' Rice, and [conch fritters](/source/Conch_fritter)

- [Barbados](/source/Barbados) – [Cou-cou](/source/Cou-cou) and [flying fish](/source/Flying_fish)

- [Belize](/source/Belize) – rice and beans, stew chicken with potato salad; white rice, stew beans and fry fish with cole slaw

- [British Virgin Islands](/source/British_Virgin_Islands) – fish and [fungee](/source/Fungee)

- [Cayman Islands](/source/Cayman_Islands) – turtle stew, turtle steak, [grouper](/source/Grouper), conch stew, Cayman-style beef with rice and beans, cassava cake

- [Colombian](/source/Colombian_cuisine) Caribbean – rice with coconut milk, [arroz con pollo](/source/Arroz_con_pollo), [sancocho](/source/Sancocho), [Arab cuisine](/source/Arab_cuisine) (due to the large Arab population)

- [Cuba](/source/Cuban_cuisine) – [platillo Moros y Cristianos](/source/Platillo_Moros_y_Cristianos), [ropa vieja](/source/Ropa_vieja), [lechon](/source/Lechon), [maduros](/source/Plantain_(cooking)), [ajiaco](/source/Ajiaco)

- [Dominica](/source/Dominica_cuisine) – [mountain chicken](/source/Mountain_chicken), rice and peas, dumplings, saltfish, dashin, bakes (fried dumplings), coconut confiture, curry goat, cassava [farine](/source/Farine), oxtail

- [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic_cuisine) – [arroz con pollo](/source/Arroz_con_pollo) with stewed red [kidney beans](/source/Kidney_bean), [pan fried](/source/Pan_fry) or [braised](/source/Braised) beef, salad/ ensalada de coditos, [empanadas](/source/Empanadas), [mangú](/source/Mang%C3%BA_(dish)), sancocho

- [Grenada](/source/Grenadan_cuisine) – [oil down](/source/Oil_down), Roti and rice & chicken

- [Guyana](/source/Guyana) – [roti](/source/Roti) and [curry](/source/Curry), [pepperpot](/source/Guyana_pepperpot), cook-up rice, metemgee, [pholourie](/source/Pholourie)

- [Haiti](/source/Haitian_cuisine) – griot (fried pork) served with du riz a pois or diri ak pwa ([rice and beans](/source/Rice_and_beans))

- [Jamaica](/source/Jamaican_cuisine) – [ackee and saltfish](/source/Ackee_and_saltfish), [callaloo](/source/Callaloo), [jerk chicken](/source/Jerk_chicken), [curry chicken](/source/Curry_chicken)

- [Montserrat](/source/Montserrat) – [Goat water](/source/Goat_water)

- [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rican_cuisine) – yellow rice with green [pigeon peas](/source/Pigeon_pea), saltfish stew, roasted pork shoulder, Puerto Rican style pasteles (root vegetable meat patties), chicken fricassée, [pasteles](/source/Pasteles), [mofongo](/source/Mofongo), tripe soup, [tostones](/source/Tostones), [alcapurria](/source/Alcapurria), codfish fritters, coconut custard, rice pudding, guava turnovers, Mallorca bread

- [Saint Kitts and Nevis](/source/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) – [goat water](/source/Goat_water), coconut dumplings, spicy [plantain](/source/Plantain_(cooking)), [saltfish](/source/Saltfish), [breadfruit](/source/Breadfruit)

- [Saint Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucian_cuisine) – [callaloo](/source/Callaloo), [dal](/source/Dal) [roti](/source/Roti), [dried and salted cod](/source/Dried_and_salted_cod), green [bananas](/source/Banana), [rice and beans](/source/Rice_and_beans)

- [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](/source/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) – roasted [breadfruit](/source/Breadfruit) and fried jackfish

- [Suriname](/source/Suriname) – brown beans and rice, [roti](/source/Roti) and [curry](/source/Curry), [peanut soup](/source/Peanut_soup), battered [fried plantain](/source/Fried_plantain) with [peanut sauce](/source/Peanut_sauce), [nasi goreng](/source/Nasi_goreng), moksi-alesi, [bara](/source/Vada_(food)), [pom](/source/Pom_(dish))

- [Trinidad and Tobago](/source/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine) – [doubles](/source/Doubles_(food)), [curry](/source/Curry) with [roti](/source/Roti) or [dal bhat](/source/Dal_bhat), [aloo pie](/source/Aloo_pie), [phulourie](/source/Pholourie), [callaloo](/source/Callaloo), [bake and shark](/source/Bake_and_Shark), curry crab and dumpling

- [United States Virgin Islands](/source/United_States_Virgin_Islands) – stewed goat, oxtail or beef, seafood, [callaloo](/source/Callaloo), [fungee](/source/Cou-cou)

- [Venezuela](/source/Venezuelan_cuisine) Caribbean – fried fish with salad and rise, [tostones](/source/Tostones), [sancocho](/source/Sancocho), [patacon](/source/Patacon), [pabellon](/source/Pabell%C3%B3n_criollo)

### Major sights and landmarks in the region

- Harrisons Cave in [Barbados](/source/Barbados)[89] - a natural cave complex

- Dunns Falls in [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica) - a famous water feature near [Ocho Rios](/source/Ocho_Rios)

- The old city centers of [Santo Domingo](/source/Santo_Domingo) ([Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic)), [Willemstad](/source/Willemstad) ([Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao)), and [San Juan](/source/San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico) ([Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico))

- [St. Maarten](/source/Sint_Maarten)'s [airport](/source/Princess_Juliana_International_Airport) for landings over Maho Beach[90]

- The naturally occurring, strikingly pointed Piton peaks in [St. Lucia](/source/Saint_Lucia)

### Sport

This section is an excerpt from [Culture of the Caribbean § Sport](/source/Culture_of_the_Caribbean#Sport).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit)]

[Plaquita](/source/Plaquita), a Dominican street version of cricket. The Dominican Republic was first introduced to cricket through mid-18th century British contact,[91] but switched to baseball after the [1916 American occupation](/source/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)).[92]

Cricket is a very popular sport in the countries and dependencies that formed the [British West Indies](/source/British_West_Indies). The [West Indies cricket team](/source/West_Indies_cricket_team) competes in [Test matches](/source/Test_cricket), [One Day Internationals](/source/One_Day_International) and [Twenty20 Internationals](/source/Twenty20_International). The West Indies' major domestic competitions are the [Regional Four Day Competition](/source/Regional_Four_Day_Competition) ([first-class](/source/First-class_cricket)) and the [Regional Super50](/source/Regional_Super50) ([List A](/source/List_A) one-day) and more recently the [Caribbean Premier League](/source/Caribbean_Premier_League) ([Twenty20](/source/Twenty20)).

The regional football governing body is the [Caribbean Football Union](/source/Caribbean_Football_Union). National teams have competed in the [CFU Championship](/source/CFU_Championship) from 1978 to 1988 and the [Caribbean Cup](/source/Caribbean_Cup) since 1989. The top 4 teams in the tournament qualify for the [CONCACAF Gold Cup](/source/CONCACAF_Gold_Cup). Cuba qualified to the [FIFA World Cup](/source/FIFA_World_Cup) in 1938, Haiti in 1974, Jamaica in 1998 and Trinidad and Tobago in 2006.

The [CFU Club Championship](/source/CFU_Club_Championship) is the regional tournament for football clubs. The winner qualified for the [CONCACAF Champions' Cup](/source/CONCACAF_Champions'_Cup) from 1997 until 2008. Since 2008–09, the top 3 clubs qualify for a preliminary round of the [CONCACAF Champions League](/source/CONCACAF_Champions_League).

However, the most popular sport in [Cuba](/source/Cuba), [Dominican Republic](/source/Dominican_Republic), [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), [Aruba](/source/Aruba) and [Curaçao](/source/Cura%C3%A7ao) is [baseball](/source/Baseball). The [Caribbean Series](/source/Caribbean_Series), held since 1949, features the national champions from the top Caribbean leagues. The Cuba national team has claimed the [Baseball World Cup](/source/Baseball_World_Cup) 25 times, whereas the Dominican Republic won the 2013 [World Baseball Classic](/source/World_Baseball_Classic). In the [Pan American Games](/source/Baseball_at_the_Pan_American_Games), Cuba has won 12 editions and Dominican Republic once, whereas Puerto Rico earned the silver medal twice. In the [Central American and Caribbean Games](/source/Baseball_at_the_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games), Cuba has won 15 gold medals, whereas Dominican Republic has won three and Puerto Rico two. Several Caribbean players have joined the [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball): in the 2014 there were 82 Dominicans, 19 Cubans and 11 Puerto Ricans. Notable Caribbean players are [Juan Marichal](/source/Juan_Marichal), [Pedro Martínez](/source/Pedro_Mart%C3%ADnez), [Roberto Clemente](/source/Roberto_Clemente), [Orlando Cepeda](/source/Orlando_Cepeda) and [Roberto Alomar](/source/Roberto_Alomar).

### Regional institutions

Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:

- [African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States](/source/African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States)

- [Association of Caribbean States](/source/Association_of_Caribbean_States) (ACS), Trinidad and Tobago

- Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce (CAIC), Trinidad and Tobago

- Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organizations (CANTO), Trinidad and Tobago[93]

- [Caribbean Community](/source/Caribbean_Community) (CARICOM), Guyana

- [Caribbean Development Bank](/source/Caribbean_Development_Bank) (CDB), Barbados

- [Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency](/source/Caribbean_Disaster_Emergency_Management_Agency) (CDERA), Barbados

- Caribbean Educators Network[94]

- Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC), Saint Lucia[95]

- [Caribbean Environment Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Environment_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1) (CEP), UN Environment Programme–administered [Regional Seas Programme](/source/United_Nations_Environment_Programme#The_Regional_Seas_Programme), secretariat located in Kingston, Jamaica[96]

- [Caribbean Examinations Council](/source/Caribbean_Examinations_Council) (CXC), Barbados and Jamaica

- [Caribbean Financial Action Task Force](/source/Caribbean_Financial_Action_Task_Force) (CFATF), Trinidad and Tobago

- [Caribbean Food Crops Society](/source/Caribbean_Food_Crops_Society), Puerto Rico

- [Caribbean Football Union](/source/Caribbean_Football_Union) (CFU), Jamaica

- Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association (CHTA), Florida and Puerto Rico[97]

- [Caribbean Initiative](/source/Caribbean_Initiative) (Initiative of the IUCN)

- [Caribbean Programme for Economic Competitiveness](/source/Caribbean_Programme_for_Economic_Competitiveness) (CPEC), Saint Lucia

- Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme (CREP), Barbados[98]

- Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), Belize[99]

- Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM), Barbados and Dominican Republic[100]

- Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU), Trinidad and Tobago

- [Caribbean Tourism Organization](/source/Caribbean_Tourism_Organization) (CTO), Barbados

- [Community of Latin American and Caribbean States](/source/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States) (CELAC)

- [Foundation for the Development of Caribbean Children](/source/Foundation_for_the_Development_of_Caribbean_Children), Barbados

- [Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre](/source/Latin_America_and_Caribbean_Network_Information_Centre) (LACNIC), Brazil and [Uruguay](/source/Uruguay)

- [Latin American and the Caribbean Economic System](/source/Latin_American_Economic_System), Venezuela

- [Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States](/source/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States) (OECS), Saint Lucia

- [United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean](/source/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean) (ECLAC), [Chile](/source/Chile) and Trinidad and Tobago

- [University of the West Indies](/source/University_of_the_West_Indies), Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and Antigua & Barbuda.[101] In addition, the fourth campus, the Open Campus was formed in June 2008 as a result of an amalgamation of the Board for Non-Campus Countries and Distance Education, Schools of Continuing Studies, the UWI Distance Education Centres and Tertiary Level Units. The Open Campus has 42 physical sites in 16 Anglophone Caribbean countries.

- [West Indies Cricket Board](/source/West_Indies_Cricket_Board), Antigua and Barbuda[102]

- The Caribbean World [103]

## See also

- [Caribbean portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Caribbean)
- [Geography portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography)
- [Islands portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands)
- [North America portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America)

- [African diaspora](/source/African_diaspora)

- [Anchor coinage](/source/Anchor_coinage)

- [British African-Caribbean people](/source/British_African-Caribbean_people)

- [Caribbean people](/source/Caribbean_people)

- [Climate change in the Caribbean](/source/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean)

- [CONCACAF](/source/CONCACAF)

- [Council on Hemispheric Affairs](/source/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs)

- [Economy of the Caribbean](/source/Economy_of_the_Caribbean)

- [South Asian diaspora](/source/South_Asian_diaspora) - [Indo-Caribbean](/source/Indo-Caribbean) - [Indo-Caribbean diaspora](/source/Indo-Caribbean_diaspora)

- [List of Caribbean music genres](/source/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres)

- [List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Caribbean](/source/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_Caribbean)

- [Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin](/source/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin)

- [Piracy in the Caribbean](/source/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean)

- [Politics of the Caribbean](/source/Politics_of_the_Caribbean)

- [Democracy in the Caribbean](/source/Democracy_in_the_Caribbean)

- [Tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean](/source/Tourism_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean)

**Geography:**

- [Americas (terminology)](/source/Americas_(terminology))

- [List of archipelagos by number of islands](/source/List_of_archipelagos_by_number_of_islands)

- [List of Caribbean islands](/source/List_of_Caribbean_islands)

- [List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands](/source/List_of_indigenous_names_of_Eastern_Caribbean_islands)

- [List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean](/source/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean)

- [List of Ultras of the Caribbean](/source/List_of_Ultras_of_the_Caribbean)

- [Middle America (Americas)](/source/Middle_America_(Americas))

- [Latin America and the Caribbean](/source/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Pronounced [/ˌkærɪˈbiːən, kəˈrɪbiən/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*KARR-ih-BEE-ən, kə-RIB-ee-ən*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), locally [/ˈkærɪbiæn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*KARR-ih-bee-an*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[4] [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *el Caribe*; [French](/source/French_language): *les Caraïbes*; [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language): *de Caraïben*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** The [Lucayan Archipelago](/source/Lucayan_Archipelago) is excluded from some definitions of "Caribbean" and instead classified as [Atlantic](/source/Atlantic_Ocean); this is primarily a geological rather than cultural or environmental distinction.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** Bermuda is an associate member of the Caribbean Community.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** 2019 estimate

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a [free content](/source/Free_content) work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 ([license statement/permission](https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/090d2fbb-32a6-412b-a3b8-1ce5c5905df2)). Text taken from [*Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025​*](https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/2dee6e93-1988-4659-aa89-30dd20b43b15/download), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-1) ["World Population Prospects 2022"](https://population.un.org/wpp/). [United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs](/source/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs), Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-1) ["World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100"](https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx) (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). [United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs](/source/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs), Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Johnson, Todd M.; Crossing, Peter F. (14 October 2022). ["Religions by Continent"](https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/9/1-2/article-p91_2.xml). *Journal of Religion and Demography*. **9** (1–2): 91–110. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/2589742x-bja10013](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589742x-bja10013).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-dce_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-dce_4-1) Allsopp, Richard; Allsopp, Jeannette (2003). [*Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PmvSk13sIc0C&q=%22analogy+of+European%22). University of the West Indies Press. p. 136–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-976-640-145-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-145-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Engerman, Stanley L. (2000). "A Population History of the Caribbean". In Haines, Michael R.; Steckel, Richard Hall (eds.). *A Population History of North America*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 483–528. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-49666-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49666-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [41118518](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41118518).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Hillman, Richard S.; D'Agostino, Thomas J., eds. (2003). *Understanding the contemporary Caribbean*. London, UK: Lynne Rienner. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1588266637](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588266637). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [300280211](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300280211).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-brief_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-brief_8-1) Rogoziński, Jan (1999). [*A Brief History of the Caribbean*](https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/3) (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. [3–4](https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8160-3811-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2). Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Internet Archive.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_9-1) ["Bermuda Government after General Election of October 1 2020"](http://bermuda-online.org/bdagovt.htm). *bermuda-online.org*. Retrieved 2024-10-17.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_10-1) Jacobs, Stevenson (2003-07-03). ["Premier signs Caricom deal"](https://www.royalgazette.com/article/20030703/NEWS/307039988). *royalgazette.com*. Retrieved 2024-10-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Higman, B. W. (2011). *A Concise History of the Caribbean*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0521043489](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521043489).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["North America"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170221/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418612/North-America) 3 May 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *Britannica Concise Encyclopedia*; "associated with the continent is Greenland, the largest island in the world, and such offshore groups as the Arctic Archipelago, the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and the Aleutian Islands", but also "North America is bounded ... on the south by the Caribbean Sea", and "according to some authorities, North America begins not at the Isthmus of Panama but at the narrows of [Tehuantepec](/source/Tehuantepec)".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [*The World: Geographic Overview*](https://web.archive.org/web/20070612212614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html), The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency; "North America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland, the isles of the Caribbean, and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["UNESCO LAC | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220409031034/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/key-organizations/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/unesco-lac/). *UNESCO*. 2022-04-09. Archived from [the original](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/key-organizations/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/unesco-lac/) on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2024-11-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [The Netherlands Antilles: The joy of six](https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2010/04/29/the-joy-of-six), *The Economist*, 29 April 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Carib"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080430031852/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95780/Carib). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020323/Carib) on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008. inhabited the Lesser Antilles and parts of the neighbouring South American coast at the time of the Spanish conquest.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Barzey, Ursula Petula (2023-07-11). ["10 Facts About The Caribbean Region You May Not Know"](https://www.caribbeanandco.com/facts-about-the-caribbean-region/). *Caribbean & Co*. Retrieved 2025-10-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Elster, Charles Harrington. "Caribbean", from [*The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=YtojrMr0Ft4C&dq=caribbean+pronunciation&pg=PA78) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230317023751/https://books.google.com/books?id=YtojrMr0Ft4C&dq=caribbean+pronunciation&pg=PA78) 17 March 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). p.78. (2d ed. 2005)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** In the early 20th century, only the pronunciation with the primary stress on the third syllable was considered correct, according to [Frank Horace Vizetelly](/source/Frank_Horace_Vizetelly), *A Desk-Book of Twenty-five Thousand Words Frequently Mispronounced* (Funk and Wagnalls, 1917), p. 233.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2011). [*A Course in Phonetics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC&pg=PA86). Cengage Learning. pp. 86–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4282-3126-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4282-3126-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Caribbean: Meaning and Definition of | Infoplease"](https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/caribbean). *www.infoplease.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Publishers, HarperCollins. ["The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Caribbean"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Caribbean). *www.ahdictionary.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Definition of CARIBBEAN"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Caribbean). *www.merriam-webster.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** See, e.g., Elster, *supra*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-oed_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-oed_25-1) [Oxford Online Dictionaries](https://web.archive.org/web/20160926223357/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Caribbean)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Lawler, Andrew (23 December 2020). ["Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210130021113/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/). *National Geographic*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/) on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Livi-Bacci, Massimo (June 2006). ["The Depopulation of Hispanic America after the Conquest"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2006.00116.x). *Population and Development Review*. **32** (2): 199–232. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00116.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2006.00116.x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0098-7921](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7921).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["End of Slavery in Cuba"](http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/race/EndSlave.htm). *historyofcuba.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221219185222/http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/race/EndSlave.htm) from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel. [*Turning Points in Modern History*](http://archive.org/details/TurningPointsInModernHistory). The Great Courses. p. 79.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Knight, Franklin (2000). ["Haitian Revolution"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2652438?searchText=haitian+revolution&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhaitian%2Brevolution%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A2d24b5536c0ac52ad8e350fabd31ade0). *PLOS ONE*. **13** (9) e0184311. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017PLoSO..1284311I](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1284311I). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pone.0184311](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0184311). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2433/227462](https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F227462). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5606932](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5606932). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28931020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28931020).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BulmerThomas2012_31-0)** Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (2012). "Introduction". [*The Economic History of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars*](https://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/98899/excerpt/9780521198899_excerpt.pdf) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 5, n. 13. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/CBO9781139031264.002](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139031264.002). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-19889-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19889-9). Retrieved 31 May 2026.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_32-1) Dosal, Paul. ["THE CARIBBEAN WAR. The United States in the Caribbean, 1898–1998"](http://www.cercles.com/n5/dosal.pdf) (PDF). University of South Florida. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20040807185729/http://www.cercles.com/n5/dosal.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Caribbean Bathymetry 200m GEBCO contour 2020"](https://caribbeanscienceatlas.tnc.org/datasets/TNC::caribbean-bathymetry-200m-gebco-contour-2020/explore?location=15.738900,-65.885664,5.68). *caribbeanscienceatlas.tnc.org*. Retrieved 2025-01-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["GEBCO Gazetteer"](https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/gazetteer/view/home). *ngdc.noaa.gov*. Retrieved 2025-01-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ten Brink, Uri. ["Puerto Rico Trench 2003: Cruise Summary Results"](http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130724090028/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html) from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-climate_36-0)** ["Summary Climatological Normals 1981–2010"](http://www.meteo.aw/files/Download/climatnormals19812010.pdf) (PDF). Departamento Meteorologico Aruba. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200909213542/http://www.meteo.aw/files/Download/climatnormals19812010.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-extremes_37-0)** ["Climate Data Aruba"](http://www.meteo.aw/climate.php). Departamento Meteorologico Aruba. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201209090235/http://www.meteo.aw/climate.php) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-weather1_38-0)** ["Average Weather for Mayaguez, PR – Temperature and Precipitation"](http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPR0060?from=month_bottomnav_undeclared). Weather.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190206081045/https://weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPR0060?from=month_bottomnav_undeclared) from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WMO_39-0)** ["World Weather Information Service – Havana"](https://worldweather.wmo.int/131/c00280.htm). Cuban Institute of Meteorology. June 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201209090111/http://worldweather.wmo.int/131/c00280.htm) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Relative_Humidity_40-0)** ["Casa Blanca, Habana, Cuba: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110623233609/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CU78325.php). Archived from [the original](http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CU78325.php) on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** FAO (2025). [*Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025*](https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6709en). FAO. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4060/cd6709en](https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd6709en). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-5-140082-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-140082-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Spalding, Mark; Ravilious, Corinna; Green, Edmund Peter (10 September 2001). [*World Atlas of Coral Reefs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LUI2fLpxIRwC). University of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-23255-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23255-6). Retrieved 25 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Littler, D. and Littler, M. (2000) *Caribbean Reef Plants*. OffShore Graphics, Inc., [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0967890101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967890101).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Minter, D.W., Rodríguez Hernández, M. and Mena Portales, J. (2001) *Fungi of the Caribbean. An annotated checklist*. PDMS Publishing, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-9540169-0-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9540169-0-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Kirk, P. M.; Ainsworth, Geoffrey Clough (2008). [*Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IFD4_VFRDdUC). CABI. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85199-826-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Fungi of Cuba – potential endemics"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cubafung/eng/endelist.htm). cybertruffle.org.uk. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173309/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cubafung/eng/endelist.htm) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["Fungi of Puerto Rico – potential endemics"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/puerfung/eng/endelist.htm). cybertruffle.org.uk. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173352/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/puerfung/eng/endelist.htm) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Fungi of the Dominican Republic – potential endemics"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/dorefung/eng/endelist.htm). cybertruffle.org.uk. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173420/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/dorefung/eng/endelist.htm) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["Fungi of Trinidad & Tobago – potential endemics"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm). cybertruffle.org.uk. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173130/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["North American Extinctions v. World"](http://www.thegreatstory.org/charts/NA-extinctions.html). The Great Story. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190927060621/http://www.thegreatstory.org/charts/NA-extinctions.html) from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Caribbean Coral Reefs"](http://www.coral-reef-info.com/caribbean-coral-reefs.html). *coral-reef-info.com*. 9 November 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708192816/http://www.coral-reef-info.com/caribbean-coral-reefs.html) from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P. J.; Hooten, A. J.; Steneck, R. S.; Greenfield, P.; Gomez, E.; Harvell, C. D.; Sale, P. F.; et al. (2007). "Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification". *Science*. **318** (5857): 1737–42. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007Sci...318.1737H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1737H). [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.702.1733](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.702.1733). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.1152509](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1152509). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18079392](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18079392). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [12607336](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12607336).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Caribbean coral reefs may disappear within 20 years: Report"](http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/caribbean-coral-reefs-may-disappear-within-20-years-report/). *IANS*. news.biharprabha.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140816191151/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/caribbean-coral-reefs-may-disappear-within-20-years-report/) from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Rogoziński, Jan (2000). *A Brief History of the Caribbean*. Penguin. p. 65. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-452-28193-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28193-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Rogoziński, Jan (2000). *A Brief History of the Caribbean*. Penguin. p. 356. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-452-28193-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28193-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Gowricharn, Ruben. *Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion*, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006. p. 5 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7391-1167-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-1167-1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Hillman, p. 150

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Hillman, p. 165

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-serbin_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-serbin_60-1) Serbin, Andres (1994). "Towards an Association of Caribbean States: Raising Some Awkward Questions". *Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs*. **36** (4): 61–90. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/166319](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F166319). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [166319](https://www.jstor.org/stable/166319). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158660832](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158660832).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Hillman, p. 123

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["The U.S.-EU Banana Agreement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090506012800/http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2001/April/The_US-EU_Banana_Agreement.html). *USTR*. 2001. Archived from [the original](https://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2001/April/The_US-EU_Banana_Agreement.html) on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008. See also: Sanders, Ronald (16 May 2008). ["Dominica: Poverty and Potential"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2008%2F05%2F080516_sanders190508.shtml). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081205172045/http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2008/05/080516_sanders190508.shtml) from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** ["WTO rules against EU banana import practices"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090416002704/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1196354821.32/). *eubusiness.com*. 29 November 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1196354821.32/) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["No truce in banana war"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/293114.stm). *BBC News*. 8 March 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101202124003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/293114.stm) from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** [Clinton In Caribbean: No Bananas Today](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/11/world/clinton-in-caribbean-no-bananas-today.html), 11 May 1997, *The New York Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["World: Americas St Vincent hit by banana war"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/296008.stm). *BBC News*. 13 March 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101202123858/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/296008.stm) from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** ["Concern for Caribbean farmers"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2005%2F01%2F050117_ukparliament-concern.shtml). Bbc.co.uk. 7 January 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101202103940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2005/01/050117_ukparliament-concern.shtml) from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** [African Union 6th Region Diaspora Headquarters to be established in Accompong, Jamaica](https://www.thestateofafricandiaspora.com/headquarters/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230311035309/https://thestateofafricandiaspora.com/headquarters/) 11 March 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), 24 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Barbados inks MOU with African Export-Import Bank"](https://www.cbc.bb/cbctest/news/local-news/barbados-inks-mou-with-african-export-import-bank/). 30 September 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220717182615/https://www.cbc.bb/cbctest/news/local-news/barbados-inks-mou-with-african-export-import-bank/) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** [AfDB, CDB move to deepen Africa, Caribbean cooperation, sign MoU](https://www.businessamlive.com/afdb-cdb-move-to-deepen-africa-caribbean-cooperation-sign-mou/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220625194438/https://www.businessamlive.com/afdb-cdb-move-to-deepen-africa-caribbean-cooperation-sign-mou/) 25 June 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), 18 June 2022

1. **[^](#cite_ref-spp_71-0)** ["SPP Background"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080618182224/http://www.spp.gov/). *CommerceConnect.gov*. Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. Archived from [the original](http://www.spp.gov/) on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-epa_72-0)** ["Ecoregions of North America"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110514012048/http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm). [United States Environmental Protection Agency](/source/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency). Archived from [the original](http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-About.com_73-0)** ["What's the difference between North, Latin, Central, Middle, South, Spanish and Anglo America?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160410093459/http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzamericas.htm). *About.com*. Archived from [the original](http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzamericas.htm) on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Unless otherwise noted, land area figures are taken from ["Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2008/Table03.pdf) (PDF). *Demographic Yearbook*. United Nations Statistics Division. 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215827/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2008/Table03.pdf%0A) from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** Since the [Lucayan Archipelago](/source/Lucayan_Archipelago) is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea), the [Bahamas](/source/The_Bahamas) are part of the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies) but are not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nethant_78-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nethant_78-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nethant_78-2) Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles. ["Statistical information: Population"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100501150627/http://www.cbs.an/population/population_b2.asp). Government of the Netherlands Antilles. Archived from [the original](http://www.cbs.an/population/population_b2.asp) on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** Because of ongoing activity of the [Soufriere Hills volcano](/source/Soufriere_Hills_volcano) beginning in July 1995, much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades. Plymouth remains the *de jure* capital.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** Since the [Lucayan Archipelago](/source/Lucayan_Archipelago) is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea), the [Turks and Caicos Islands](/source/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands) are part of the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies) but are not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-wbg_total_81-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-wbg_total_81-1) ["Life expectancy at birth, total"](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN). The World Bank Group. 15 April 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["Life expectancy at birth, male"](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN). The World Bank Group. 15 April 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["Life expectancy at birth, female"](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN). The World Bank Group. 15 April 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). [*Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC). ABC-CLIO. p. 413. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-313-34102-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34102-1).[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** Engerman, p. 486

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** [The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery](http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/8.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110622222104/http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/8.htm) 22 June 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *U.S. Library of Congress*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** Engerman, pp. 488–492

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** Engerman, Figure 11.1

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** Engerman, pp. 501–502

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** Engerman, pp. 504, 511

1. **[^](#cite_ref-p2000_91-0)** Table A.2, [Database documentation](http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/population/download/report.pdf), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Population Database, version 3, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2005. Accessed on line 20 February 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** [Christianity in its Global Context](http://www.gordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130815184022/http://www.gordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf) 2013-08-15 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** Guide, Barbados org Travel. ["Harrison's Cave, Barbados - The Ultimate Island Attraction"](https://barbados.org/hcave.htm). *barbados.org*. Retrieved 2025-12-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["MAHO - The 'Airplane Beach' - Sint Maarten Airport"](https://www.visitstmaarten.com/beaches/maho-beach/). *St. Maarten / St. Martin*. Retrieved 2025-12-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** ["Federation Focus: Baseball is in Dominican Republic's DNA"](http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/federation-focus-baseball-is-in-dominican-republics-dna). *World Baseball Softball Confederation*. Retrieved 2024-07-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** ["DR1.com - Dominican Republic News & Travel Information Service"](https://dr1.com/articles/cricket.shtml). *dr1.com*. Retrieved 2024-07-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** ["CANTO Caribbean portal"](http://www.canto.org/). Canto.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081120232235/http://www.canto.org/) from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["Caribbean Educators Network"](http://www.caribbeaneducatorsnetwork.com/). CEN. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090414112803/http://www.caribbeaneducatorsnetwork.com/) from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** ["Carilec"](http://www.carilec.com/). Carilec.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081203120114/http://www.carilec.com/) from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** ["Who we are"](https://www.unep.org/cep/who-we-are). *The Caribbean Environment Programme and Cartagena Convention Secretariat*. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 8 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** ["About Us"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140402111250/http://www.caribbeanhotelassociation.com/AboutCHTA.php). Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association. Archived from [the original](http://www.caribbeanhotelassociation.com/AboutCHTA.php) on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** ["Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080611084623/http://www.crepnet.net/). Crepnet.net. Archived from [the original](http://www.crepnet.net) on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** ["Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism"](http://www.caricom-fisheries.com/). Caricom-fisheries.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081024022036/http://www.caricom-fisheries.com/) from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-104)** ["Official website of the RNM"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090422053457/http://www.crnm.org/). Crnm.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-105)** ["University of the West Indies"](http://www.uwi.edu/). Uwi.edu. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081204114142/http://www.uwi.edu/) from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** ["West Indies Cricket Board WICB Official Website"](http://www.windiescricket.com/). Windiescricket.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140103005917/http://windiescricket.com/) from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** [https://thecaribbeanworld.com/](https://thecaribbeanworld.com/)

## Bibliography

- Engerman, Stanley L. "A Population History of the Caribbean", pp. 483–528 in *A Population History of North America* Michael R. Haines and Richard Hall Steckel (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-49666-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49666-7).

- Hillman, Richard S., and Thomas J. D'agostino, eds. *Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean*, London: Lynne Rienner, 2003 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-58826-663-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-663-X).

## Further reading

- Develtere, Patrick R. 1994. "Co-operation and development: With special reference to the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean" ACCO, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-334-3181-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-334-3181-5)

- Gowricharn, Ruben, ed. *Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion*. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7391-1167-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1167-3)

- Henke, Holger, and Fred Reno, eds. *Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean*. Kingston: [University of West Indies](/source/University_of_West_Indies) Press, 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [976-640-135-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-640-135-7)

- Heuman, Gad. *Brief Histories: The Caribbean*. London: Hodder Arnold, 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780340763636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340763636)

- de Kadt, Emanuel, (editor). *Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean*, [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press), 1972. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-214988-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-214988-1)

- Knight, Franklin W. and Colin A. Palmer, eds. *The Modern Caribbean* (The University of North Carolina Press, 1989). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8078-1825-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1825-9)

- Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. *A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny*. Addison-Wesley Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-201-52396-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-52396-5)

- Langley, Lester D. *The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century*. London: [University of Georgia Press](/source/University_of_Georgia_Press), 4th edition, 1989. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8203-1153-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1153-7)

- Maingot, Anthony P. *The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship*. Westview Press, 1994. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8133-2242-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-2242-1)

- Palmié, Stephan, and Francisco A. Scarano, eds. *The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples* (University of Chicago Press; 2011); 660 pp.; writings on the region since the pre-Columbian era. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-226-64506-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64506-3)

- Ramnarine, Tina K. *Beautiful Cosmos: Performance and Belonging in the Caribbean Diaspora*. London: Pluto Press, 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7453-1767-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1767-0)

- Rowntree, Lester, Martin Lewis, Marie Price, William Wyckoff. *Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development*, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 4th edition, 2009. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-13-600554-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-600554-4)

## External links

**Caribbean**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caribbean) from Wiktionary
- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caribbean) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Caribbean) from Wikiquote
- [Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caribbean) from Wikisource
- [Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caribbean) from Wikibooks
- [Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caribbean) from Wikiversity
- [Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Caribbean) from Wikivoyage

- Media related to [Caribbean](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caribbean) at Wikimedia Commons

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[14°31′32″N 75°49′06″W / 14.52556°N 75.81833°W / 14.52556; -75.81833](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caribbean&params=14_31_32_N_75_49_06_W_type:waterbody_source:dewiki_scale:15000000)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.