# Carex

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Genus of flowering plants

Carex Various species of sedges Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Cyperaceae Genus: Carex L. Type species Carex hirta L. [1] Diversity 2000+ species Global distribution of Carex (green) Synonyms[2] List Agistron Raf. Ammorrhiza Ehrh. Anithista Raf. Archaeocarex Börner Baeochortus Ehrh. Bitteria Börner Blysmocarex N.A.Ivanova Callistachys Heuff. Caricella Ehrh. Caricina St.-Lag. Caricinella St.-Lag. Chionanthula Börner Chordorrhiza Ehrh. Cobresia Pers. Coleachyron J.Gay ex Boiss. Cryptoglochin Heuff. Cymophyllus Mack. ex Britton & A.Br. Cyperoides Ség. Dapedostachys Börner Desmiograstis Börner Deweya Raf. Diemisa Raf. Diplocarex Hayata Dornera Heuff. ex Schur Drymeia Ehrh. Echinochlaenia Börner Edritria Raf. Elyna Schrad. Facolos Raf. Forexeta Raf. Froelichia Wulfen Genersichia Heuff. Heleonastes Ehrh. Hemicarex Benth. Heuffelia Opiz Holmia Börner Homalostachys Boeckeler Itheta Raf. Kobresia Willd. Kobria St.-Lag. Kolerma Raf. Kuekenthalia Börner Lamprochlaenia Börner Leptostachys Ehrh. Leptovignea Börner Leucoglochin Heuff. Limivasculum Börner Limonaetes Ehrh. Loncoperis Raf. Loxanisa Raf. Loxotrema Raf. Manochlaenia Börner Maukschia Heuff. Meltrema Raf. Neilreichia Kotula Neskiza Raf. Olamblis Raf. Olotrema Raf. Onkerma Raf. Osculisa Raf. Phaeolorum Ehrh. Phyllostachys Torr. Physiglochis Neck. Polyglochin Ehrh. Proteocarpus Börner Pseudocarex Miq. Psyllophora Ehrh. Ptacoseia Ehrh. Rhaptocalymma Borrer Rhynchopera Börner Schelhammeria Moench Schoenoxiphium Nees Temnemis Raf. Thysanocarex Börner Trasus Gray Ulva Adans. Uncinia Pers. Vesicarex Steyerm. Vignantha Schur Vignea P.Beauv. ex T.Lestib. Vignidula Börner

***Carex*** is a vast [genus](/source/Genus) of over 2,000 [species](/source/Species)[2] of grass-like [plants](/source/Plant) in the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Cyperaceae](/source/Cyperaceae), commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges; however, those of genus *Carex* may be called **true sedges**. *Carex* is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of *Carex* is known as **caricology**.

## Description

All species of *Carex* are [perennial](/source/Perennial_plant),[3] although some species, such as *[C. bebbii](/source/Carex_bebbii)* and *[C. viridula](/source/Carex_viridula)* can fruit in their first year of growth, and may not survive longer.[4] They typically have [rhizomes](/source/Rhizome), [stolons](/source/Stolon) or short [rootstocks](/source/Rootstock), but some species grow in tufts ([caespitose](/source/Caespitose)). The [culm](/source/Culm_(botany)) – the flower-bearing stalk – is unbranched and usually erect. It is usually distinctly triangular in section.[3]

The [leaves](/source/Leaf) of *Carex* comprise a blade, which extends away from the stalk, and a sheath, which encloses part of the stalk. The blade is normally long and flat, but may be folded, inrolled, channelled or absent. The leaves have parallel [veins](/source/Leaf_vein) and a distinct midrib. Where the blade meets the culm there is a structure called the [ligule](/source/Ligule).[3] The colour of foliage may be green, red or brown, and "ranges from fine and hair-like, sometimes with curled tips, to quite broad with a noticeable midrib and sometimes razor sharp edges".[5]

In this *[Carex panicea](/source/Carex_panicea)*, the upper spike contains male flowers, and the lower spike contains female flowers.

The flowers of *Carex* are small and are combined into [spikes](/source/Spike_(botany)), which are themselves combined into a larger [inflorescence](/source/Inflorescence). The spike typically contains many flowers, but can hold as few as one in some species. Almost all *Carex* species are [monoecious](/source/Monoecious); each flower is either male (staminate) or female (pistillate).[3] A few species are dioecious. Sedges exhibit diverse arrangements of male and female flowers. Often, the lower spikes are entirely pistillate and upper spikes staminate, with one or more spikes in between having pistillate flowers near the base and staminate flowers near the tip.[6] In other species, all spikes are similar. In that case, they may have male flowers above and female flowers below (androgynous) or female flowers above and male flowers below (gynecandrous). In relatively few species, the arrangement of flowers is irregular.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The defining structure of the genus *Carex* is the bottle-shaped bract surrounding each female flower. This structure is called the perigynium or utricle, a modified prophyll. It is typically extended into a "rostrum" or beak, which is often divided at the tip (bifid) into two teeth.[6] The shape, venation, and vestiture (hairs) of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing *Carex* species.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The [fruit](/source/Fruit) of *Carex* is a dry, one-seeded indehiscent [achene](/source/Achene) or [nut](/source/Nut_(fruit))[3] which grows within the perigynium. Perigynium features aid in fruit dispersal.[7]

## Ecology and distribution

*Carex* species are found across most of the world, albeit with few species in tropical lowlands, and relatively few in [sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa).[4] Most (but not all) sedges are found in [wetlands](/source/Wetland) – such as [marshes](/source/Marsh), [calcareous fens](/source/Fen), [bogs](/source/Bog) and other [peatlands](/source/Peat), [pond and stream banks](/source/Bank_(geography)), [riparian zones](/source/Riparian_zone), and even ditches.[6] They are one of the dominant plant groups in [arctic](/source/Arctic_tundra) and [alpine tundra](/source/Alpine_tundra), and in wetland habitats with a water depth of up to 50 cm (20 in).[4]

## Taxonomy and cytogenetics

Main article: [List of Carex species](/source/List_of_Carex_species)

The genus *Carex* was established by [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in his work *[Species Plantarum](/source/Species_Plantarum)* in 1753, and it is one of the [largest genera of flowering plants](/source/List_of_the_largest_genera_of_flowering_plants).[8] Estimates of the number of species vary from about 1100 to almost 2000.[4] *Carex* displays the most dynamic chromosome evolution of all flowering plants. [Chromosome numbers](/source/Chromosome_number) range from *n* = 6 to *n* = 66, and over 100 species are known to show variation in chromosome number within the species, with differences of up to 10 chromosomes between populations.[9]

The genomes of *[Carex kokanica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_kokanica&action=edit&redlink=1), [Carex parvula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_parvula&action=edit&redlink=1)* and *[Carex littledalei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_littledalei&action=edit&redlink=1)* have been sequenced.[10][11]

*Carex* has been divided into [subgenera](/source/Subgenus) in a number of ways. The most influential was [Georg Kükenthal](/source/Georg_K%C3%BCkenthal)'s classification using four subgenera – *Carex*, *Vignea*, *Indocarex* and *Primocarex* – based primarily on the arrangement of the male and female flowers.[4] There has been considerable debate about the status of these four groups, with some species being transferred between groups and some authors, such as [Kenneth Kent Mackenzie](/source/Kenneth_Kent_Mackenzie), eschewing the subgenera altogether and dividing the genus directly into [sections](/source/Section_(botany)).[4] The genus is now divided into around four subgenera, some of which may not, however, be monophyletic:[12]

- [*Carex* subg. *Carex*](/source/Carex_subg._Carex) – 1450 species, distributed globally[13]

- [*Carex* subg. *Psyllophora*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subg._Psyllophora&action=edit&redlink=1) (Degl.) Peterm. (equivalent to Kükenthal's "*Primocarex*") – 70 species[12]

- [*Carex* subg. *Vignea*](/source/Carex_subg._Vignea) (P. Beauv. *ex* T. Lestib.) Peterm. – 350 species, cosmopolitan[13]

- [*Carex* subg. *Vigneastra*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_subg._Vigneastra&action=edit&redlink=1) (Tuckerman) Kükenthal (equivalent to Kükenthal's "*Indocarex*"[12]) – 100 species, tropical and subtropical Asia[13]

## Fossil record

Several [fossil](/source/Fossil) fruits of two *Carex* species have been described from [strata](/source/Strata) of the [middle Miocene](/source/Middle_Miocene) in the Fasterholt area near [Silkeborg](/source/Silkeborg) in Central [Jutland](/source/Jutland), Denmark.[14]

## Uses

### Ornamental

*Carex* species and [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) are popular in [horticulture](/source/Horticulture), particularly in shady positions.[15][16] [Native species](/source/Native_plant) are used in [wildland](/source/Natural_environment) [habitat](/source/Habitat) [restoration](/source/Restoration_ecology) projects, [natural landscaping](/source/Natural_landscaping), and in [sustainable landscaping](/source/Sustainable_landscaping) as [drought-tolerant](/source/Xeriscaping) grass replacements for [lawns](/source/Lawn) and garden [meadows](/source/Meadow).[17] Some require damp or wet conditions, others are relatively drought-tolerant. [Propagation](/source/Plant_propagation) is by [seed](/source/Seed) or [division](/source/Division_(horticulture)) in spring.[18]

The [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) *[Carex elata](/source/Carex_elata)* 'Aurea' (Bowles' golden sedge)[19] and *[Carex oshimensis](/source/Carex_oshimensis)* 'Evergold'[20] have received the [Royal Horticultural Society](/source/Royal_Horticultural_Society)'s [Award of Garden Merit](/source/Award_of_Garden_Merit).

### Other uses

A mix of dried specimens of several species of *Carex* (including *[Carex vesicaria](/source/Carex_vesicaria)*) have a history of being used as thermal insulation in footwear (such as *[nutukas](/source/Nutukas)* used by [Sámi people](/source/S%C3%A1mi_people)[21]). *[Sennegrass](/source/Sennegrass)* is one of the names for such mixes.[21] During [the first human expedition to the South Pole](/source/Amundsen's_South_Pole_expedition) in 1911, such a mix was used in *skaller*, when camps had been set (after each stretch of travelling had been completed).[22] Carsten Borchgrevink of the British Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900 said "Socks are never used in Finnmarken in winter time, but 'senne grass' which they... had a special method of arranging in the 'komager' (Finn boots)."[23]

Species serve as a food source for numerous animals,[24] and some are used as a livestock hay.[25][26]

### Use by Native Americans

The [Blackfoot](/source/Blackfoot) put carex in [moccasins](/source/Moccasins) to protect the feet during winter.[27] The [Cherokee](/source/Cherokee) use an infusion of the leaf to "check bowels".[28] The [Ohlone](/source/Ohlone) use the roots of many species for basketry.[29] The [Goshute](/source/Goshute) use the root as medicine.[30] The [Jemez](/source/Jemez_Pueblo%2C_New_Mexico) consider the plant sacred and use it in the [kiva](/source/Kiva).[31] The [Klamath people](/source/Klamath_people) weave the leaves into mats, use the juice of the pith as a beverage, eat the fresh stems for food and use the tuberous base of the stem for food.[32] The indigenous people of [Mendocino County, California](/source/Mendocino_County%2C_California) use the rootstocks to make baskets and rope.[33] The indigenous people of [Montana](/source/Montana) also weave the leaves into mats and use the young stems as food.[34] The [Navajo](/source/Navajo) of [Kayenta, Arizona](/source/Kayenta%2C_Arizona) grind the seeds into mush and eat them.[35] The [Oregon](/source/Oregon) [Paiute](/source/Paiute) weave it to make spoons.[36] The [Pomo](/source/Pomo) use the roots to make baskets,[37][38] and use it to tend fishing traps.[39] They also use it to make torches.[39] The [Coast Salish](/source/Coast_Salish) use the leaves to make baskets and twine.[40] The [Songhees](/source/Songhees) eat the leaves to induce abortions.[40] The [Nlaka'pamux](/source/Nlaka'pamux) used the leaves as brushes for cleaning things and use the leaves as [forage](/source/Forage) for their livestock.[41] The [Wailaki](/source/Wailaki) weave the roots and leaves into baskets and use the leaves to weave mats.[42] The [Yuki people](/source/Yuki_people) use the large roots to make baskets.[43]

## See also

- [List of Carex species](/source/List_of_Carex_species)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Ilkka Kukkonen; Heikki Toivonen (1988). "Taxonomy of wetland carices". *[Aquatic Botany](/source/Aquatic_Botany)*. **30** (1–2): 5–22. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1988AqBot..30....5K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988AqBot..30....5K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0304-3770(88)90003-4](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3770%2888%2990003-4).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-powo_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-powo_2-1) ["*Carex* L."](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/330029-2) *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 11 May 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mohlenbrock_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mohlenbrock_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Mohlenbrock_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Mohlenbrock_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Mohlenbrock_3-4) Robert H. Mohlenbrock; Paul Wayne Nelson (1999). ["Introduction"](https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZGekaNQ4YAC&pg=PA3). *Sedges:*Carex. Volume 14 of The Illustrated flora of Illinois. [Southern Illinois University Press](/source/Southern_Illinois_University_Press). pp. 3–7. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8093-2074-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2074-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-5) Peter W. Ball; A. A. Reznicek (2002). "*Carex* Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 420. 1754". [*Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae*](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105644). [Flora of North America North of Mexico](/source/Flora_of_North_America). Vol. 23. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). pp. 254–258. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-515207-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515207-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0)** Amjad Almusaed (2010). [*Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture: Analytical Therapy for the Next Generation of Passive Sustainable Architecture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mcRK-xlKMYIC&pg=PA52). [Springer](/source/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media). p. 52. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84996-534-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84996-534-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Jermy_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Jermy_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Jermy_6-2) A. C. Jermy; D. A. Simpson; M. J. Y. Foley; M. S. Porter (2007). "General structure of Cyperaceae". *Sedges of the British Isles*. BSBI Handbook No. 1 (3rd ed.). [Botanical Society of the British Isles](/source/Botanical_Society_of_the_British_Isles). pp. 2–26. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-901158-35-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901158-35-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** T. Villaverde; M. Escudero; S. Martín-Bravo; P. Jiménez-Mejías; I. Sanmartín; P. Vargas; L. Modesto (2017). "Bipolar distributions in vascular plants: A review". *American Journal of Botany*. **104** (11): 1680–1694. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017AmJB..104.1680V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AmJB..104.1680V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3732/ajb.1700159](https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1700159). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29167157](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29167157).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** David G. Frodin (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". *[Taxon](/source/Taxon_(journal))*. **53** (3): 753–776. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004Taxon..53..753F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Taxon..53..753F). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/4135449](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4135449). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4135449](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4135449).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Andrew L. Hipp; Paul E. Rothrock; Eric H. Roalson (2009). ["The evolution of chromosome arrangements in *Carex* (Cyperaceae)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150213210218/http://systematics.mortonarb.org/lab/publications/Hipp-et-al-2009_BotRev_CarexChromosomesReview.pdf) (PDF). *[The Botanical Review](/source/The_Botanical_Review)*. **75** (1): 96–109. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009BotRv..75...96H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BotRv..75...96H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s12229-008-9022-8](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12229-008-9022-8). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4489708](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4489708). Archived from [the original](http://systematics.mortonarb.org/lab/publications/Hipp-et-al-2009_BotRev_CarexChromosomesReview.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2012-10-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Can, Muyou; Wei, Wei; Zi, Hailing; Bai, Magaweng; Liu, Yunfei; Gao, Dan; Tu, Dengqunpei; Bao, Yuhong; Wang, Li; Chen, Shaofeng; Zhao, Xing; Qu, Guangpeng (2020-06-11). ["Genome sequence of *Kobresia littledalei*, the first chromosome-level genome in the family Cyperaceae"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7289886). *Scientific Data*. **7** (1): 175. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020NatSD...7..175C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSD...7..175C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41597-020-0518-3](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41597-020-0518-3). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2052-4463](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2052-4463). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7289886](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7289886). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32528014](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528014).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Qu, Guangpeng; Bao, Yuhong; Liao, Yangci; Liu, Can; Zi, Hailing; Bai, Magaweng; Liu, Yunfei; Tu, Dengqunpei; Wang, Li; Chen, Shaofeng; Zhou, Gang; Can, Muyou (2022-03-23). ["Draft genomes assembly and annotation of *Carex parvula* and *Carex kokanica* reveals stress-specific genes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8943043). *Scientific Reports*. **12** (1): 4970. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022NatSR..12.4970Q](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..12.4970Q). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41598-022-08783-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-08783-z). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2045-2322](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8943043](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8943043). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35322069](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35322069).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Starr_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Starr_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Starr_12-2) Julian R. Starr; Stephen A. Harris; David A. Simpson (2008). "Phylogeny of the unispicate taxa in Cyperaceae Tribe Cariceae II: the limits of *Uncinia*". In Robert F. C. Naczi; Bruce A. Ford (eds.). [*Sedges: Uses, Diversity, and Systematics of the Cyperaceae*](https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114735/http://mysite.science.uottawa.ca/jstarr/12.pdf) (PDF). Monographs in Systematic Botany. Vol. 180. [Missouri Botanical Garden Press](/source/Missouri_Botanical_Garden_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-930723-72-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-72-6). Archived from [the original](http://mysite.science.uottawa.ca/jstarr/12.pdf) ([PDF](/source/Portable_Document_Format) proof) on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2013-06-06.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOC_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOC_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOC_13-2) Dai Lunkai; Liang Songyun; Zhang Shuren; Tang Yancheng; Tetsuo Koyama; Gordon C. Tucker. "33. *Carex* Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753. 薹草属 tai cao shu". [*Acoraceae through Cyperaceae*](http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF23/Carex.pdf) (PDF). [Flora of China](/source/Flora_of_China_(series)). Vol. 23. [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press). pp. 285–461.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by [Else Marie Friis](/source/Else_Marie_Friis), The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Judy Lowe (2012). "*Carex*". *Tennessee & Kentucky Garden Guide: the Best Plants for a Tennessee or Kentucky Garden* (2nd ed.). [Cool Springs Press](/source/Cool_Springs_Press). p. 178. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59186-537-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59186-537-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Frances Tenenbaum, ed. (2003). "*Carex*". *Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants*. [Houghton Mifflin Harcourt](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt). pp. 74–75. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-618-22644-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-22644-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nativesons_17-0)** ["Grasses and grasslike plants"](http://www.nativeson.com/annotated_catalog/grasscatalog.htm). Native Sons. Retrieved May 22, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rhsaz_18-0)** *RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants*. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4053-3296-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3296-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["*Carex elata* 'Aurea' (Bowles' golden sedge)"](https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89736/Carex-elata-Aurea/Details). RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["*Carex oshimensis* 'Evergold'"](https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45191/Carex-oshimensis-Evergold-(v)/Details). RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nouer_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nouer_21-1) ["Bruk av land og vann i Finnmark i historisk perspektiv"](http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/1994/nou-1994-21/16/5/11.html?id=455576) [The use of land and water in Finnmark in historical perspective]. *Norges Offentlige Utredninger* (in Norwegian). **1994** (21). [Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security](/source/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Public_Security). 1994. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Ole Mathismoen (December 14, 2011). "Blir ikke varm i rått reinskinn". *[Aftenposten](/source/Aftenposten)* (in Norwegian). p. 17. ... skalder med senegress fra Kautokeino til bruk når de hadde slått leir.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Borchgrevink, Carston (1980) [1901]. *First on the Antarctic continent. Being an account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898 – 1900*. London: Hurst and Co.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-crites2005_24-0)** Ronald W. Crites; E. Joe Middlebrooks; Sherwood C. Reed (2005). [*Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems*](https://books.google.com/books?id=X5uuikcVyfEC&pg=PA263). [CRC Press](/source/CRC_Press). p. 263. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4200-2644-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-2644-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lahring2003_25-0)** Heinjo Lahring (2003). [*Water and Wetland Plants of the Prairie Provinces*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mXRbZs5CHcgC&pg=PA114). [University of Regina Press](/source/University_of_Regina_Press). p. 114. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88977-162-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-162-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0)** Joel Greenberg (2010). [*Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZcV3re4qGcC&pg=PA206). ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 206. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4596-0615-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0615-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 54

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 365

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 9

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 16

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 52

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 296

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gifford,_E._W._1967,_page_12_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gifford,_E._W._1967,_page_12_39-1) Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Turner_1971,_page_73_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Turner_1971,_page_73_40-1) Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 114

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Carex](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carex).

- Jones, T. M. (2010) [Interactive Visual Identification to Carices of North America @ LSU Herbarium](http://www.herbarium2.lsu.edu/aba/index.html)

- [eMonocot Cyperaceae](http://cyperaceae.e-monocot.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130715202432/http://cyperaceae.e-monocot.org/) 2013-07-15 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), a portal to updated classification, images, species descriptions, and vetted specimen data for the entire sedge family, with a strong focus on *Carex*.

Taxon identifiers Carex Wikidata: Q158501 Wikispecies: Carex APDB: 189116 APNI: 109279 BOLD: 121157 CoL: 8VRHY eFloraSA: Carex EoL: 11313279 EPPO: 1CRXG FloraBase: 22351 FNA: 105644 FoAO2: Carex FoC: 105644 GBIF: 2721893 GRIN: 2083 iNaturalist: 48571 IPNI: 13626-1 IRMNG: 1307877 ITIS: 39369 NBN: NHMSYS0000352600 NCBI: 13398 NZOR: 3110b816-b121-4998-af0d-09f3a8f0389c Open Tree of Life: 8151 Panarctic Flora: 3309 PLANTS: CAREX POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330029-2 Tropicos: 40001437 VASCAN: 951 VicFlora: 07db10ef-2850-4a72-bfe8-364908d5d6d9 WFO: wfo-4000006709 WoRMS: 425750

Authority control databases National Czech Republic Spain Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Carex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.