# Carditidae

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> Source revision: 1354735981
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{{Short description|Family of bivalves}}
{{Automatic taxobox 
| image = PZSL1852PlateMollusca17 clean.png
| image_caption = Shells of several Carditidae species
| taxon = Carditidae
| authority = [Férussac](/source/F%C3%A9russac), 1822
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = See [text](/source/Carditidae)
}}

'''Carditidae''' is a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [marine](/source/marine_(ocean)) [bivalve](/source/bivalve) [clam](/source/clam)s of the [order](/source/order_(biology)) [Carditida](/source/Carditida), which was long included in the [Venerida](/source/Venerida). They are the [type](/source/type_(biology)) [taxon](/source/taxon) of the [superfamily](/source/Taxonomic_rank) [Carditoidea](/source/Carditoidea).

Carditidae is a neglected and poorly classified family.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Perna|first1=Rafael La|last2=Brunetti|first2=Mauro M.|last3=Bella|first3=Giano Della|date=2018-02-13|title=Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4379.2.4|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4379|issue=2|pages=223|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.4|pmid=29689985|issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has six subfamilies recognised by the [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species), but the WoRMS has refrained from assigning contents to any family due to ambiguity and overlap in their definitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22997|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carditidae Férussac, 1822|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Additionally, several genera have been or are still considered subgenera of other genera by some authors.

==Genera==
The [genera](/source/genera) of Carditidae recognised by the World Register of Marine Species {{As of|2019|April|df=|lc=y}} are:
*''[Akardita](/source/Akardita)'' <small>La Perna, Brunetti & Della Bella, 2018</small>
*''[Arcturellina](/source/Arcturellina)'' <small>Chavan, 1951</small>
* ''[Bathycardita](/source/Bathycardita)'' <small>Iredale, 1924</small>
* ''[Beguina](/source/Beguina)'' <small>Röding, 1798</small>
*''[Cardiocardita](/source/Cardiocardita)'' <small>Anton, 1838</small>
* ''[Cardita](/source/Cardita)'' <small>Bruguière, 1792</small>
* ''[Carditamera](/source/Carditamera)''
* ''[Carditellopsis](/source/Carditellopsis)'' <small>Iredale, 1936</small>
* ''[Cardites](/source/Cardites)'' <small>Link, 1807</small>
* ''[Centrocardita](/source/Centrocardita)'' <small>Sacco, 1899</small>
*†''[Choniocardia](/source/Choniocardia)'' <small>Cossmann, 1904</small>
*†''[Claibornicardia](/source/Claibornicardia)'' <small>Stenzel & Krause, 1957</small>
* ''[Coripia](/source/Coripia)'' <small>de Gregorio, 1885</small>
* ''[Cuna](/source/Cuna_(bivalve))'' <small>[Hedley](/source/Charles_Hedley), 1902</small>
** ''[Cuna aupouri](/source/Cuna_aupouri)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1937</small>
** ''[Cuna carditelloides](/source/Cuna_carditelloides)'' <small>[Suter](/source/Henry_Suter), 1911</small>
** ''[Cuna compressidens](/source/Cuna_compressidens)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1933</small>
** ''[Cuna gibbosa](/source/Cuna_gibbosa)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1937</small>
** ''[Cuna laqueus](/source/Cuna_laqueus)'' <small>[Finlay](/source/Harold_John_Finlay), 1927</small>
** ''[Cuna manawatawhia](/source/Cuna_manawatawhia)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1937</small>
** ''[Cuna mayi](/source/Cuna_mayi)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1930</small>
** ''[Cuna mendica](/source/Cuna_mendica)'' <small>[Dell](/source/Richard_Dell), 1952</small>
** ''[Cuna mayi](/source/Cuna_mayi)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1930</small>
** ''[Cuna otagoensis](/source/Cuna_otagoensis)'' <small>[Powell](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell), 1927</small>
* ''[Cyclocardia](/source/Cyclocardia)''
* ''[Glans](/source/Glans_(bivalve))'' <small>Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811</small>
* ''[Glyptoactis](/source/Glyptoactis)'' <small>Stewart, 1930</small>
* †''[Goosensia](/source/Goosensia)'' <small>Cossmann, 1885</small>
*''[Hamacuna](/source/Hamacuna)'' <small>Cotton, 1931</small>
* ''[Lazariella](/source/Lazariella)'' <small>Sacco, 1899</small>
* ''[Megacardita](/source/Megacardita)'' <small>Sacco, 1899</small>
* ''[Milneria](/source/Milneria)'' <small>[Dall](/source/W._H._Dall), 1881</small>
* †''[Miodomeris](/source/Miodomeris)'' <small>Chavan, 1936</small>
* ''[Miodontiscus](/source/Miodontiscus)'' <small>[Dall](/source/W._H._Dall), 1903</small>
* †''[Paraglans](/source/Paraglans)'' <small>Chavan, 1941</small>
* ''[Pleuromeris](/source/Pleuromeris)''
* ''[Powellina](/source/Powellina)'' <small>Huber, 2010</small>
* ''[Pteromeris](/source/Pteromeris)''
* ''[Purpurocardia](/source/Purpurocardia)'' <small>Maxwell, 1969</small>
* ''[Strophocardia](/source/Strophocardia)'' <small>Olsson, 1961</small>
* ''[Thecalia](/source/Thecalia)'' <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857</small>
*†''[Tutcheria](/source/Tutcheria_(bivalve))'' <small>Cox, 1946</small> 
* †''[Venericardia](/source/Venericardia)''
* †''[Venericor](/source/Venericor)'' <small>Stewart, 1930</small>
* ''[Vimentum](/source/Vimentum)'' <small>Iredale, 1925</small>

Synonyms:

* ''Arcturella'' <small>Chavan, 1941</small> is a junior synonym of ''Arcturellina''. It is not to be confused with ''Arcturella'' <small>Sars, 1879</small>, which is a junior synonym of the [isopod](/source/isopod) genus ''[Astacilla](/source/Astacilla)''.
* ''Azarella'' is a junior synonym of ''Beguina''.
* ''Agaria, Cardiocardites'' [sic] <!-- Blainville, 1825 -->and ''Divergidens''<!-- Eames, 1957 --> are junior synonyms of ''Cardiocardita''. 
* ''Actinobolus'' <small>Mörch, 1853</small> is a junior synonym of ''Cardites''. It is not to be confused with the [rhinoceros beetle](/source/rhinoceros_beetle) genus ''[Actinobolus](/source/Actinobolus)'' <small>Westwood, 1842</small>.
* ''Ceropsis'' <small>Dall, 1871</small> is a junior synonym of ''Milneria''. It should not be confused with the [true weevil](/source/true_weevil) genus ''[Ceropsis](/source/Ceropsis)''.
* ''Miodon'' <small>Carpenter, 1863</small> is a junior synonym of ''Miodontiscus''. It should not be confused with ''Miodon'' <small>Duméril, 1859</small>, which is a junior synonym of the [mole viper](/source/mole_viper) genus ''[Polemon](/source/Polemon_(snake))''.

Notes:

* In some classifications, ''Bathycardita'' is a subgenus of ''Cardiocardita''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=59338|title=Fossilworks: Cardiocardita (Bathycardita)|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>
* In some classifications, ''Centrocardita'' is a subgenus of ''Glans''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=93504|title=Fossilworks: Glans (Centrocardita)|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>
*In some classifications, ''Claibornicardia'' is a subgenus of either ''Glyptoactis'' or ''Venericardia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=17480&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=[Paleobiology Database](/source/Paleobiology_Database)|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>
* In some classifications, ''Vimentum'' is a subgenus of ''Cyclocardia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=101587&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=www.paleobiodb.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>
*In some classifications prior to the 2000s, ''[Carditella](/source/Carditella)'' was included in Carditidae,<ref name=":2" /> but it has since been moved to [Condylocardiidae](/source/Condylocardiidae),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196904|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carditella E. A. Smith, 1881|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> along with its former junior synonym/subgenus (now independent genus) ''[Carditellona](/source/Carditellona)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=492206|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carditellona Iredale, 1936|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>
*Increasingly in several 2010s classifications, the subgenus ''Venericardia'' (†''[Baluchicardia](/source/Baluchicardia)'') <small>Rutsch and Schenck 1943</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=17391&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=www.paleobiodb.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> is considered an independent genus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pérez|first=Damián Eduardo|date=2019-01-15|title=Phylogenetic relationships of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta)|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=17|issue=16|pages=1139–1175|doi=10.1080/14772019.2018.1532463|s2cid=92392950|issn=1477-2019|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019JSPal..17.1359P |hdl=11336/120441|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lockwood|first1=Rowan|last2=McClure|first2=Kate J.|date=May 2015|title=Relationships among Venericardia (Bivalvia: Carditidae) on the U.S. Coastal Plain during the Paleogene|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=89|issue=3|pages=2|doi=10.1017/jpa.2015.23|bibcode=2015JPal...89..522M |s2cid=4483535|issn=0022-3360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez|first1=Damián E.|last2=del Río|first2=Claudia J.|date=November 2017|title=The family Carditidae (Bivalvia) in the early Danian of Patagonia (Argentina)|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=91|issue=6|pages=1148–1165|doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.69|issn=0022-3360|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017JPal...91.1148P |hdl=11336/48035|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Subfamilies ==

=== Chavan, 1969 ===
The original six-subfamily system was first proposed by Chavan in 1969, contain the following genera (some of which are now synonyms or classified in other families):<ref name=":1"/>

{{col-float|width=95%}}
{{Col-float-break|width=16%}}
'''Carditamerinae''' <small>Chavan, 1969</small>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=8em|
* ''[Arcturellina](/source/Arcturellina)''
* ''[Bathycardita](/source/Bathycardita)''
* ''[Cardiocardita](/source/Cardiocardita)''
* ''[Carditamera](/source/Carditamera)''
* ''[Carditella](/source/Carditella)''
* ''[Carditellona](/source/Carditellona)''
* ''[Carditellopsis](/source/Carditellopsis)''
* ''[Centrocardita](/source/Centrocardita)''
* ''[Choniocardia](/source/Choniocardia)''
* ''[Cossmannella](/source/Cossmannella)''
* ''[Cretocardia](/source/Cretocardia)''
* ''[Cyclocardia](/source/Cyclocardia)''
* ''[Fenestricardita](/source/Fenestricardita)''
* ''[Glans](/source/Glans_(bivalve))''
* ''[Goosensia](/source/Goosensia)''
* ''[Izumicardia](/source/Izumicardia)''
* ''[Lazariella](/source/Lazariella)''
* ''[Miodontiscus](/source/Miodontiscus)''
* ''[Pleuromeris](/source/Pleuromeris)''
* ''[Plionema](/source/Plionema)''
* ''[Scalaricardita](/source/Scalaricardita)''
* ''[Tutcheria](/source/Tutcheria_(bivalve))''
* ''[Vetericardiella](/source/Vetericardiella)''
* ''[Vimentum](/source/Vimentum)''
}}

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}}
'''Carditesinae''' <small>Chavan, 1969</small>

* ''[Baluchicardia](/source/Baluchicardia)''
* ''[Cardites](/source/Cardites)''
* ''[Claibornicardia](/source/Claibornicardia)''
* ''[Glyptoactis](/source/Glyptoactis)''
* ''[Ludbrookia](/source/Ludbrookia)''
* ''[Paraglans](/source/Paraglans)''
* ''[Xenocardita](/source/Xenocardita)''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}}
'''Carditinae''' <small>Férussac, 1822</small>

* ''[Beguina](/source/Beguina)''
* ''[Cardita](/source/Cardita)''
* ''[Jesonia](/source/Jesonia)''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}}
'''Miodomeridinae''' <small>Chavan, 1969</small>

* ''[Chavanella](/source/Chavanella)''
* ''[Coripia](/source/Coripia)''
* ''[Miodomeris](/source/Miodomeris)''
* ''[Pteromeris](/source/Pteromeris)''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}}
'''Thecaliinae''' <small>Dall, 1903</small>

* ''[Milneria](/source/Milneria)''
* ''[Thecalia](/source/Thecalia)''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}}
'''Venericardiinae''' <small>Chavan, 1969</small>

* ''[Leuroactis](/source/Leuroactis)''
* ''[Megacardita](/source/Megacardita)''
* ''[Pacificor](/source/Pacificor)''
* ''[Trapezicardita](/source/Trapezicardita)''
* ''[Venericardia](/source/Venericardia)''
* ''[Venericor](/source/Venericor)''

{{col-float-end}}

=== Perez, 2019 ===
In 2019, D. E. Pérez proposed a seven-subfamily system for Carditidae.<ref name=":1"/>

{{col-float|width=95%}}
{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Carditamerinae'''

* ''[Carditamera](/source/Carditamera)''
* ''[Centrocardita](/source/Centrocardita)''
* ''[Glans](/source/Glans_(bivalve))''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Carditinae'''

* ''[Beguina](/source/Beguina)''
* *''[Birkelundita](/source/Birkelundita)''
* ''[Cardita](/source/Cardita)''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Miodomeridinae'''

* *''[Kolmeris](/source/Kolmeris)''
* ''[Miodomeris](/source/Miodomeris)''
* ''[Pteromeris](/source/Pteromeris)''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Palaeocarditinae'''  <small>Chavan, 1969</small>

* *''[Palaeocardita](/source/Palaeocardita)''
* *''[Schizocardita](/source/Schizocardita)''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Scalaricarditinae''' <small>Pérez, 2019</small>

* ''[Coripia](/source/Coripia)''
* *''[Scalaricardita](/source/Scalaricardita)''
* ''[Vimentum](/source/Vimentum)''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Thecaliinae'''

* ''[Powellina](/source/Powellina)''
* ''[Thecalia](/source/Thecalia)''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}}
'''Venericardiinae'''

{{Columns-list|colwidth=8em|
* ''[Arcturellina](/source/Arcturellina)''
* *''[Baluchicardia](/source/Baluchicardia)''
* ''[Bathycardita](/source/Bathycardita)''
* ''[Cardiocardita](/source/Cardiocardita)''
* ''[Cardites](/source/Cardites)''
* ''[Claibornicardia](/source/Claibornicardia)''
* *''[Darwinicardia](/source/Darwinicardia)''
* *''[Fasciculicardia](/source/Fasciculicardia)''
* ''[Glyptoactis](/source/Glyptoactis)''
* *''[Kalelia](/source/Kalelia)''
* *''[Leuroactis](/source/Leuroactis)''
* ''[Megacardita](/source/Megacardita)''
* *''[Neovenericor](/source/Neovenericor)''
* *''[Pacificor](/source/Pacificor)''
* ''[Paraglans](/source/Paraglans)''
* ''[Purpurocardia](/source/Purpurocardia)''
* *''[Rotundicardia](/source/Rotundicardia)''
* ''[Venericardia](/source/Venericardia)''
* ''[Venericor](/source/Venericor)''
}}

{{col-float-end}}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> = not yet recognised by the World Register of Marine Species.

In addition, Pérez proposed possible affiliations for the genera not included in his subfamilies:<ref name=":1" />

* Carditidae: ''[Carditomantea](/source/Carditomantea)''?
* Carditinae: ''[Goosensia](/source/Goosensia)''?
* Cyclocardida: ''[Ainicardita](/source/Ainicardita)'', ''[Crassicardia](/source/Crassicardia)'', ''[Lunulicardita](/source/Lunulicardita)''
* Eucarditidae: ''[Pseudocardia](/source/Pseudocardia)''? (some species)
* Miodomeridinae: ''[Miodontiscus](/source/Miodontiscus)''
* Scalaricarditinae: ''[Malarossia](/source/Malarossia)'', ''[Akardita](/source/Akardita)''?, ''[Choniocardia](/source/Choniocardia) ''(could be Cyclocardida)
* Stem-Carditidae: ''[Fenestricardita](/source/Fenestricardita)''?, ''[Trapezicardita](/source/Trapezicardita)''?, ''[Gujocardita](/source/Gujocardita)''? (could be Permophoridae), ''[Septocardia](/source/Septocardia)''? (could be [Cardiidae](/source/Cardiidae))
* Stem-Eucarditidae or Stem-Carditida: Izumicardia 
* Venericardiini: ''[Cossmannella](/source/Cossmannella)'', ''[Cretocardia](/source/Cretocardia)'', ''[Lazariella](/source/Lazariella)''
* Venericardiinae: ''[Cycloglans](/source/Cycloglans)'', ''[Strophocardia](/source/Strophocardia)'', ''[Maghrebella](/source/Maghrebella)''?, ''[Subvenericardia](/source/Subvenericardia)''?
* Uncertain: ''[Milneria](/source/Milneria)'', ''[Xenocardita](/source/Xenocardita)''

In some classifications prior to the 2000s, Carditidae used to contain a seventh subfamily Carditellinae, until it was reallocated to [Condylocardiidae](/source/Condylocardiidae).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSrxAQAAQBAJ&q=Carditellinae&pg=PA12|title=A Catalogue of the Living Marine Bivalve Molluscs of China|last1=Bernard|first1=F. R.|last2=Cai|first2=Ying-Ya|last3=Morton|first3=Brian|date=1993-06-01|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789622093249|pages=12|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{aut|[Powell A. W. B.](/source/Arthur_William_Baden_Powell)}} (1979): ''New Zealand Mollusca'', [William Collins Publishers Ltd](/source/HarperCollins), Auckland, New Zealand. {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}}
* {{aut|[World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species) (WoRMS)}} (2008): [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=322552 Psamathini]. Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2938109}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Carditidae
Category:Bivalve families
Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Category:Taxa described in 1822

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Carditidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carditidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carditidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.