# Cardinal Technologies

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**Cardinal Technologies, Inc.**, was an American computer company originally based in [Lancaster, Pennsylvania](/source/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania), that primarily manufactured [modems](/source/Modem) for personal computers, among other peripherals.

## History

Cardinal Technologies was founded in February 1987 by Harold Krall and seven other ex-employees of the [RCA Corporation](/source/RCA_Corporation)'s New Products Division [research and development](/source/Research_and_development) office and factory in [Lancaster, Pennsylvania](/source/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania).[1][2] In 1986, [General Electric](/source/General_Electric) completed its acquisition of the ailing RCA Corporation, divesting RCA's New Products Division—which had incubated and produced many of the company's ideas for consumer electronics, by selling it to—[Thomson S.A.](/source/Thomson_S.A.) of France. In 1987, Krall and several of his colleagues from RCA bartered for the acquisition of the Lancaster plant, its equipment, and associated liabilities from General Electric and Thomson S.A. for $4 million. The colleagues incorporated Cardinal Technologies from this plant, which was to be their break into the fast-growing [personal computer](/source/Personal_computer) market of the late 1980s, which GE and RCA had largely ignored. Krall and company planned for Cardinal to manufacture complete [computer systems](/source/Computer_system) from the onset but started small by manufacturing [modems](/source/Modem) for personal computers.[3]

Cardinal offered modems both external, housed in plastic chassis sat beside the computer, and internal, attached to a computer's internal [expansion slot](/source/Expansion_slot).[4][5] The company became a major player in the field within three years of its incorporation, helped along by [OEM](/source/Original_equipment_manufacturer) contracts with major computer systems brands.[3] By the early 1990s, the company also produced [graphics cards](/source/Graphics_card), keyboards, and monitors.[3] In late 1990, the company introduced their first line of personal computer systems, called the PC 10, an [IBM PC compatible](/source/IBM_PC_compatible) based on the [i386](/source/I386) and [i386SX](/source/I386SX) processors and intended to compete with [IBM](/source/IBM)'s [PS/1](/source/IBM_PS/1) and [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.)'s [Macintosh](/source/Mac_(computer)).[6][7] In 1991, Cardinal partnered with [Fujifilm](/source/Fujifilm) to develop the Cardinal SnapPlus, an expansion card for IBM PCs and compatibles that acted as a both a [character generator](/source/Character_generator) and chroma keyer for superimposing digital graphical and textual elements over a videotape feed generated from the computer back onto tape. It also allowed for computers to import photographs from [Video Floppy](/source/Video_Floppy) disks taken by early electronic cameras, such as those Fujifilm had produced in the 1980s and 1990s.[3]

Cardinal turned its first profit in 1990, earning $600,000 on sales of $33 million.[3][8] Employment numbers at the company's Lancaster headquarters hovered between 200 and 220 workers from 1991 to 1993.[8][9] The company broke even in profits in 1991 and posted a loss in 1992.[8][1] Its stature in the modem arena continued to grow however, Cardinal becoming the second largest manufacturer of [fax modems](/source/Fax_modem) in the United States in 1992, trailing [Intel](/source/Intel).[1]

In September 1993,[2] [Paul Allen](/source/Paul_Allen), co-founder of [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft), invested $15 million into Cardinal by way of his [Vulcan](/source/Vulcan_Inc.) company, representing a stake of just under 20 percent of the company.[10][11] Between February and March 1994, Krall and two other co-founders were ousted from the board of directors and 31 management and factory employees were laid off, shortly after the company posted another loss for 1993.[12][13] This round of layoffs was enacted by executives at Vulcan who intended to restructure the company, increasing its development budget and investing in newer manufacturing equipment while making the company's production schedule and payroll leaner.[14][2] In August 1994, Vulcan increased their stake in Cardinal to 50.35 percent after accusing Cardinal of overstating its value in documentation presented to Vulcan before September 1993's stock sale. The company thereafter focused only on the production of multimedia [sound cards](/source/Sound_card) and modems.[2]

In March 1997, [Hayes Microcomputer Products](/source/Hayes_Microcomputer_Products), another major modem manufacturer, announced that it would acquire Cardinal for an undisclosed sum, shutting down Cardinal's Lancaster plant and consolidating its assets into Hayes.[15][16]

## References

1. Mekeel, Tim (January 21, 1993). ["Computer prices falling, but Cardinal still growing"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/374700792/). *Lancaster New Era*

1. Wenrich, Doug (August 12, 1994). ["Vulcan now in control of Cardinal Technologies"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/374899116/). *Lancaster New Era*

1. Reitman, Valerie (October 21, 1991). ["Big Winners in a Crowded Field: Building Computers in Lancaster County"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1836988839/). *Philadelphia Inquirer*

1. Brown, Bruce (October 24, 1995). ["Cardinal 28.8 External Fax Modem, Motorola Power 28.8 Data/Fax Modem"](https://books.google.com/books?id=3jNOHGmrpRkC&pg=PA372). *PC Magazine*. **14** (18): 372. Ziff-Davis. – via Google Books.

1. Freed, Les (October 21, 1997). ["Cardinal Connecta Internal 56K Data/Fax Modem"](https://books.google.com/books?id=qQG02olzkSoC&pg=PA105). *PC Magazine*. **16** (18): 105–108. Ziff-Davis. – via Google Books.

1. ["Cardinal Offers Challenge to IBM's PS/1 Computer"](https://books.google.com/books?id=u1AEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24). *InfoWorld*. **12** (48): 24. IDG Publications. November 26, 1990. – via Google Books.

1. Scannell, Ed (July 10, 1991). ["Cardinal Flies into Monitor Market with PC10-386SX"](https://books.google.com/books?id=RlAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27). *InfoWorld*. **13** (23): 27. IDG Publications. – via Google Books.

1. Klein, Barbara (April 1992). ["Dispelling Myths, and Loving It"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/206558919/). *Pennsylvania Business and Technology*. **3** (2): 32. PHTC Services.

1. Brokaw, Leslie (March 1993). ["Guaranteed Success"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/214515732/). *Inc.*. **15** (3): 66. Goldhirsh Group.

1. Andrews, Paul (October 24, 1993). ["Multimedia Wizard: Paul Allen Links Investments with Digital Foresight"](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19931024&slug=1727712). *Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230705055025/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19931024&slug=1727712) July 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Andrews, Paul (August 22, 1994). ["Paul Allen: Living In Gates' Shadow: A 'Nice-Guy' Billionaire, Visionary, He's Making Many Deals of His Own"](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940822&slug=1926517). *Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230705055026/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940822&slug=1926517) July 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Wenrich, Doug (February 24, 1994). ["Cardinal co-founder quits as president, CEO in 'consensus' decision"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/374695079/). *Lancaster New Era*

1. Walsh, Alan (March 24, 1994). ["Cardinal lays off 31 in cost-cutting move"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/375222201/). *Intelligencer Journal*

1. Mekeel, Tim (March 24, 1994). ["2 co-founders among 27 out at Cardinal"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/374694444/). *Lancaster New Era*

1. Kelleher, Kevin (March 13, 1997). ["Hayes Buys Cardinal; Paul Allen Buys into Hayes"](https://www.wired.com/1997/03/hayes-buys-cardinal-paul-allen-buys-into-hayes/). *Wired*. Condé Nast. [Archived](https://archive.today/20230705024906/https://www.wired.com/1997/03/hayes-buys-cardinal-paul-allen-buys-into-hayes/) July 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Mills, Mike (July 30, 1997). ["Md. Firm Plans Merger With Modem Pioneer; Access Beyond to Pay $270 Million for Hayes"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/408317640/). *The Washington Post*. p. D5, D8.

## External links

- [Official website](https://web.archive.org/web/19961031074111/http://www.cardtech.com/) October 31, 1996 at the Wayback Machine

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cardinal Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Technologies) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Technologies?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.