# Cardamine maxima
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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cardamine maxima BB-1913.png
|status = G5
|status_system = TNC
|status_ref = {{r|NatureServe}}
|genus = Cardamine
|species = maxima
|authority = ([Nutt.](/source/Thomas_Nuttall)) [Alph.Wood](/source/Alphonso_Wood){{r|IPNI:280472-1}}
|synonyms =
{{Collapsible list |title=Homotypic Synonyms |{{Species list
|Dentaria maxima |Nutt.
}}}}
{{Collapsible list |title=Heterotypic Synonyms |{{Species list
|Cardamine × anomala |(Eames) K.Schum.
|Dentaria anomala |Eames
|Dentaria maxima f. albiflora |Louis-Marie
|Dentaria maxima f. aphylla |Louis-Marie
}}}}
|synonyms_ref = {{r|POWO:280472-1}}
}}
'''''Cardamine maxima''''' is a [species](/source/species) of [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant) in the mustard [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Brassicaceae](/source/Brassicaceae).{{r|POWO:280472-1}}
==Taxonomy==
''Cardamine maxima'' was first described as ''Dentaria maxima'' by the English botanist [Thomas Nuttall](/source/Thomas_Nuttall) in 1818.{{r|IPNI:30281115-2|Nuttall 1818}} The American botanist [Alphonso Wood](/source/Alphonso_Wood) placed ''Dentaria maxima'' {{small|Nutt.}} in genus ''Cardamine'' in 1870.{{r|IPNI:280472-1}}{{sfnp|Wood|1889|loc=Part IV, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39531000#page/255/mode/1up pp. 37–38]}} The name ''Cardamine maxima'' {{small|(Nutt.) Alph.Wood}} is widely used today.{{r|NatureServe|POWO:280472-1|FNA:250094595}}{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022}}{{sfnp|Haines|2011}}{{sfnp|Gilman|2015}}
''Cardamine maxima'' is a member of the ''Cardamine concatenata'' alliance, a [monophyletic](/source/monophyletic) group of eastern North American species that includes ''[Cardamine angustata](/source/Cardamine_angustata)'', ''[Cardamine concatenata](/source/Cardamine_concatenata)'', ''[Cardamine diphylla](/source/Cardamine_diphylla)'', ''[Cardamine dissecta](/source/Cardamine_dissecta)'', ''[Cardamine incisa](/source/Cardamine_incisa)'', and ''Cardamine maxima''.{{r|Sweeney and Price 2001}} All members of the alliance were previously placed in genus ''Dentaria'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}, which is now considered to be a synonym for ''Cardamine'' {{small|L.}}{{r|POWO:30001912-2}}
==Distribution and habitat==
''Cardamine maxima'' is native to eastern North America. Its range extends north to New Brunswick and Québec, south to Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and west to Ontario and Wisconsin.{{r|Sweeney and Price 2001}} It is known to occur in the following provinces and states:{{r|POWO:280472-1|BONAP-state}}
* ''Canada'': New Brunswick, Ontario, Québec
* ''United States'': Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Wisconsin
In the United States, its distribution is centered in New York and western [New England](/source/New_England) (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont).{{r|BONAP-county}}
==Conservation==
The global conservation status of ''Cardamine maxima'' is secure ('''G5''').{{r|NatureServe}} However, outside of New York (its center of distribution) it is uncommon ('''S3''') at best.
==References==
{{Reflist|40em|refs=
[{{BONAP |genus=Cardamine |species=maxima |state=1 |date=2014 |access-date=10 June 2023}}]
[{{BONAP |genus=Cardamine |species=maxima |date=2014 |access-date=10 June 2023}}]
[{{eFloras|1|250094595 |Cardamine maxima |family=Brassicaceae |first1=Ihsan A. |last1=Al-Shehbaz |first2=Karol |last2=Marhold |first3=Judita |last3=Lihová |access-date=7 June 2023}}]
[{{IPNI |id=280472-1 |taxon=''Cardamine maxima'' |authority={{small|(Nutt.) Alph.Wood}} |access-date=7 June 2023}}]
[{{IPNI |id=30281115-2 |taxon=''Dentaria maxima'' |authority={{small|Nutt.}} |access-date=7 June 2023}}]
[{{Cite web |publisher=NatureServe |title=''Cardamine maxima'' |work=NatureServe Explorer |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.147389/Cardamine_maxima |access-date=10 June 2023}}]
[{{cite book |last1=Nuttall |first1=Thomas |title=The genera of North American plants, and a catalogue of the species, to the year 1817: Volume II |date=1818 |location=Philadelphia |page=66 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/723819#page/66/mode/1up |access-date=12 June 2023}}]
[{{cite POWO |id=280472-1 |title=''Cardamine maxima'' {{small|(Nutt.) Alph.Wood}} |access-date=7 June 2023}}]
[{{cite POWO |id=30001912-2 |title=''Dentaria'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}]
[{{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=Patrick W. |last2=Price |first2=Robert A. |title=A multivariate morphological analysis of the ''Cardamine concatenata'' alliance (Brassicaceae) |journal=Brittonia |date=2001 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=82–95 |doi=10.1007/BF02805400 |bibcode=2001Britt..53...82S |url=https://www.academia.edu/11088450 |access-date=8 June 2023}}]
}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Arthur V. |title=New Flora of Vermont |date=2015 |series=Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume 110 |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press |location=Bronx, New York, USA |isbn=978-0-89327-516-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Haines |first1=Arthur |others=Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison |title=New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17154-9 |url={{Google books|RKKWVwC_sdoC|page=94|plainurl=yes}}}}
* {{cite web |last1=Weakley |first1=Alan S. |author2=Southeastern Flora Team |title=Flora of the southeastern United States |publisher=University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden |date=2022 |url-access=registration |url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/flora-request/}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Alphonso |title=The New American Botanist and Florist |date=1889 |orig-date=First edition 1870 |publisher=A. S. Barnes & Company |location=New York and Chicago |edition=Revised 8th |editor-last=Willis |editor-first=Oliver R. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39531000#page/7/mode/1up |access-date=9 June 2023}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |title=''Cardamine maxima'' — large toothwort |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cardamine/maxima/ |website=Go Botany |publisher=Native Plant Trust |access-date=10 June 2023}}
* {{cite web |title=''Cardamine maxima'' {{small|(Nuttall) Alph.Wood}} |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/show-taxon.php?plantname=Cardamine+maxima |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States (2023 Edition) |access-date=10 June 2023}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q12207505}}
maxima
Category:Plants described in 1818
Category:Taxa named by Alphonso Wood
{{Brassicaceae-stub}}
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Cardamine maxima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamine_maxima) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamine_maxima?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.