# Captive import

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Marketing term and strategy

**Captive import** is a [marketing](/source/Marketing) term and a [strategy](/source/Strategic_management)[1] for a vehicle that is foreign-built and sold under the name of an importer or by a domestic automaker through its own [dealer](/source/Car_dealership) distribution system.[2]

The foreign vehicle may be produced by a [subsidiary](/source/Subsidiary) of the same company, be a [joint venture](/source/Joint_venture) with another firm, or be acquired under [license](/source/License) from a completely separate entity. The brand name used may be that of the domestic company, the foreign builder, or an unrelated marque entirely (this is one type of "[badge engineering](/source/Badge_engineering)").

A [Merkur Scorpio](/source/Merkur_Scorpio) manufactured in West Germany by Ford of Europe and marketed in the United States, an example of a captive import

## Background

Captive import arrangements are usually made to increase the competitiveness of the domestic brand by filling a perceived [target market](/source/Target_market) not currently served by its model lineup that is either not practical or not economically feasible to fill from domestic production or a mutually beneficial agreement that helps automakers without a strong distribution network or a presence in a specific country to benefit from the distribution network and stronger brand image of an established automobile manufacturer in that location. One example is the agreement between [Chrysler](/source/Chrysler) and [Mitsubishi Motors](/source/Mitsubishi_Motors), which started in 1971.[3] Chrysler imported Mitsubishi-manufactured vehicles into the [United States](/source/United_States) to fill a void in their compact lineup with cars like the [Dodge Colt](/source/Dodge_Colt). Mitsubishi began selling vehicles under their name in the United States in 1982.

In countries or regions where a foreign manufacturer might have a wholly owned subsidiary that develops and manufactures vehicles or a strong manufacturing presence, a captive import can be a vehicle from the manufacturers' indigenous country or an affiliated manufacturer worldwide. [Holden](/source/Holden) was the Australian subsidiary of American [General Motors](/source/General_Motors) and was considered to be a domestic manufacturer in Australia until Australian domestic production completely ended in 2017. In the past, Holden has also imported the Mexican-built [Holden Suburban](/source/Holden_Suburban), a variant of the North American [Chevrolet Suburban](/source/Chevrolet_Suburban), along with the [Holden Jackaroo](/source/Holden_Jackaroo) built by General Motors' Japanese affiliate [Isuzu](/source/Isuzu) in [Japan](/source/Japan). An example of an Australian captive import is the [Holden Barina](/source/Holden_Barina), which has since 1985 been the [Suzuki Cultus](/source/Suzuki_Cultus), two generations of the European [Opel Corsa](/source/Opel_Corsa), and is also the Korean [Daewoo Kalos](/source/Daewoo_Kalos) (marketed internationally as the [Chevrolet Aveo](/source/Chevrolet_Aveo)).

For countries that do not have native manufacturers or a development/manufacturing presence, a captive import is a vehicle not manufactured by the specific company that imported the vehicle but sold under its brand. Usually, the vehicle manufacturer might be an affiliate of the importer. The [Chevrolet Forester](/source/Chevrolet_Forester) was sold in [India](/source/India) by [General Motors](/source/General_Motors), where its manufacturer, [Japan](/source/Japan)-based [Subaru](/source/Subaru), does not have a sales presence, and the importation agreement started during the period when the manufacturer of [Subaru](/source/Subaru), [Fuji Heavy Industries](/source/Fuji_Heavy_Industries), was affiliated with [General Motors](/source/General_Motors).

A vehicle manufactured in a country where the manufacturers' indigenous nation has a [free-trade agreement](/source/Free-trade_agreement) with other countries in the same region, such as the [European Union](/source/European_Union) for [Europe](/source/Europe), [NAFTA](/source/NAFTA) for [North America](/source/North_America), or [ASEAN](/source/ASEAN) for [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia), and manufactured in a plant wholly or partially owned by that company should not be considered a captive import.

The integration of manufacturing operations between Canada, Mexico, and the United States has been due to the hospitable trade environment created by the [North American Free Trade Agreement](/source/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement) (and before NAFTA, the US-Canada [Auto Pact](/source/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Automotive_Products_Agreement)), coupled with the proximity of these nations to the U.S. Vehicles made and marketed by European automakers that were eventually acquired by the Big Three automakers, such as [Land Rover](/source/Land_Rover), [Volvo](/source/Volvo_Cars), and [Saab](/source/Saab_Automobile), are generally not considered to be captive imports.

Automobile companies have made efforts since the 1990s to streamline operations and become increasingly globalized, making it more challenging to determine the national origin of vehicles and even more complicated when considering outsourcing the worldwide sources of components and parts used to make them.[4][5]

## American market

In the American market, captive imports "blurred national distinctions" because they were designed and built elsewhere, but have a domestic nameplate.[6] The chief reason domestic automakers market captive imports is because "it is cheaper to import those cars than to produce them" in the United States.[6]

The [Nash-Healey](/source/Nash-Healey) two-seat [sports car](/source/Sports_car) was produced for the U.S. market between 1951 and 1954.[7] It combined a Nash Ambassador [drivetrain](/source/Powertrain) with a European chassis and body and was a product of a partnership between [Nash-Kelvinator Corporation](/source/Nash-Kelvinator) and British automaker [Donald Healey](/source/Donald_Healey).[8] After the first model year, the Nash-Healey was restyled and assembled by [Pinin Farina](/source/Battista_Farina) in [Italy](/source/Italy).[9]

The [Nash Metropolitan](/source/Nash_Metropolitan), sold in the U.S. from 1954 until 1962, was a captive import for [Nash Motors](/source/Nash_Motors). It was designed by Nash, unlike most captive imports built by another company, and produced by [Austin](/source/Austin_Motor_Company) in the UK specifically for sale in the U.S. By entering into a manufacturing arrangement, Nash would avoid the expense associated with tooling, body panels, and components.[10] When Nash launched this two-seater sub-compact car, it was the first time an American-designed car had been only built in Europe and never assembled in the United States. Unlike typical European cars of the era, its look was "American", and it had a design resemblance to the large or "senior" U.S.-built Nashes. It became one of the few small cars to sell well during the most bulk-obsessed period of U.S. automotive history.[11]

When [Mercedes-Benz](/source/Mercedes-Benz) was seeking entry into the American market in the 1950s, the company signed a marketing agreement with [Studebaker](/source/Studebaker)–[Packard](/source/Packard) and became a captive brand in their showrooms.[12] Around the same time, [Pontiac](/source/Pontiac_(automobile)) dealers sold the GM's British-built [Vauxhalls](/source/Vauxhall_Motors) from 1958 until 1962.[13]

[Ford](/source/Ford_Motor_Company), who had invented the modern captive-import system in 1948 with the British Anglia and Prefect, added its own European [Ford Cortina](/source/Ford_Cortina) to its North American dealer network until low demand led to its discontinuation in 1970 when the company introduced its domestic Pinto replacement, and its European market [Ford Capri](/source/Ford_Capri) to its U.S. [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(automobile)) line in the 1970s. Although the car had features to make it great, the marketing was flawed with a mismatch to the models traditionally sold by Lincoln-Mercury dealers.[5] Ford returned to importing the Mk1 Fiesta in 1978 when the company developed the North American market Escort/Lynx twins until 2013 when the "One Ford" business strategy was in operation, and the European market Mondeo and Fiesta were manufactured in both North America and Europe.

During the same period, [Dodge](/source/Dodge) marketed several small [Mitsubishi](/source/Mitsubishi_Motors) models, mostly sold as [Dodge Colts](/source/Dodge_Colt) (versions of which would later be marketed under the [Plymouth](/source/Plymouth_(automobile)) and [Eagle](/source/Eagle_(automobile)) brands). Chrysler Corporation did not develop its in-house subcompacts during the late 1960s (which GM and Ford Motor Company had done with the Vega and Pinto), where they partnered with an overseas manufacturer with Mitsubishi and Hillman.

The "Plymouth Cricket" (a rebadged [Hillman Avenger](/source/Hillman_Avenger)) was introduced to the U.S. market in the early 1970s to counter the growing demand for small cars, but not successful.[14]

[General Motors](/source/General_Motors) marketed its German-built [Opel](/source/Opel) models like the [Kadett](/source/Opel_Kadett) through [Buick](/source/Buick) dealers in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[15] This venture yielded ambivalent results; the Opels were generally well-regarded, and sales were decent but never substantial. In the 1970s, when Buick decided to phase out its Opels and sell small [Isuzus](/source/Isuzu) instead, the result was a handful of cars carrying a global brand, *Buick Opel, by Isuzu.* Buick was not the first to rebadge Isuzus — [Chevrolet](/source/Chevrolet) did the same with their [LUV](/source/Chevrolet_LUV) pickup truck in 1972.

The [Daewoo](/source/Daewoo)-built line of [LeMans](/source/Daewoo_LeMans)-branded small cars were marketed by GM in several nations and through Pontiac dealers in the U.S. starting in 1988.[16] They shared nothing with the original 1960s [LeMans](/source/Pontiac_LeMans) models. In the late 1980s, GM consolidated most of its various captive imports of the time under the [Geo](/source/Geo_(automobile)) brand, which was exclusively handled by [Chevrolet](/source/Chevrolet) dealers. The cars, built variously by [Toyota](/source/Toyota) (the [Prizm](/source/Geo%2FChevrolet_Prizm)), [Isuzu](/source/Isuzu) ([Spectrum](/source/Isuzu_Gemini), [Storm](/source/Geo_Storm)) and [Suzuki](/source/Suzuki) ([Metro](/source/Suzuki_Cultus), [Tracker](/source/Chevrolet_Tracker)).

Examples of captive imports in the U.S. have included the [Cadillac Catera](/source/Cadillac_Catera), a rebadged [Opel Omega](/source/Opel_Omega), the [Chevrolet Aveo](/source/Daewoo_Kalos), built by [GM Daewoo](/source/GM_Daewoo), and the [Chrysler Crossfire](/source/Chrysler_Crossfire) — an American design which mostly uses [Mercedes-Benz](/source/Mercedes-Benz) mechanicals, but was built by [Karmann](/source/Karmann) in Germany.[17] The [Pontiac GTO](/source/Pontiac_GTO), which was built alongside the Australian [Holden Monaro](/source/Holden_Monaro), also qualifies. The [Saturn Astra](/source/Saturn_Astra) is another example. It is a rebadged [Opel Astra](/source/Opel_Astra) that is imported from Belgium. The successor for [Pontiac's seventh generation Grand Prix](/source/Pontiac_Grand_Prix#Seventh_Generation), the [Pontiac G8](/source/Pontiac_G8), was a modified [Holden VE Commodore](/source/Holden_VE_Commodore) imported from Australia.

In 2004, GM began marketing the [Chevrolet Aveo](/source/Daewoo_Kalos) subcompact, a rebadged [Daewoo Kalos](/source/Daewoo_Kalos) (now a rebadged [Daewoo Gentra](/source/Daewoo_Kalos)) assembled in South Korea. In 2008, GM started marketing the Saturn Astra, which is a rebadged [Opel Astra](/source/Opel_Astra), assembled in Belgium. Before the brand's phaseout, Pontiac also returned to the captive idea by selling [Holden](/source/Holden) vehicles, first the [Holden Monaro](/source/Holden_Monaro) as the [Pontiac GTO](/source/Pontiac_GTO) and then the [Holden Commodore (VE)](/source/Holden_Commodore_(VE)) as the [Pontiac G8](/source/Pontiac_G8). Pontiac dealers also briefly received a version of the Kalos/Gentra/Aveo, which was sold in Canada as the G3 Wave and in the U.S. as the [G3](/source/Pontiac_G3).

In 2011, GM once again used a Holden model, the [WM/WN Caprice](/source/Holden_Caprice_(WM)), as a captive import for its [Caprice PPV](/source/Chevrolet_Caprice), but designed for law enforcement agencies in the United States and Canada.

In 2013, GM used the [Holden Commodore (VF)](/source/Holden_Commodore_(VF)) as the [Chevrolet SS](/source/Chevrolet_SS) performance sedan, from the 2014 model year to 2017.

## Other markets

In Europe, there have been relatively few cases of captive imports, and most have been unsuccessful. The [Chevrolet Venture](/source/Chevrolet_Venture) [minivan](/source/Minivan) was sold as the [Opel](/source/Opel)/[Vauxhall](/source/Vauxhall_Motors) [Sintra](/source/General_Motors_Sintra) (SWB) and [Chevrolet Trans Sport](/source/Chevrolet_Trans_Sport) (LWB) in the late-1990s, but was not only not to European tastes, but also gained a bad reputation due to poor results in safety tests. The practice has been revived by [PSA Peugeot Citroën](/source/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn) with the [Peugeot 4007](/source/Peugeot_4007), [Peugeot 4008](/source/Peugeot_4008), [Citroën C-Crosser](/source/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Crosser), and [Citroën C4 Aircross](/source/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Aircross), which are rebadged versions of the [Mitsubishi Outlander](/source/Mitsubishi_Outlander) and [Mitsubishi ASX](/source/Mitsubishi_ASX), respectively. However, the introduction of the [Ford Mustang](/source/Ford_Mustang_(sixth_generation)) to Europe in 2015 has been successful, owing to the Mustang's image and unique positioning.

In the Middle East and South Africa, the Holden Commodore was sold from 1998 to 2013 as the [Chevrolet Lumina](/source/Chevrolet_Lumina), with a coupé variant based on the [Holden Monaro](/source/Holden_Monaro) from 2003 to 2006.

In the Middle East, the [Holden Caprice](/source/Holden_Caprice) was sold from 2000 to 2017 as the Chevrolet Caprice.

In Brazil, the Australian-built [Holden Calais](/source/Holden_Commodore) and Berlina were sold from 1998 to 2012 as [Chevrolet Omega](/source/Chevrolet_Omega), replacing the locally built version of the [Opel Omega](/source/Opel_Omega) bearing the same name. Despite being well received by the press and public, sales were much worse than its locally built counterpart, simply because of its high price. However, it is used very often as official government cars. Chevrolet also rebranded the Argentine-built [Suzuki Vitara](/source/Suzuki_Escudo) as the Chevrolet Tracker after Suzuki stopped selling cars in Brazil, but it never achieved the same sales figures as the original car.

In Japan, where foreign car manufacturers have traditionally struggled to compete in the local market, even rebadging of U.S. models like the [Chevrolet Cavalier](/source/Chevrolet_Cavalier) as a [Toyota](/source/Toyota) has failed to improve sales.

In Australia, GM's [Holden](/source/Holden) operation sold the 1975-84 Isuzu Bellett/Gemini, itself a license-built version of the then-current Opel Kadett, as the [Holden Gemini](/source/Holden_Gemini). The name was originally Holden-Isuzu Gemini, but after the first TX series, the Isuzu cobranding was dropped. Perhaps the original idea was to foster the Japanese-ness of the model at a time when customers might have seen that as a positive, the Nissan's 610 Bluebird being marketed as the [Datsun 180B](/source/Datsun_180B_SSS) being a big seller at the time. The Gemini was assembled in Australia at Acacia Ridge in [Queensland](/source/Queensland) and Holden was still the highest-selling brand. The [Chevrolet LUV](/source/Chevrolet_LUV) produced by Isuzu was also sold from 1973 for a couple of years, the only official Chevrolet branded model available in Australia at the time (and since). Ford sold the Taurus in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong in 1996, but stopped in 1999. In 1998, the [Chevrolet Suburban](/source/Chevrolet_Suburban), was marketed in Australia and New Zealand as a rebadged [Holden Suburban](/source/Holden_Suburban) with intentions to launch the full-sized SUV in a region that was used to having small to mid-sized SUVs, and the model was discontinued in 2001.

## Reasons for failure

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Captive imports often fail, and a shift in exchange rates can raise prices to uncompetitive levels.[5]

Some models have been criticized for marginal quality, such as the spate of [Daewoo](/source/Daewoo) models marketed under domestic General Motors marques during the 2000s, or for being a bad match for the local driving environment.[5]

The commitment of domestic sales and service staff to an unfamiliar vehicle has been questioned, particularly if the import is seen as reducing sales of other, more profitable vehicles in the lineup.[5]

Others fail due to no fault of their own; the [Sunbeam Tiger](/source/Sunbeam_Tiger), for instance, an early 1960s example of the concept of an American [Ford Windsor engine](/source/Ford_Windsor_engine) in a British ([Sunbeam Alpine](/source/Sunbeam_Alpine)) body and chassis, enjoyed substantial success until Sunbeam became a captive import of [Chrysler Corporation](/source/Chrysler_Corporation) in North America. Chrysler could not be realistically expected to sell a car with a Ford engine, and Chrysler V8 engines all had the [distributor](/source/Distributor) positioned at the rear of the engine, unlike the front-mounted distributor of the Ford V8, making it impossible to fit the Chrysler engine into the Sunbeam engine bay without major and expensive revisions[18]. Thus this niche of the automotive market was left to be filled with legendary success by the Ford engined [Shelby Cobra](/source/Shelby_Cobra).

There may be a deeper, structural issue at work, however. It could simply be that a domestic buyer is unlikely to want an import, and an import buyer is unlikely to enter a domestic showroom.[5] Also, consumers of a specific domestic brand might feel that a captive import does not have the qualities that they want and expect from vehicles of domestic vehicles manufactured by that brand. A captive thus easily falls between two stools. This is probably why the practice of using a separate brand name, such as [Merkur](/source/Merkur) and [General Motors](/source/General_Motors)' short-lived [Geo](/source/Geo_(automobile)), has ceased — the foreignness of the car is thus discreetly made less apparent. Another factor concerns servicing where captives often do not share components with their domestic counterparts - this often leads to parts incompatibility and/or backorders.

Another view is that the practice could be seen by the public as simply dishonest, causing complete rejection. Certainly in cases when identical models are available at the same time with only the badges differentiating them such as what happened under the failed [Button car plan](/source/Button_car_plan) in Australia during the 1980s.

## Exceptions

Not every vehicle that appears to be a captive import really is. A foreign-designed or badged vehicle assembled in the market where it is sold does not fall into this category. Such vehicles are frequently the result of [joint venture](/source/Joint_venture) or [strategic alliance](/source/Strategic_alliance) arrangements between automakers.

For example, the [Renault Alliance](/source/Renault_Alliance) was sold through [American Motors](/source/American_Motors_Corporation) (AMC) dealers starting in the fall of 1982 until production ended on 5 June 1987 Chrysler acquired AMC. The Alliance was assembled by AMC as part of a tie-up with the French company.[19][20] The 1985 through 1988 [Chevrolet Nova](/source/Chevrolet_Nova) and the later [Geo Prizm](/source/Geo%2FChevrolet_Prizm) were a [Toyota](/source/Toyota) design and shared the Chevrolet showroom with many captives, were built in the U.S. by the GM-Toyota [NUMMI](/source/NUMMI) joint venture. The [Eagle Talon](/source/Eagle_Talon) and [Plymouth Laser](/source/Plymouth_Laser), both related to the [Mitsubishi Eclipse](/source/Mitsubishi_Eclipse), were manufactured in the U.S. by [Diamond-Star Motors](/source/Diamond-Star_Motors), a [Chrysler](/source/Chrysler)-[Mitsubishi Motors](/source/Mitsubishi_Motors) joint venture. Although Australia's [Holden](/source/Holden) often shared planning and hardware with the rest of GM's global operations, which included Opel and Isuzu, it preferred assembling its versions of such vehicles locally. [Rover](/source/Rover_(car)) and [Honda](/source/Honda) have co-produced models for the European market, as have [Alfa Romeo](/source/Alfa_Romeo) and [Nissan](/source/Nissan). None of these would be considered imports. With the complete ceasing of [automotive production in Australia](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Australia) by [Holden](/source/Holden) and [Ford Australia](/source/Ford_Australia) in 2016, who were both considered indigenous Australian automakers, both will be switching to a wholly imported lineup. No vehicle sold by Holden or Ford after the end of Australian production should be considered a captive import since neither maintains an Australian manufacturing presence.

## Notable captive imports

This is a [dynamic list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists) and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by [editing the page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Captive_import) to add missing items, with references to [reliable sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources).

### United States

Model Year(s) Country of assembly Original model Buick Cascada 2016–2019 Poland Opel Cascada Buick Encore 2013–2022 South Korea Opel Mokka Buick Encore GX 2021–present South Korea Buick Envision 2016–present China Buick Opel 1976–1980 Japan Isuzu Gemini Buick Regal 2010–2011 (some, but not all 2011) Germany Opel Insignia Cadillac Catera 1997–2001 Germany Opel Omega Chevrolet Aveo 2004–2011 South Korea Daewoo Kalos Chevrolet Caprice PPV 2011–2017 Australia Holden Caprice Chevrolet City Express 2014–2018 Japan/Mexico Nissan NV200 Chevrolet LUV 1972–1982 Japan Isuzu P'up Chevrolet SS 2014–2017 Australia Holden Commodore (VF) Chevrolet Spectrum 1985–1988 Japan Isuzu Gemini Chevrolet Sprint 1985–1988 Japan Suzuki Cultus Chevrolet Trailblazer 2021–present South Korea Chrysler Conquest 1987–1989 Japan Mitsubishi Starion Chrysler Crossfire 2004–2008 Germany Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class Chrysler TC by Maserati 1989–1991 Italy Dodge Challenger 1978–1983 Japan Mitsubishi Galant Lambda Dodge/Plymouth Colt 1971–1994 Japan Mitsubishi Galant Mitsubishi Mirage Dodge Conquest 1984–1986 Japan Mitsubishi Starion Dodge D-50 1979–1986 Japan Mitsubishi Forte Dodge Hornet 2023–2026 Italy Alfa Romeo Tonale Dodge Raider 1987–1989 Japan Mitsubishi Pajero Dodge Ram 50 1987–1989 Japan Mitsubishi Mighty Max Dodge Stealth 1991–1996 Japan Mitsubishi GTO Eagle Medallion 1988–1989 France Renault 21 Eagle Summit 1989–1996 Japan Mitsubishi Mirage Mitsubishi Lancer Ford Anglia 1948–1967 United Kingdom Ford Aspire 1994–1997 South Korea Kia Avella Ford Cortina 1962–1970 United Kingdom Lotus Cortina Ford Courier 1972–1982 Japan Mazda B-Series Ford EcoSport 2018–2022 India Ford Festiva 1988–1993 South Korea Kia Pride Ford Fiesta 1978–1980 Germany Ford Focus RS 2016–2018 Germany Ford Transit Connect 2010–2013 Turkey Ford Transit Connect 2014–2023 Spain Geo Metro 1989–1994 Japan Suzuki Cultus Geo Spectrum 1989 Japan Isuzu Gemini Geo Storm 1990–1993 Japan Isuzu Piazza Geo Tracker 1989–1990 (some, but not all 1990) Japan Suzuki Escudo Jeep Renegade 2014–present Italy Lincoln Nautilus 2024–present China Mercury Capri 1970–1977 Germany Ford Capri Mercury Capri 1991–1994 Australia Ford Capri Mercury Tracer (3-door model) 1988–1989 Japan Mazda 323 Merkur Scorpio 1988–1989 Germany Ford Scorpio Merkur XR4Ti 1985–1989 Germany Ford Sierra XR4i Plymouth Arrow 1976–1980 Japan Mitsubishi Celeste Plymouth Arrow Truck 1979–1982 Japan Mitsubishi Forte Plymouth Champ 1979–1982 Japan Mitsubishi Mirage Plymouth Conquest 1984–1986 Japan Mitsubishi Starion Plymouth Cricket 1971–1973 United Kingdom Hillman Avenger Plymouth Sapporo 1978–1983 Japan Mitsubishi Galant Lambda Pontiac G3 2009 South Korea Daewoo Kalos Pontiac G8 2008–2009 Australia Holden Commodore Pontiac GTO 2004–2006 Australia Holden Monaro Pontiac LeMans 1988–1993 South Korea Daewoo LeMans Ram ProMaster City 2015–2022 Turkey Fiat Doblò Saturn Astra 2008–2009 Belgium Opel Astra Saturn Vue 2007–2009 South Korea Daewoo Winstorm Vauxhall Victor (sold by Pontiac dealers) 1957–1962 United Kingdom

### Japan

Model Year(s) Country of assembly Original model Acura Integra Type S 2026–present United States Chevrolet Optra (sold by Suzuki dealers) 2005–2007 South Korea Daewoo Lacetti Chevrolet TrailBlazer (sold by Suzuki dealers) 2001–2009 United States Daihatsu Gran Max 2020–present Indonesia Honda Accord (sedan) 2020–2022,[21] 2023–present Thailand Honda Accord (coupe) 1988–1997 United States Honda Accord (wagon) 1991–1997[22] United States Honda Civic (coupe) 1992–2000 United States Honda Civic (hatchback) 2017–2021 United Kingdom Honda Civic Type R 2001–2005, 2009–2011, 2015–2021 United Kingdom Honda Crossroad 1993–1998 United Kingdom Land Rover Discovery Honda CR-V 2026–present Thailand Honda CR-V e:FCEV 2024–present United States Honda Element 2002–2006 United States Honda Fit Aria 2003–2008 Thailand Honda City Honda Insight 2026–present China Honda e:NS2 Honda Inspire/Saber 1998–2002 United States Acura TL Honda LaGreat 1999–2005 Canada Honda Odyssey (North America) Honda MDX 2003–2006 Canada Acura MDX Honda NSX 2017–2022 United States Acura NSX Honda Odyssey 2023–present China Honda Passport 2026–present United States Honda WR-V 2024–present India Honda Elevate Isuzu Statesman DeVille 1973–1976 Australia Holden Statesman HQ Mazda Bongo 2020–present Indonesia Daihatsu Gran Max Mazda CX-3 2022–present Thailand Mazda Roadpacer AP 1975–1977 Australia Holden HJ/HX Mitsubishi Diamante (some) 1991–2005 Australia Mitsubishi Magna Mitsubishi Eclipse 1990–1998, 2004–2006 United States Mitsubishi Mirage 2012–present Thailand Mitsubishi Triton 2006–2011, 2024–present Thailand Mitsuoka Viewt 2011–2022[23] Thailand Nissan March Nissan Dualis 2007 United Kingdom Nissan Qashqai Nissan Kicks 2020–present Thailand Nissan Latio 2012–2016 Thailand Nissan Almera Nissan March 2010–2022 Thailand Nissan Mistral 1994–1999[22] Spain Nissan Terrano II Nissan Murano 2027–present[24] United States Nissan Primera (hatchback) 1990–2002 United Kingdom Nissan Pulsar Milano X1 1984–1986 Italy Alfa Romeo Arna Subaru Traviq 2001–2004 Thailand Opel Zafira Suzuki Baleno 2016–2020 India Suzuki e Vitara 2026–present India Suzuki Escudo 2015–2024 Hungary Suzuki Vitara Suzuki Fronx 2024–present India Suzuki Jimny (5-door model) 2023–present India Suzuki Splash 2008–2014 Hungary Suzuki SX4 S-Cross 2015–2020 Hungary Tommykaira ZZ 1990-2000 United Kingdom Toyota Avalon 1995–1999 United States Toyota Avensis 2003–2009, 2011–2018 United Kingdom Toyota Camry 2026–present United States Toyota Cavalier 1996–2000 United States Chevrolet Cavalier Toyota GR Supra 2019–present Austria BMW Z4 Toyota Highlander 2026–present United States Toyota Hilux 2017–present Thailand Toyota Land Cruiser FJ 2026–present Thailand Toyota LiteAce/TownAce 2008–2020 (LiteAce) 2008–present (TownAce) Indonesia Daihatsu Gran Max Toyota Pronard 2000–2005 United States Toyota Avalon Toyota Scepter (wagon/coupe) 1992–1996 United States Toyota Camry (wagon/coupe) Toyota Tundra 2026–present United States Toyota Voltz 2002–2004 United States Pontiac Vibe

### Europe

Model Year(s) Country of assembly Original model Audi Q5 2016–present Mexico BMW 2 Series 2021–present Mexico BMW iX3 2020–2024 China BMW X3 2010–present United States South Africa BMW X4 2014–present United States BMW X5 1999–present United States BMW X6 2007–present United States BMW X7 2018–present United States BMW Z3 1995–2002 United States BMW Z4 2002–2008 United States Chevrolet Trans Sport 1997–2007 United States Pontiac Trans Sport Chevrolet Alero 1999–2001 United States Oldsmobile Alero Chevrolet Evanda 2000–2006 South Korea Daewoo Magnus Chevrolet Lacetti/Nubira 2002–2009 South Korea Daewoo Lacetti Chevrolet Kalos/Aveo 2002–2014 South Korea Daewoo Kalos Chevrolet Lanos 2005–2009 South Korea Daewoo Lanos Chevrolet Matiz/Spark 2005–2014 South Korea Daewoo Matiz Chevrolet Epica 2006–2011 South Korea Daewoo Tosca Chevrolet Captiva 2006–2014 South Korea Daewoo Winstorm Chevrolet Cruze 2008–2014 South Korea Daewoo Lacetti Premiere Chevrolet Orlando 2011–2014 South Korea Citroën Ami 2020–present Morocco Citroën C-Crosser 2007–2012 Japan Mitsubishi Outlander Citroën C4 Aircross 2012–2017 Japan Mitsubishi ASX Citroën C5 X 2021–present China Cupra Tavascan 2024–present China Dacia Dokker 2012–2021 Morocco Dacia Jogger 2024–present Morocco Dacia Lodgy 2012–2022 Morocco Dacia Sandero 2020–present Morocco Dacia Spring 2021–present China Renault City K-ZE DS 9 2020–2024 China Fiat 124 Spider 2016–2019 Japan Mazda MX-5 Fiat Fiorino 1988–2014 Brazil Fiat Freemont 2011–2015 Mexico Dodge Journey Fiat Fullback 2016–2019 Thailand Mitsubishi Triton Fiat Topolino 2023–present Morocco Citroën Ami Ford Cougar 1998–2002 United States Mercury Cougar Ford EcoSport 2014–2017 India Ford Edge 2014–2021 Canada Ford Explorer (United Kingdom) 1997–2001 United States Ford Explorer 2019–present United States Ford Ka 2016–2020 Brazil Ford Maverick 2001–2006 United States Ford Escape Ford Mustang 2015–present United States Ford Mustang Mach-E 2021–present Mexico Ford Probe 1989–1997 United States Ford Ranger 2011–present United States Iveco eMoovy 2025–present South Korea Hyundai ST1 Lancia Flavia 2012–2014 United States Chrysler 200 Lancia Thema 2011–2014 Canada Chrysler 300 Lancia Voyager 2011–2015 Canada Chrysler Voyager Lotus Eletre 2023–present China Lotus Emeya 2024–present China Mercedes-Benz M-Class/GLE 2005–present United States Mercedes-Benz R-Class 2005–2017 United States Mercedes-Benz GL-Class/GLS 2006–present United States Mercedes-Benz GLB 2019–present Mexico Every MG model made after the SAIC acquisition 2006-present China Mini Aceman 2024–present China Mini Cooper E/SE 2024–present China Opel/Vauxhall Ampera 2012–2016 United States Chevrolet Volt Opel Ampera-e 2017–2020 United States Chevrolet Bolt Opel/Vauxhall Antara 2006–2015 South Korea Daewoo Winstorm Opel/Vauxhall Frontera 1992–2004 Japan Isuzu MU Opel GT 2006–2009 United States Saturn Sky Opel Karl/Vauxhall Viva 2015–2019 South Korea Chevrolet Spark Opel/Vauxhall Mokka 2012–2020 South Korea Opel/Vauxhall Monterey 1992–2003 Japan Isuzu Bighorn Opel Rocks Electric 2021–present Morocco Citroën Ami Opel/Vauxhall Sintra 1996–1999 United States Chevrolet Venture Peugeot 4007 2007–2012 Japan Mitsubishi Outlander Peugeot 4008 2012–2017 Japan Mitsubishi ASX Peugeot iOn 2011–2018 Japan Mitsubishi i-MIEV Polestar 1 2019–2022 China Polestar 2 2020–present China Polestar 3 2024–present China Polestar 4 2024–present China Renault Arkana 2020–present South Korea Renault Samsung XM3 Renault Express 2021–2024 Morocco Dacia Dokker Renault Koleos 2008–2021 South Korea Renault Samsung QM5 / QM6 Renault Latitude 2010–2015 South Korea Renault Samsung SM5 Renault Twizy 2019–2023 South Korea Rover CityRover 2003–2005 India Tata Indica Saab 9-7X 2004–2008 United States Saab 9-4X 2011 Mexico Cadillac SRX Smart #1 2022–present China Smart #3 2023–present China Smart #5 2025–present China Vauxhall Monaro 2001–2006 Australia Holden Monaro Vauxhall VXR8 2007–2017 Australia HSV Clubsport / HSV GTS Volkswagen Amarok 2022–present South Africa Ford Ranger Volkswagen Beetle 2011–2019 Mexico Volkswagen Caddy 1982–1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Yugoslavia) Volkswagen Fox 2005–2011 Brazil Volkswagen Jetta 2005–2018 Mexico Volkswagen New Beetle 1999–2011 Mexico Volvo ES90 2025–present China Volvo EX30 2024–2025 China Volvo EX90 2024–present United States Volvo S60 2019–2025 United States Volvo S90 2017–2025 China

### Oceania

Model Year(s) Country of assembly Original model Ford Maverick (Australia) 1988–1994 Japan Nissan Patrol Ford Courier 1985–2006 Japan/Thailand Mazda B-Series Ford Laser 1981–2003 Japan Mazda 323 Ford Taurus Ghia (Australia and New Zealand) 1996–1998 United States Ford Taurus Ford Telstar 1982–1999 Japan Mazda Capella Holden Barina 1985–1994 Japan Suzuki Cultus Holden Barina 1994–2005 Spain Opel Corsa Holden Barina 2005–2011 South Korea Daewoo Kalos Holden Camira JJ (New Zealand) 1984–1987 Japan Isuzu Aska Holden Commodore 2017–2020 Germany Opel Insignia Holden Cruze 2001–2008 Japan Suzuki Swift Holden Jackaroo 1981–2005 Japan Isuzu Bighorn Holden Suburban 1998–2001 Mexico Chevrolet Suburban Holden Vectra 1995–2007 Germany Opel Vectra Holden Viva 2005–2008 South Korea Daewoo Lacetti Holden Volt 2012–2013 United States Chevrolet Volt Pontiac LeMans (New Zealand) 1986–1994 South Korea Daewoo LeMans Rambler Rebel 1967–1970 United States AMC Rebel Rover 416i 1985–1989 Japan Honda Quint Integra

### Other markets

Model Year(s) Country of sale Country of assembly Imported by Original model Chevrolet Caprice 1998–2017 several countries Australia General Motors Holden Caprice Holden Statesman Chevrolet Cassia 2000–2002 Philippines Japan General Motors Philippines Suzuki Cultus Crescent Chevrolet Epica 2004–2006 Canada South Korea General Motors Canada Daewoo Magnus Chevrolet Express Max 2025–present Mexico China General Motors de México Maxus V70 Chevrolet Forester 1997–2008 India Japan General Motors India Subaru Forester Chevrolet Lumina 1998–2013 several countries Australia General Motors Holden Commodore Chevrolet Lumina 2005–2006 Philippines China General Motors Philippines Buick Regal Chevrolet Omega 1998–2011 Brazil Australia General Motors do Brasil Holden Calais Holden Berlina Chevrolet Optra 2004–2008 Canada South Korea General Motors Canada Daewoo Lacetti Chevrolet Optra 2014–2023 Egypt China General Motors Egypt Baojun 630 Chevrolet S10 Max 2021–present Mexico China General Motors de México Maxus T60 Chevrolet Spark EUV 2025–present several countries China General Motors Baojun Yep Plus Chevrolet Venture 1999–2006 Philippines China General Motors Philippines Buick GL8 Daihatsu Sirion 2007-present Indonesia Malaysia Astra Daihatsu Motor Perodua Myvi Dodge Attitude 2005–2014 Mexico South Korea Chrysler Mexico Hyundai Accent Dodge Attitude 2015–present Mexico Thailand Chrysler Mexico Mitsubishi Attrage Daewoo Veritas 2008–2010 South Korea Australia GM Daewoo Holden Caprice (WM) Dodge 1000 2007–2008 Mexico Taiwan Chrysler Mexico CMC Delica Dodge/Eagle 2000GTX 1989–1992 Canada Japan Chrysler Canada Mitsubishi Galant (sixth generation) Nissan Aprio 2008–2010 Mexico Brazil Nissan Mexico Dacia Logan Passport Optima 1988–1991 Canada South Korea General Motors Canada Daewoo LeMans Perodua Nautica 2008–2009 Malaysia Japan Perodua Daihatsu Terios Pontiac Firefly 1989–2001 Canada Japan General Motors Canada Suzuki Cultus Proton eMas 5 2025–present Malaysia China Proton Geely EX2 Proton eMas 7 2024–present Malaysia China Proton Geely EX5 Proton eMas 7 PHEV 2026–present Malaysia China Proton Geely Starray EM-i Proton X70 2018–2020 Malaysia China Proton Geely Boyue Renault Samsung QM3 2013–2019 South Korea Spain Renault Samsung Renault Captur Timor S515 (some) 1996–1998 (sales continued until 2007) Indonesia South Korea Timor Putra Nasional Kia Sephia Pyeonghwa 410 1994–2002 North Korea Germany Pyeonghwa Mercedes-Benz 190 Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi 2002–present North Korea Vietnam Pyeonghwa Fiat Doblò Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi 4WD-B 2009–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa Huanghai Qisheng CUV Pyeonghwa Ppeokkugi 4WD-C 2009–present North Korea Vietnam Pyeonghwa Pyeonghwa Hwiparam II 2005–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa Brilliance BS4 Pyeonghwa Hwiparam III 2011–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa Brilliance BS2 Pyeonghwa Paso 990 2011–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa DFSK K-Series Pyeonghwa Samchunri 2005–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa Jinbei Haise Pyeonghwa Junma 1606 2013–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa FAW-Volkswagen Sagitar Pyeonghwa Junma 2008 2013–present North Korea China Pyeonghwa FAW-Volkswagen CC

## See also

- [Eagle automobile](/source/Eagle_(automobile))

- [Geo (cars)](/source/Geo_(cars))

- [Merkur](/source/Merkur)

- [Mercury Capri](/source/Mercury_Capri)

- [Badge engineering](/source/Badge_engineering)

- [Third-generation Ford Taurus](/source/Third-generation_Ford_Taurus)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Ballance, Robert H.; Sinclair, Stewart W. (1983). [*Collapse and survival: industry strategies in a changing world*](https://books.google.com/books?id=344VAAAAIAAJ&dq=Captive+import&pg=PA98). Routledge. p. 98. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780043381083](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780043381083). Retrieved 28 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Plunkett, Jack W. (2007). [*Plunkett's Automobile Industry Almanac*](https://books.google.com/books?id=FLrwSGI1XB8C&dq=Captive+import&pg=PT13). Plunkett Research. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781593924010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593924010). Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Anthony, Capretto (27 September 2025). ["Diamond Star Motors: Chrysler And Mitsubishi's Short Lived Love Affair"](https://carbuzz.com/diamond-star-motors-chrysler-mitsubishi/). *CarBuzz*. pp. All of it. Retrieved 16 March 2026.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Sturgeon, Timothy; Florida, Richard (2000). ["Globalization and jobs in the automotive industry (Final report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. International Motor Vehicle Program, Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development"](https://ipc.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Globalization-and-Jobs-in-the-Automotive-Industry-1.pdf) (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 5. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Jalopnik-2012_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Jalopnik-2012_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Jalopnik-2012_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Jalopnik-2012_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Jalopnik-2012_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Jalopnik-2012_5-5) George, Patrick (27 October 2012). ["The Sometimes Fail-Tacular History Of Captive Import Cars In America (And Other Places)"](https://jalopnik.com/the-sometimes-fail-tacular-history-of-captive-import-ca-5954739). *Jalopnik*. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-shifting_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-shifting_6-1) White, George (November 1986). ["Shifting Gears"](https://books.google.com/books?id=eKgwMtavpS4C&dq=Captive+import&pg=PA76). *Black Enterprise*. Vol. 17, no. 4. pp. 76–88. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Adler, Dennis; Shelby, Carroll (2008). [*50 Cars to Drive*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDoYdD_evy8C&dq=America's+first+post+war+sports+car,+the+magnificent+1951+Nash-Healey&pg=PA234). Globe Pequot Press. pp. 233–234. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781599212302](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599212302). Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Nash Builds a Sports Car"](https://books.google.com/books?id=tdkDAAAAMBAJ&dq=the+1951+Nash-Healey+design&pg=PA107). *Popular Mechanics*. Vol. 95, no. 3. March 1951. pp. 107–109. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Nash-Heally ads LeMans hardtop to sports line"](https://books.google.com/books?id=aNwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=nash-healey+sports+car+Italy&pg=PA101). *Popular Mechanics*. Vol. 99, no. 5. May 1953. p. 101. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Nash Metropolitan"](http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car_info_nash_metropolitan.htm). *Unique Cars and Parts (Australia)*. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["From Small Things: The Nash Metropolitan and the Birth of American Motors"](https://ateupwithmotor.com/model-histories/nash-metropolitan-history/). *Ate Up With Motor*. 25 January 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Windecker, Ray. ["Studebaker helped sell '50s Mercedes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050204004935/http://patriot.net/~jonroq/stumerc.htm). Archived from [the original](http://patriot.net/~jonroq/stumerc.htm) on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Koch, Jeff (23 September 2018). ["1957-'61 Vauxhall Victor: Too American for Britain, and too foreign for the States"](https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/1957-61-vauxhall-victor). *Hemmings*. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Martin, Murilee (25 July 2007). ["Cricket: Could It Be The Worst Car Chrysler Ever Sold?"](https://jalopnik.com/cricket-could-it-be-the-worst-car-chrysler-ever-sold-282123). *Jalopnik*. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Stern, Milton (20 July 2020). ["Cute and tough, the Buick-Opels were often driven into the ground"](https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/buick-opels-cute-tough). *Hemmings*. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Stopford, William (19 July 2018). ["CC & Vintage Review: Pontiac LeMans and Daewoo 1.5i/Cielo – Kadetts Reporting Rather Late For Duty"](https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-asian/cc-vintage-review-daewoo-1-5i-cielo-and-pontiac-lemans-kadetts-reporting-rather-late-for-duty/). *Curbside Classic*. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Lorio, Joe (1 April 2003). ["Chrysler Crossfire"](http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/0304_chrysler_crossfire/). *Automobile Magazine*. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Clarke, R. M. (2005). *Sunbeam Tiger Limited Edition Extra, 1964-1967*. Brookland Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85520-685-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85520-685-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Stern, Milton (24 August 2020). ["The enthusiastically named Alliance really did result from an AMC-Renault collaboration"](https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/an-intriguing-alliance). *Hemmings*. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["An 80's special: AMC and Renault's Alliance"](https://oldmotors.net/amc-and-renaults-alliance/). *Old Motors*. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Bruce, Chris (13 July 2022). ["Honda CR-V And Insight Get The Axe In Japan"](https://www.motor1.com/news/598036/honda-cr-v-and-insight-discontinued-in-japan/). *Motor1*. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_22-1) ["High Yen Drives Japanese Carmakers To Importing More. But Is It Good?"](https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/07/high-yen-drives-japanese-carmakers-to-importing-more-but-is-it-good/). *The Truth About Cars*. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Japan's Mitsuoka to Build Handmade Cars in Thailand"](https://subscribers.wardsintelligence.com/news-analysis/japan-s-mitsuoka-build-handmade-cars-thailand). *Wards Intelligence*. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-muranojapan_24-0)** Lye, Gerard (17 March 2026). ["Nissan to sell US-built Murano in Japan from 2027"](https://paultan.org/2026/03/17/nissan-to-sell-us-built-murano-in-japan-from-2027/). *[Paul Tan](/source/Paultan.org)*. Malaysia: Driven Communications. Retrieved 17 March 2026.

## External links

- [Nash Metropolitans](http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~airboy/our_metro.html)

- [Isuzu Geminis, including Buick Opel version](https://www.angelfire.com/me/GETASPLATTUPYA/gemini.html)

- [Consumer Guide on Cadillac Catera](http://consumerguide.com/used/1997-01-cadillac-catera/)

- [Official Chevrolet Aveo site](http://www.chevrolet.com/aveo/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Captive import](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_import) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_import?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.